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In their efforts to promote the constitutional values of equality, human dignity and freedom, public-school laws and policies emphasise non-discrimination in the admission of learners and democracy in the professional management and governance of public schools. The democratisation of post-apartheid public schools must comply with democratic participation and representativity. Whereas democratic participation can be realised through the exercise of active voting rights, democratic representativity can be achieved through the exercise of passive voting rights. Accordingly, this article explores notions of democracy, non-discrimination, and representativity so as to examine and highlight factors that may restrict or inhibit the participation of foreign nationals in school governing body elections. The active and passive voting rights of foreign nationals are discussed from constitutional and statutory perspectives.

In two cases decided on October 18, 2022, the European Court of Human Rights issued judgments for the first time in complaints alleging racial profiling in police identity checks. The applicants in both cases alleged that the police had selected them for a check due to racial discrimination, and both argued that the state had failed to conduct an effective investigation in response to their complaints. In one case, a unanimous court found a violation of the European Convention on Human Rights, but in the other case, a sharply divided court decided 4–3 that there was no violation. The cases raise serious questions about proof and evidence in racial profiling cases, as well as what policies and procedures would meet the state obligation to ensure an adequate legal framework to protect against racial discrimination.

Human rights are basic rights of human beings regardless of gender, religious identity and nationality. Human beings and their rights are constitutionally and legally protected. Though safeguards are there against human rights violations, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected people have to face several injustices in our society. People living with HIV are usually subjected to discrimination in the society even in the 21st century. Society's attitude towards these people is that of stigma and discrimination. They are provided with the right to privacy according to the current human rights standards. However, the fact is that for the prevention of further spread of HIV, disclosure of HIV-positive status is imperative. Unless the society's attitude towards HIV-infected persons changes, an HIV/AIDS-free world cannot be dreamt of.

Women from culturally diverse backgrounds are underrepresented in sport leadership, often experiencing increased oppression and discrimination based on intersectionality. The aim of our paper was to scope the literature for facilitators and barriers that exist for women from culturally diverse backgrounds in sport leadership. Four databases with no limits on publication date were searched. A total of 1,838 articles were retrieved and screening revealed 12 eligible peer-reviewed journal articles. The review identified a dominant focus from the USA on experiences of Black or African American women, in basketball coaching or athletic director roles in college athletic departments. Key facilitators and barriers were entwined within four themes including personal characteristics, interpersonal support, organisational support and discrimination. Topics evolved from these themes to create a future research agenda.

In June 2020, the Netherlands Institute for Human Rights delivered an opinion on a positive action program run by the Eindhoven University of Technology. In this legally non-binding opinion the Institute declared the measures incompatible with the Dutch Equal Treatment Act and several EU provisions and CJEU judgments. The program reserved all vacant positions exclusively for women for a number of years. Consequently the Eindhoven University of Technology revised the program and the Netherlands Institute for Human Rights approved this revised program in March 2021 in another opinion. These opinions raise a number of interesting questions concerning EU non-discrimination law that are worth investigating further. Foremost is the question of how to interpret EU law on positive discrimination after years of silence on this issues from the CJEU.

What is the relationship between institutional favoritism, economic well-being, and political trust? Due to the role that East Bank tribes played in supporting the monarchy during the state's formative years, Jordan has institutionalized a type of political discrimination that privileges
East Bank Jordanians over Palestinian Jordanians. An empirical examination of the political institutions of the state reveals that such discrimination remains pervasive. It was subsequently theorized that institutional favoritism's impact on political trust is conditional on income due to
the greater salience of group identity among individuals with lower incomes. Regression analyses of survey data reveal a consistent negative correlation between political trust and income among East Bank Jordanians. There is little evidence of a substantively meaningful unconditional relationship
between national origin and political trust.

Previous studies on the impacts of racism on adolescent development have largely overlooked Indigenous youth. We conducted a scoping review of the empirical literature on racism against Indigenous adolescents to determine the nature and scope of this research and to establish associations with developmental outcomes. Our literature search resulted in 32 studies with samples from the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Studies were limited to self‐reported experiences of racism and thus primarily focused on perceived discrimination. Quantitative studies found small to moderate effects of perceived discrimination on adolescent psychopathology and academic outcomes. Qualitative studies provided insight into structural forms of racism. We offer recommendations for future investigations into the impacts of overt and covert racism on Indigenous adolescents.

This study examined how discrimination experiences, beliefs, and coping in middle adolescence contributed to heterogeneity in African American parent–adolescent relationship (PAR) profiles three years later. Data were from the Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study in which 589 African American caregivers (92% female; Mage = 39.15, SD = 6.72; range = 27–74 years old) were interviewed when youth were in 8th and 11th grades. We used previously identified profiles of ethnic‐racial socialization, general parenting practices, and relationship quality: No‐nonsense High Socializers, Indulgent Average Socializers, Unengaged Silent Socializers, and Authoritative Cultural Socializers. Results indicated that parents' discrimination experiences, racial coping self‐efficacy, and racial coping socialization when youth were in the 8th grade predicted membership in PAR profiles three years later controlling for youth gender, parent marital status, and family socioeconomic status.

