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This paper intends to read through a critical lens the digitalization of schooling caused by the COVID-19 epidemic. The emergency has forced European governments to close the schools and consequently, all the schooling activities have been transferred online. Referring to some works of Giorgio Agamben, Paul Virilio and Walter Benjamin the authors propose some critical remarks on the transformation of schooling space and schooling time that characterizes the practice of distance learning. This transformation pertains not only to accidental aspects of schooling but affects the very identity of the schooling experience. In a completely digitalized school, time is characterized by instantaneousness: time as duration is replaced by the «time of exposure», as stated by Paul Virilio. In addition, the school completely dematerialized, is reduced to the two-dimensional space of the screen. The article aims to show that instantaneous time and dematerialized space make the experience of «crossing» difficult. Therefore, following some remarks by Jan Masschelein and Gert Biesta, it is maintained that the experience of «crossing» endangered by the digitalization of schooling is essential to an authentic experience of schooling. It is not intended to refuse the digital innovations as such but to «put them on the table», in order to suspend their immediate use and analyze them critically.

George Santayana (1863-1952) appears emotionally distant and personally uncommitted in many of his writings. In what may have been a related phenomenon, he does not seem to have committed to any school of philosophy, but rather to draw from many of the available schools when it suited him. In this article, we assess his constantly changing use of different philosophies and its implications for both philosophy and politics.

The videosphere in which the world consists is actually a videocracy, a system of control and domination that through the digital information obtained about us puts an end to our freedom. The cause of this phenomenon is our desire for security. The democracy of freedom has been surpassed by the democracy of security, by cyberdemocracy. Today everything is at a distance, including the human community. Paradoxically, distance is the only thing that unites us today. Today's community can only be made up of connected loneliness. ; La videosfera en que consiste el mundo es realmente una videocracia, un sistema de control y dominio que, mediante la información digital obtenida sobre nosotros, acaba con nuestra libertad. La causa de este fenómeno es nuestro afán por la seguridad. La democracia de la libertad ha sido superada por la democracia de la seguridad, por la ciberdemocracia. Hoy todo es a distancia, también la comunidad humana. La distancia es paradójicamente lo único que hoy nos une. La comunidad actual solo puede estar constituida por soledades conectadas.

Taking into account the results of Colombian students' results in the PISA test, the authors draw a parallel between Colombian education and the legal, historic, structural aspects and guiding and educational principles which characterize education in Cuba, the educational paradigm in Latin America. ; A raíz de lso resultados de lso estudiantes colombianos en las pruebas pisa, los autores hacen un paralelo entre la educación colombiana y los aspectos legales, histórico, estructurales, de principios orientativos y curriculares que caracterizan la educación en cuba, paradigma educativo en América Latina.

En un corto espacio de tiempo, el aprendizaje electrónico (E-learning) o educación a distancia (EAD) online pasó de ser un recurso marginal a ser considerada la niña de los ojos de las políticas públicas y de las acciones empresariales. Hoy en día, es imposible no tener en cuenta el impacto que la introducción de la EAD online viene causando en nuestras formas corrientes de concebir y de practicar la educación y la comunicación. Sus más ardorosos defensores proclaman que las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación están engendrando un nuevo tipo de sociedad y de seres humanos. Sin embargo, se tiene la impresión de que el discurso de franca ruptura con el pasado es consecuencia no sólo de la creencia exacerbada en los medios tecnológicos, sino también de la imposibilidad de responder a las objeciones que le podrían ser realizadas. En este sentido, se torna ahora urgente la necesidad de dedicar esfuerzos a la investigación teórica —que permitirá, tal vez, entender y cualificar las rupturas que deben ser realizadas y aquellas que se deberían evitar—. Y es precisamente la construcción de los instrumentos conceptuales que favorezcan tal elucidación donde se encuentra la contribución fundamental de este artículo.Recibido: agosto 2010Aceptado: enero 2011Cómo citar este artículo: Do Valle, Lílian y Estrella Bohadana, "La educación a distancia y la herencia de la modernidad", Revista Educación y Pedagogía, Medellín, Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Educación, vol. 23, núm. 60, mayo-agosto, 2011, pp. 117-135. ; In a short period of time, E-learning (or online distance education) rose from being a marginal resource to being the apple of the eye of public policies and business actions. Today, one cannot ignore the impact that the introduction of E-learning has caused in our current ways of conceiving and practicing education and communication. Its most enthusiastic advocates state that the Information and Communication Technologies are creating a new type of society and human beings. However, one has the impression that the discourse of evident rupture with the past results not only from the exaggerated belief in technological means, but also from the impossibility of responding to the objections that could arise. Therefore, it is urgent to invest in theoretical investigation, which perhaps will allow us to understand and qualify the ruptures that must occur and those that should be avoided. Thus, the purpose of this article is to contribute to the construction of the conceptual tools that promote such understanding.Received: August 2010Accepted: January 2011 How to reference this article: Do Valle, Lílian y Estrella Bohadana, "La educación a distancia y la herencia de la modernidad", Revista Educación y Pedagogía, Medellín, Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Educación, vol. 23, núm. 60, mayo-agosto, 2011, pp. 117-135. ; Dans un espace court de temps, l'apprentissage électronique (E-learning) ou education à distance (EAD) en ligne est passé d'être une ressource marginale à être considéré la fille des yeux des politiques publiques et des actions concernant les entreprises. Aujourd'hui il est impossible ne pas prendre en compte l'impact quel'introduction de la EAD est en train de provoquer dans nos formes de concevoir et de pratiquer l'éducation et la communication. Ses défenseurs les plus ardents proclament que les technologies de l'information et de la communication sont en train de créer un nouveau type de société et d'êtres humains. Cependant, on a l'impression que le discours de rupture franche avec le passé est non seulement conséquence de la croyance exacerbée dans les moyens technologiques, mais aussi à l'impossibilité de répondre aux objections qui pourraient leur être portées. Dans ce sens, il est maintenant urgent le besoin de consacrer des efforts à la recherche théorique – ce qui permettra peut-être de comprendre et qualifier les ruptures qui doiventêtre réalisées et celles qui devraient être évitées - et c'est précisément la construction des instruments conceptuels qui favorisent une telle élucidation où on trouve la contribution fondamentale de cet article.

[ES]Un recién nacido se convierte en un niño que come, bebe, habla, canta, escucha, gatea, se sienta, corre, salta, baila y trepa mediante instintos innatos y un proceso de aprendizaje constante. Por lo tanto, si nuestros alumnos actúan y aprenden por sí mismos, podemos lograr grandes resultados. El aprendizaje a distancia se creó para facilitar esta tarea tan desafiante y la pandemia del COVID-19 obligó a las familias y al gobierno a experimentarlo. Esta pandemia ha creado la mayor alteración de los sistemas educativos de la historia, que ha afectado a los estudiantes de todo el mundo. Por lo tanto, este trabajo muestra una propuesta de unidad didáctica dentro de una plataforma organizada con el fin de definir lecciones virtuales eficientes. El fin primordial es conseguir un objetivo común: aprendizaje y motivación. La unidad didáctica promueve un aprendizaje activo teniendo en cuenta los métodos de enseñanza centrados en el alumno. Además, las actividades fomentarán una metodología basada en el enfoque comunicativo. ; [EN]A newborn develops into a child who eats, drinks, speaks, sings and listens, crawls, sits, runs, jumps, dances and climbs by means of innate instincts and a constant learning process. Therefore, if we let our students act and learn by themselves we can achieve great results. Distance learning arose in the attempt to ease the path to such a challenging task and the COVID-19 pandemic forced families and government to experiment it. This pandemic has created the largest disruption of education systems in history, affecting learners in all continents. Therefore, this dissertation will show a didactic unit proposal inside an organized platform in order to define efficient virtual lessons. The main aim is to get a common target: learning and motivation. The didactic unit promotes an active learning taking into account learner-centred teaching methods. Moreover, the activities will encourage a methodology based on the communicative approach.

In this paper we reconsider some of the ways in which the relation between space and society has been formulated. We focus specially on socioculturally mixed urban environments. We offer a three-part critique of what we call 'spatial reasoning.' That is, we critique the way of conceiving space-society relations which not only eliminates the social dimension (and so obscures relations and social positioning), but also hinders the appreciation of the multiplicity of ordinary social practices of exchange, transaction, communication or hospitality - which obscures, in a word, recognition between social groups. We conclude our argument by emphasizing the complex relation between distance and hospitality.

The objective of this article is the best strategies and models of distance and online education to universities in the context of modern legal education policy, tempting its effectiveness. The methodological framework of this research is based on the comparative anective of distance and online education best practices offered by some universities around the world. A full study of the technical, pedagogical and managements issus of distance education has also been provided. Based on an empirical approach, testing, evaluation and control of usability, accessibility, file and security of some techniques, and related resources have been carried out. An experimental study has also been conducted with the aim of obtaining, comparing and using certain relevant data on the attitudes, priorities and learning outcomes of law students in a traditional versus distance learning environment. The main result of the study is the design of a model of mass, open and lively distance learning and teaching that enhances the quality of university education in general and the training of law students in particular.

This study presents the finding of the research teachers' initial training formation in distance methodology in Colombia from the changes in the educational practices, and the educational mediations during the last fifteen years of transition of the century. The study is framedin the socio-historic approach of Lev Vygotsky, which analyzes the development of the superior psychological processes which favor learning from the insourcing of the social practices. This qualitative research, was developed under the approach of multiple case study to generate results in order to characterize what would be an educational device for the improvement of the quality of the programs of teachers' initial training in distance methodology.Its main objective is to analyze the way as they answer the current socio-historic requirement. To reach this goal, it was taken into account the experience of institutions, teachers and students of a sample of three universities who have wide experience, trajectory, national coverage and goodwill in the training of undergraduate teachers in distance methodology in Colombia.It was found that the breaks come mainly from mediations of the teaching and learning practices, the educational material, and the evaluation of the learning. With regard to the characterization of the device three dimensions were established: 1) Macro: it has a relation with the national educational public politics; 2) Meso: it has to do directly with universities and its academic and administrative organization; and 3) Micro: it concerns to the academic undergraduate programs. ; Este estudio presenta los resultados de la investigación formación inicial de docentes en una metodología a distancia en Colombia a partir de los cambios en las prácticas pedagógicas, y las mediaciones pedagógicas durante los quince últimos años de transición del siglo. El estudio se enmarca en el enfoquesocio-histórico de Lev Vygotsky, que analiza el desarrollo de los procesos psicológicos superiores que favorecen el aprendizaje a partir del ...

This study presents the finding of the research teachers' initial training formation in distance methodology in Colombia from the changes in the educational practices, and the educational mediations during the last fifteen years of transition of the century. The study is framedin the socio-historic approach of Lev Vygotsky, which analyzes the development of the superior psychological processes which favor learning from the insourcing of the social practices. This qualitative research, was developed under the approach of multiple case study to generate results in order to characterize what would be an educational device for the improvement of the quality of the programs of teachers' initial training in distance methodology.Its main objective is to analyze the way as they answer the current socio-historic requirement. To reach this goal, it was taken into account the experience of institutions, teachers and students of a sample of three universities who have wide experience, trajectory, national coverage and goodwill in the training of undergraduate teachers in distance methodology in Colombia.It was found that the breaks come mainly from mediations of the teaching and learning practices, the educational material, and the evaluation of the learning. With regard to the characterization of the device three dimensions were established: 1) Macro: it has a relation with the national educational public politics; 2) Meso: it has to do directly with universities and its academic and administrative organization; and 3) Micro: it concerns to the academic undergraduate programs. ; Este estudio presenta los resultados de la investigación formación inicial de docentes en una metodología a distancia en Colombia a partir de los cambios en las prácticas pedagógicas, y las mediaciones pedagógicas durante los quince últimos años de transición del siglo. El estudio se enmarca en el enfoquesocio-histórico de Lev Vygotsky, que analiza el desarrollo de los procesos psicológicos superiores que favorecen el aprendizaje a partir del internalización de las prácticas sociales. Esta investigación cualitativa de estudio de caso múltiple genera hallazgos con los cuales se caracteriza lo que sería un dispositivo pedagógico para el mejoramiento de la calidad de los programas de formación inicial de profesores en metodología a distancia.El objetivo principal es analizar la manera la manera como responden a las exigencias del actual momento socio-histórico. Con el fin de alcanzar este objetivo, se tuvo en cuenta la experiencia de instituciones, profesores y estudiantes de una muestra de tres universidades que tienen amplia experiencia, trayectoria, reconocimiento y cobertura nacional en la formación de profesores en metodología a distancia en Colombia.Se encuentra que las rupturas principalmente han tenido lugar en las mediaciones, la acción tutorial, el material didáctico y la evaluación del aprendizaje. Con relación a la caracterización del dispositivo tres dimensiones se establecieron: 1) Macro: tiene relación con la política pública educativa nacional; 2) Méso: involucra directamente a las universidades y su articulación académica y administrativa; y, 3) Micro: concierne a los programas de formación. ; Cette étude présente les résultats de la recherche la formation initiale d'enseignants dans une méthodologie à distance en Colombie à partir des changements dans les pratiques pédagogiques, et les médiations pédagogiques pendant les quinze dernières années de transition du siècle. L'étude est encadrée dans l'approche socio-historique de Lev Vygotsky, qui analyse le développement des processus psychologiques supérieurs qui favorisent l'apprentissage à partir de l'internalisation des pratiques sociales. Cette recherche de type qualitative et l'étude de cas multiple génèrent des résultats avec lesquels se caractérise ce qui serait un dispositif pédagogique pour l'amélioration de la qualité des programmes de formation initiale d'enseignants avec une méthodologie à distance. L'objectif principal est d'analyser la manière comme ils répondent à l'actuelle exigence socio-historique. Afin d'atteindre cet objectif, il a été tenu compte l'expérience des institutions, des enseignants et des étudiants d'un échantillon de trois université qui ont une ample expérience, trajectoire, reconnaissance et couverture nationale dans la formation des enseignants en méthodologie à distance en Colombie.Nous avons trouvé que les ruptures viennent principalement des médiations de l'action tutorielle, le matériel didactique et l'évaluation de l'apprentissage. Par rapport à la caractérisation du dispositif trois dimensions se sont établies: 1) Macro: elle a une relation avec la politique publique éducative nationale; 2) Méso: implique directement les universités et son articulation académique et administrative; et, 3)Micro: elle concerne aux programmes de formation.

The objective of this article is to reflect on the new educational context that the student and teacher community face after going through the pandemic situation to which the World Health Organization referred us with the declaration of Covid-19 as a new contagious disease worldwide, thus giving rise to virtual modalities such as the new normal in which learning is taught along with fear and social inequality that prevails in a generalized way. Supported by reflection and theoretical analysis of some research and theoretical perspectives such as those outlined by Díaz (2020), Zebadúa (2020), Mancera, et.al. (2020), Silva (2020), Truco (2020), Trejo (2020) and in the recent studies of the CEPAL (2019 and 2020), we observe the new behaviors around the continuity of the educational processes that took place mainly in Latin America where digital literacy continues to be a pending issue for governments. Therefore, it is necessary to observe as a proposal the humanization of educational agents, the system and society in general to contribute with this new modality of bringing knowledge closer to students from different social strata, generating empathy to understand that the vast majority It does not have access to technological tools and much less to manipulate them, in such a way that the interference of all sectors is required to continue building and training new generations. Key words: Virtual classrooms; Long distance education; Educational transformation; Individualization of learning; New educational agents. ; El objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar en torno al nuevo contexto educativo que la comunidad estudiantil y docente enfrentan luego de atravesar por la situación pandémica a la que la Organización Mundial de la Salud nos remitiera con la declaración del Covid-19 como nueva enfermedad en contagio a nivel mundial, dando lugar así a modalidades virtuales como la nueva normalidad en que se imparten los aprendizajes a la par del temor y la desigualdad social que impera de manera generalizada. Apoyados en la reflexión y análisis teórico de algunas investigaciones y perspectivas teóricas como las trazadas por Díaz (2020), Zebadúa (2020), Mancera, et.al. (2020), Silva (2020), Truco (2020), Trejo (2020) y en los recientes estudios de la CEPAL (2019), observamos los nuevos comportamientos en torno a la continuidad de los procesos educativos que se dieron principalmente en América Latina donde la alfabetización digital sigue siendo un pendiente de los gobiernos. Por tanto, se hace necesario observar como propuesta la humanización de los agentes educadores, del sistema y la sociedad en general para contribuir con esta nueva modalidad de acercar los conocimientos a los educandos de los diferentes estratos sociales, generar empatía para comprender que la gran mayoría no cuenta con acceso a las herramientas tecnológicas y mucho menos a la manipulación de éstas, de tal forma que se requiere la injerencia de todos los sectores para seguir construyendo y formando a las nuevas generaciones. Palabras Clave: Aulas virtuales; Educación a distancia; Transformación educativa; Individualización de los aprendizajes; Nuevos agentes educadores.

The process of technological change that occurred in recent decades began deep movements in global society, approaching human groups regardless of physical distance and crumbling social behavior, until yesterday petrified to change. This generated economic and social movements, triggering expectations of better living conditions, with consequent pressure on governments and society itself. Education as a basic structure of production of information and knowledge is not without it. The University Centroccidental aware of the above, designed and approved policies and standards to strengthen new forms of teaching and learning blended learning, which may contribute to increased institutional efficiency in the medium term. The digitization of the activities of teaching, research and extension will contribute to an enhancement of new forms of financing to support the new costs attributable to the implementation of new technology platforms ; El proceso de cambio tecnológico que se produjo en las últimas décadas inició movimientos profundos en la sociedad mundial, acercando a los colectivos humanos sin importar su distancia física y resquebrajando comportamientos sociales, hasta ayer petrificados a cualquier cambio. Esto generó movimientos económicos y sociales, activando expectativas de mejores condiciones de vida, con la consiguiente presión sobre gobiernos y la propia sociedad. La educación como estructura básica de la producción de información y conocimiento no está exenta de ello. La Universidad Centroccidental consciente de todo lo anterior, diseñó y aprobó políticas y normas para afianzar nuevas formas de enseñanza-aprendizaje semipresencial, lo cual podrá colaborar en un aumento de la eficiencia institucional a mediano plazo. La digitalización de las actividades de docencia, investigación y extensión coadyuvará en una potenciación de las nuevas formas de financiamiento para apoyar los nuevos costos imputables a la implantación de las nuevas plataformas tecnológicas

The alarm state caused by COVID-19 hastily invaded our lives with not only political, economic or sanitary implications but with educational ones too. Education had to adapt itself to a new scenario where the ICTs assumed the leading role. Faculty and students had to adapt to distance education in an improvised way which neither of them were ready for, with subjects which were designed for a face-to-face education and not for an exclusively virtual education. This investigation intends to know the adaption of the Spanish universities to this new scenario, paying special attention to the communication between the faculty and students as the key for an effective education (Aliste 2007). An exploratory research with a structured survey is proposed as the methodological tool that is aimed to the Spanish educational campus community. Results show difficulties on the part of professors and students when facing the virtual learning and, at the same time, this results warn of the needs of the online education which are pre-sent in teaching plans to guarantee the effectiveness of the teaching-learning process. Faculty and learners point out the impoverishment of the didactic and social communication in online education developed during the state of alarm. The most used and best valued tools are the videoconference and the email. ; El estado de alarma causado por la COVID-19 invadió precipitadamente nuestras vidas con implicaciones no solo políticas, económicas o sanitarias, sino también educativas. La educación tuvo que adaptarse a un nuevo escenario en donde las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación asumieron el protagonismo absoluto. Profesorado y alumnado tuvieron que acomodarse, de forma improvisada, a una educación a distancia para la que no estaban preparados, con unas materias cuyos programas estaban diseñados para una educación presencial y no exclusivamente virtual. Esta investigación pretende conocer la adaptación de la universidad española a este nuevo escenario, prestando especial atención a la comunicación desarrollada entre el docente y el discente, como pieza clave de una educación efectiva (Aliste, 2007). Se propone una investigación exploratoria con un cuestionario estructurado como herramienta metodológica dirigido a la comunidad educativa universitaria española. Los resultados muestran dificultad por parte de profesores y estudiantes a la hora de enfrentarse a la enseñanza telemática y advierten de la necesidad de una educación en línea que esté soportada en planificados programas docentes que garanticen la efectividad del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Tanto profesorado como alumnado señalan el empobrecimiento de la comunicación didáctica y social en la educación en línea desarrollada durante el estado de alarma. Las herramientas más empleadas y mejor valoradas por parte de los agentes del proceso han sido la videoconferencia y el correo electrónico. ; O estado de alarme causado pela COVID-19 invadiu apressadamente nossas vidas com implicações não só políticas, econômicas ou de saúde, mas também educacionais. A educação teve de se adaptar a um novo cenário em que as Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação assumiram um papel de liderança absoluta. Professores e alunos tiveram que se adaptar, de forma improvisada, a uma educação a distância para a qual não estavam preparados, com disciplinas cujos programas eram voltados para o ensino presencial e não exclusivamente virtual. Esta pesquisa visa conhecer a adaptação da universidade espanhola a este novo cenário, dando especial atenção à comunicação desenvolvida entre o professor e o aluno, como parte fundamental de uma educação eficaz (Aliste, 2007). É proposta uma pesquisa exploratória com um questionário estruturado como ferramenta metodológica voltada para a comunidade educacional universitária espanhola. Os resultados mostram dificuldade de professores e alunos frente ao ensino telemático e alertam para a necessidade de uma educação online que seja sustentada por programas de ensino planejados que garantam a eficácia do processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Tanto professores como alunos apontam o empobrecimento da comunicação didática e social na educação online desenvolvida durante o estado de alarme. As ferramentas mais utilizadas e valorizadas pelos agentes de processo têm sido a videoconferência e o e-mail.

The strengths and weaknesses in technological management for programs in virtual and remote modalities are examined, because the digital skills have become a necessary skill for education in the 21st century. Methodologically, a mixed research and a literature review
are carried out to establish a conceptual reference on digital skills. An instrument was identified for its validation, which was applied to students from two universities. The results allowed establishing a conceptual reference located in six dimensions and evidencing the resulting categories and their incidence with the teaching and learning process.