Suchergebnisse

Man, who was created with the purpose of zoning and reforming the earth and serving his Lord, can be the subject of good or evil due to his nature. Satan, who is overcome by his arrogance and pride even though he believes in Allah, does not give consent and surrender to the divine decree, disobeys his Lord and is ungrateful, so he is expelled from divine mercy. In the study, it is aimed to determine the relationship between belief, knowledge and action determining the relationship between arrogance and obedience, rebellion and ingratitude, based on the example of the devil.
The basis of envy and ingratitude is arrogance and pride. The fact that man does not need or lack the Creator, associates them with himself without being grateful for the blessings and opportunities given, and sees himself as absolutely sufficient. Arrogance as a demonic attitude; includes cruelty, worship of desire, envy and ignorance. Boasting against the truth and truth causes frustration for people as well as in the example of the devil.
In this study, arrogance, concepts related to arrogance, the relationship of arrogance with obedience will be discussed.

One of the most important subjects that the ancient Greeks wondered and wanted to learn was the creation of the world. For them, the formation process of earth, sky, sea, water, light, air, night, day, gods and humans had always been important. When we look at this process of formation, at the beginning of the world there was chaos, the infinity. From this infinity, first mother earth, then the deepest place of the world of the dead, then the underground darkness and the darkness of the earth, Night (Nyks) were born. Mother earth herself united with sky, sea, and mountains, and then with her own children, giving birth to divine beings. Again in this process, the Night (Nyks) shapes other intangible beings with various duties and responsibilities in the world, which continue to be created by the method of virginal generation (parthenogenesis). In our study, these virginally generated beings by Night are discussed.

"This article/research that I translated from Hasan Hanefi examines, in terms of Spanish philosopher Miguel de Unamuno, the ancient Christianity throughout the history. While Hasan Hanefi, here, researched Christianity beliefs in the presence of Ancient Christians, on the one hand, he criticizes of it, on the other hand, from own viewpoint, aims for explanation of it. Hasan Hanefi, also here, compares the Christianity beliefs established by the institution of papacy with philosophies of his age in which includes schools like communism, socialism and existentialism. According to what Hasan Hanef said, Unamuno follow such a conclusion: the contemporary Christianity has lost that noble ore and effect arising from jesus son of mary, who is prominent with/stamped with the life, the dynamism and regeneration and the spritual ressurrection; whether individually or socially, it has become such a thing that loses it's effect and power on spirits. We also may said: Our author Hasan Hanefi, in terms of essence and nature of Christianity, make comparisons between the philosophies and trends of his age and philosophies that will come later and have an impact on humanity, especially on Europeans… After all this, definitely, he concludes such a result: Some philosophies is closer to, in it's essence and nature, the Christianity religion and the message of jesus, than the Christianity religion institutionalized throughout the history! and he maintains his explanations: that Christianity religion has lost, especially throughout scholastic ages, it's nature and divine character and, no matter where and when one lives, except a blind devotion, has become a mechanic belief ineffective on human sprit!."

Dervishes were important figures who embraced asceticism, modesty, poverty, and patience as a way of living and played a key role in spreading Islam among the Turks. Culturally influential dervishes have been a common topic of research in many disciplines. In Sufi literature, dervishes are portrayed as nomads who advise people to be honest, have good morals, devote their lives on the path of truth, and are committed only to God. After the birth of orientalism in the West, which mainly focuses on the ever-fascinating East, dervishes appeared in different cultures and literature. For instance, in Russian culture and literature, dervishes are defined similarly but portrayed differently, depending on periods, conditions, and literary movements. However, the most potent example of a dervish notion, characterized by wisdom and mysticism, is Suhbat Aflatuni's "Clay Letters, Floating Apples." The author emphasizes the mystery of the East and the importance of being a perfect human being and conveys a profound life philosophy in his works. In this long story, the mystical dervish of the East reveals himself as a teacher. The dervish teacher comes to a village cursed by drought, poverty, and ignorance due to a cruel murder of a dervish a long time ago. He almost suffers the fate of the previous dervish, but divine powers help him complete his mission, and then he disappears. Aflatuni reflects all the aspects of the dervish image in his work and provides a unique example of intercultural interactions. This paper discusses the traces and intercultural similarities of mystical dervish images in Russian literature.

The issue of servants' acts is one of the most controversial issues in Islamic thought and helped to sharpen the characteristics and differences between theological schools, mainly due to its relation to taklīf and servants' responsibility. Therefore, understandings of this issue revealed differences in understandings of divine justice and wisdom, as well as in interpretations of fate and destiny.
One of the noteworthy theories is that of Ibn 'Arabī (d. 638/1240) and his followers, who attempted to establish responsibility and negate the determinism of servants through al-a'yān al-thābita (fixed entities) and ʻadam maj'ūliyat al-mahiya (un-createdness of quiddities). They also focused on the construction of fate and destiny in accordance with this theory and considered such construction to constitute "the secret of destiny" and "the absolute proof" of God over the peoples.
While studying the servants' acts and the extent of their freedom of choice, we must deal with the issue of fate and destiny, as nothing in this universe is beyond fate and destiny. Human beings and their voluntary acts are no more than a part of this fate. We, therefore, first set out to understand the meaning of fate and destiny as understood by Ibn Arabi in this article. Then, we clarify the meaning of al-a'yān al-thābita. Next, we detail the issue of createdness of quiddities; as the universal entities are no more than realities and quiddities, we then tackle the issue of preparedness of quiddity and its relation to the establishment of the servant's freedom and the negation of determinism. Finally, we explore criticisms of this theory and try to present an objective evaluation of opinions on the issue.

Religious faith is based on divine revelation. Reason is the means to understand and put the knowledge transmitted through revelation into practice. Understanding of the revelation based on reason and applying it to the practical life has led to the emergence of different schools of thought and sects. Abu Hanifa, the founder of the Hanafi school, developed an original decision-making method regarding the matters about which there were no clear provision in the Qur'an and Sunnah. In order to use this method, which is called "Amendment" (istihsan), there should not be a consensus decision (İcma) previously taken by the majority of Muslims. Comparison is a method of reaching a conclusion by comparing a matter which has no previous judgment on it to a matter which has a previous judgement on it. But while Comparision works according to the rules of abstract inference, it may not always be a decision that embraces the highest good in favor of people. For this reason, Amendment (istihsan) method claims to be a final decision-making process that includes the highest good by eliminating the difficulty which cannot be overcome by the Comparative method. Hence, Amendment method is an all-inclusive approach that emphasizes "humane situations" that lie beyond the rules of inference. This "all-inclusive" approach takes the conditions of time, the subjective situation of the individual, the social, political and economic situations in which the society is involved into account while deciding on a matter. This is because it is a peopleoriented approach that aims to maximize justice and equity while deciding on a matter. In this study, this special problem-solving method of Abu Hanifa will be discussed.

GELENEKSEL AMERİKAN KİMLİK VE GÜVENLİK ALGISININ 11 EYLÜL SONRASI ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASINA ETKİLERİ Helin SARI ERTEM-Doktora TeziÖZETSon yüzyılın tartışmasız en önemli güçlerinden biri olan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD), sahip olduğu askeri ve ekonomik yetenekler sayesinde uluslararası siyaset sahnesinde etkili bir rol oynamaya devam etmektedir. 11 Eylül 2001 saldırıları sonrasında ortaya koyduğu eylemlerle yakın dönemin önemli bir tartışma konusu haline gelen ABD'yi daha iyi anlamanın yolu onu sadece bugünüyle değil, geçmişiyle de beraber değerlendirmekten geçmektedir. Konsrüktivizmin, "kimlik, güvenlik ve dış politika arasında önemli bir etkileşim olduğu" fikrinden yola çıkan bu tez, geleneksel "Amerikan" kimlik ve güvenlik algısı ile, ABD'nin ortaya koyduğu eylemler arasında göz ardı edilemeyecek bağlar olduğu iddiasındadır. Protestan Anglo-Saksonların 17. Yüzyıl'da, Amerika kıtasına gerçekleştirdikleri ilk göçlerle şekillenmeye başlayan geleneksel Amerikan kimliği, bağımsızlığın ilan edildiği 18. Yüzyıl sonu ve askeri, ekonomik gücün giderek arttığı 19. ve 20. Yüzyıllar boyunca ABD'nin dış politika pratiklerinde ağırlığını hissettirmiştir. Geleneksel Amerikan kimliği, Amerikan halkının istisnai bir halk olduğu, doğruluk ve iyiliği dünyaya yaymak için, Tanrı tarafından ilahi bir misyonla görevlendirildiği inancına dayanmaktadır ve mutlak güvenliğe ulaşmak adına Amerikan değerlerinin mümkün olduğunca geniş bir kesime benimsetilmesinden yanadır.19. Yüzyıl sonu ve 20. Yüzyıl boyunca bu bakış açısına uyan eylemlere defalarca imza atan ABD'nin, 11 Eylül sonrası George W. Bush yönetimi ve Yeni Muhafazakârların öncülüğünde gerçekleştirdiği dış politika pratikleri de doğrudan geleneksel Amerikan kimlik ve güvenlik algısının izlerini taşımakta; bu bağlamda ABD'nin geçmişi ve bugünü arasındaki devamlılıklara işaret etmektedir. THE IMPACT OF THE TRADITIONAL AMERICAN IDENTITY AND SECURITY PERCEPTION ON THE POST-SEPTEMBER 11 US FOREIGN POLICY ABSTRACTWith its huge military and economic capabilities, the United States of America (USA) has been one of the most important powers of the last century and it continues to play an influential role on the stage of international politics. To better understand the USA, which has recently been an important matter of discussion with the actions it has put into practice after September 11, 2001 attacks, not only the present, but also the past of this country must be evaluated. This thesis, which has begun with a constructivist idea pointing out that "there is an important interaction between identity, security and foreign policy of a country", claims that there is an obvious relation between the US actions and the traditional "American" identity and security perception. The influence of the traditional American identity, which began to be shaped by the first migrations of the Protestant Anglo-Saxons to the continent of America in the 17th Century, has continued to be felt on the US foreign policy practices in coming years. The traditional American identity is based on the idea that God has granted the American nation a divine mission to expand uprightness and goodness and that the American values must be adopted by as many as possible to achieve absolute security. The USA has practiced various actions based on this idea in the end of the 19th and during the 20th Centuries. After September 11, the foreign policy practices of the George W. Bush administration under the heavy influence of the Neoconservatives directly carried some footprints of the traditional American identity and security perception and thus pointed out the continuities between the past and the present of the USA.

İnsanın varoluşsal istek ve acılarına hitap eden din, dünyanın en eski ve köklü kurumlarından biridir. Evrenin ve dünyanın yaratılışı ile birlikte orada kendi yaşamının nedeni, anlamı, düzeni ve sonrası konusunda duyduğu aydınlanma arzusunun tanrısal bir yansımasıdır. Din bireylere sağladığı ontolojik bilgi referansından beslenen huzur ve güvenlik duygusunun yanı sıra, toplumu bir arada tutan gelenek, hukuk ve siyasetin şekillenmesine olan katkısı açısından da toplumun temel taşı olmayı hak etmektedir. Bu nedenle, geleneksel, hukuksal, toplumsal ve siyasal yapılarla ilgili kişisel ve toplumsal yönelimlere ilişkin bilimsel çözümlemelerde öncelikle dikkate alınması gereken yaşamsal dinamiklerden biri olduğunda kuşku yoktur. Bu çalışmanın hedefi, dinî inançların siyasal tutumlar ve seçmen davranışları üzerindeki etkisini ortaya çıkarmaktır. Çalışmanın konusuna paralel olarak siyasal kimlik ve davranışların oluşum ve hareketinde büyük bir rol oynayan din kurumuyla ilgili bireysel ve toplumsal algı ve bu algının siyasal yapı üzerindeki etkileri çerçevesinde siyasal halkla ilişkilerin önemli bir enstrüman ve aktörü olarak dinin fonksiyonu zaman zaman akademik çevrelerin ilgisini çekmektedir. Burada öne çıkan ve yanıtı aranan, dinin bireylerin siyasal davranışını ve seçmen tercihini etkileyip etkilemediği ve ortaya çıkan yanıt olumluysa hangi ölçüde etkilediği sorularıdır. Söz konusu sorulara nesnel ve bilimsel yanıtlar bulunabilmesi için literatür taraması yoluyla yapılandırılacak kapsamlı bir kuramsal çalışmanın ardından Türkiye'nin İç Anadolu Bölgesi'nin dört büyük kentleri olan Ankara, Eskişehir, Konya ve Kayseri'de tesadüfî örneklem yoluyla seçilen 800 denek üzerinde yapılan anket çalışması neticesinde elde edilmiş olan veriler üzerinde öncelikle bir faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Ortaya çıkan faktörlerin mevcut değişkenlerle karşılaştırılmasında "tek yönlü varyans analizi" (one-way anova); aynı değerler açısından cinsiyete göre değerlendirmeler yapabilmek amacıyla bağımsız örneklem "T testi" (Independent Samplest T test); siyasal tutum ölçeği, siyasal bilgi kaynağı ve dinî bilgi kaynağının maddelerinin önem düzeylerini belirlemek için Aritmetik Ortalama (A.O.) testi; ayrıca kategorik (nominal) düzeydeki değişkenlerin birbirleriyle olan ilişkilerini çözümlemek için "Ki kare" testi kullanılmıştır. Böylelikle elde edilmiş olan sonuçlardan hareketle, araştırma hipotezlerinin test edilebilmesine yönelik olarak anlamlı ve genellenebilir sonuçlara ulaşılmış bulunmaktadır. ; Religion which has always called upon the human being's nature's unalterable laws and more specifically its existential desires and afflictions is no doubt one of the oldest, deep-rooted and most important traditional institutions on the face of the Earth. It is a divine reflection of mankind's craving and effort to interrogate and understand the reasons of creation of the universe, the meaning of life on Earth and the life after death. Religion, as the most outstanding basis of tradition, law and politics at the same time, obviously deserves to be the most vigorous founding body of the society, as well as the individuals' ontological resource of peace and security provided with its heavenly, celestial knowledge references. Hence, having an important influence on forming the individuals' wordview in general and correspondingly their political perception and identities, it is widely taken into consideration as an efficient factor before all else in the processes of academic studies and scientific researches on political issues such as political attitude, voting behaviour and electoral behaviour. The main target of this study is to yield up whether religiosity has a considerable amount of influence on the formation of political identity and political behaviors. If it has an enormous effect on them as an major instrument and actor, to what extent does it operate behind the individuals' political attitudes and political decision-making processes? After a noteworthy sum of theoretical part, application of a comprehensive survey is planned to carry out for finding out satisfying objective and scientific answers to those questions. At the end of the application part of the study, first of all, a factor analysis was made on available data. Then a One-Way Anova was made in comparison of obtained factors with present variables and also an Independent Samplest T Test was made so as to be able to make evaluations in the same direction. In addition, the programme called Ki Square was used in order to resolve the relationships among variables at nominal level. In the meantime, Arithmetical Mean Test was used in order to find out the sequence of significance of articles of the scale of political attitude and also the resources of political and religious information. Thereafter, it was tried to be reached at the whole necessary explicit and definitive results which could also be generalized to similar events. The significant conclusion that religion is directly effective on forming political attitude and directing electoral behaviors was finally reached in the light of analysis of those available findings.