Sexual minorities have had worse than average mental health, which may have to do with actual or perceived discrimination. Same-sex marriage legalization (SSML) is a typical anti-discrimination policy removing marital restrictions for sexual minorities. We study how this legislation affected mental health of sexual minorities in the Netherlands. Conducting a difference-in-differences analysis, we compare changes in mental health following the legalization between sexual minorities and heterosexuals. We find that SSML improved mental health of both married and non-married sexual minorities, which implies that marriage is not the only channel. Examinations of alternative mechanisms combined with literature suggest that the legislation may also take effect by improving societal tolerance as well as stabilizing partnerships and enriching the choice basket of partnership forms for sexual minorities.

AbstractExploring the hypothesis that socio-economic discrimination contributes to conflict occurrence, we show that the experience of a large country that have gone through a big-bang shift from centralized to decentralized system and introduced direct local elections, confirms the link. Using the case of Indonesia, and by controlling for poverty, demand-induced resource scarcity, and institutional variables, it is revealed that income polarization and inequality at the provincial level explain the occurrence of violent conflict (causing at least 1 death), be it for total or for different types. The results are robust to a series of model specifications. For understanding its impact on conflict, polarization is found more important than income inequality as a measure of socio-economic discrimination.

Ethnicity‐related dating preferences among Asian American adolescents and the links between preferences (i.e., for a same‐ethnic dating partner) and ethnic identity centrality and regard, American identity centrality and regard, parent–adolescent closeness, and perceptions of discrimination were investigated. Data from 175 self‐identified Asian American high school students were collected yearly for four consecutive years. Higher levels of ethnic identity centrality and regard and parent–adolescent closeness averaged across four years were associated with preferring a same‐ethnic partner. Moreover, foreign‐born adolescents were less likely to prefer a same‐ethnic partner when they encountered a higher than average level of discrimination on any given year. Results highlight variability in the developmental and individual‐level factors that shape how adolescents navigate their dating relationships.

In 2017, the CJEU brought out its judgments in two cases concerning bans on the wearing of Islamic headscarves at work as possible discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief under Directive 2000/78/EC. These judgments led to heavy criticism, mainly because the CJEU did not do a rigorous proportionality test and left a number of questions open. Two recent preliminary references from courts in Germany present the CJEU with an opportunity to expand on the earlier judgments and to answer the questions they left open. It is submitted that the CJEU should deal with this unfinished business in a way which respects Europe's religious diversity and ensures that the ground of religion and belief does not become the poor relation of EU anti-discrimination law.

ABSTRACTIslamophobia has become a global phenomenon since 9/11. It is not only happened in the West but spread around the world following the War on Terror policy. This article explains the influences of Islamophobia upon the rise of Buddhist Nationalism in Myanmar with its insecurity towards Moslem minorities within the country. As a rational response against Islamophobia, a number Buddhist extremists, such as 969, execute violent attacks towards Moslem minorities especially Moslem Rohingya. Patron-client relationship between the Government and Buddhist community make the violence even worse. In the end, Islamophobia and the rise of Buddhist Nationalism in Myanmar cause a prejudice, violence, discrimination, and exclusion towards all Muslim Minorities within the country.Keywords: islamophobia, the rise of Buddhist nationalism, patron-client, prejudice, exclusion, discrimination, violence, Myanmar, moslem minorities

The paper outlines the role, contribution and place of ethnic women minorities, namely, African American women, taking their race, religious and national backgrounds into consideration in Persian Gulf Wars. Methods: Quantitative research method; Comparative research method; Content-analyses. Results: The evidence suggests that 33 percent of women in the military were African Americans. This figure is quite impressive and indicates that women gained the best adaptation to this field. It was the military that became the trampoline that would connect them to American society. Military service gave African American women the following advantages: Career opportunities (the field is dangerous and less demanding); Ability to demonstrate goodness to the country; Adaptation to civil society.Keywords: African American women, ethnic women minorities, Persian Gulf wars, racial discrimination, sexual discrimination

This paper deals with the role of the most marginalized communities in social and political grassroots activism inside Israel, by focussing on the demanding issue that affects the combination of asymmetric relationships, internal discriminations and increasing inequalities within political protests. In detail, I analyse the involvement of social and political activists struggling to improve the rights of and in solidarity with Mizrahi Jews who have experienced different kinds of discrimination in Israeli society, but also in a few Israeli peace-oriented and leftist contexts. Such heterogeneity of Israeli Jewish political and social grassroots organisations and the crucial role of Mizrahi Jewish activists can be considered as a challenging field of study needing to be analysed and related to the main subject matters concerning the Israeli current status quo. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion