Suchergebnisse

Report about the book «Russian abroad: sources of historical researches, their evolution»

Рецензируемое исследование представляет собой первый опыт систематического изложения биографии крупнейшего вологодского купца XVII столетия Г.М. Фетиева, а также сводной публикации документальных материалов, связанных с его торговой и служебной деятельностью. Оно подводит итог почти двадцати лет работы автора – видного российского медиевиста, доктора исторических наук М.С. Черкасовой.
The study under review is the first attempt of a systematic presentation of Gavriil (Gavrila) Fetiev's biography, the largest Vologda merchant of the 17th century and a consolidated publication of documentary materials related to his trading and official activities. It summarizes almost twenty years of work of the author, Doctor of Historical Sciences, prominent Russian medievalist Marina S. Cherkasova.

The article analyzes the information about Lublin 1569 Union from the narrative and documentary sources that date back to the reign of the first monarchs of Vasa dynasty. The author defines main contexts of the term «union» use in the sejm constitutions and documentation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania congresses. The direct correlation between the estimates of the Union at different levels of state representative institutions of the Commonwealth is revealed. The Lublin Sejm of 1569 was a key event in the history of Eastern Europe, but in the historical works (chronicles and annals) of the second half of 16th – early 17th century information about it and its decisions are concise and general. At the end of 16th – the first half of 17th century the memory of Lublin Union was not mainly broadcast by narrative channels. In keeping the memory about 1569 events legal deeds and state institutions decisions were of considerable importance. The result of the state union with Poland was the approval of the public law standards that could not be ignored by any representative of the so-called political people of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the following centuries. The author maintains that as a whole the Grand Duchy of Lithuania gentry did not question the correctness of the 1569 choice, took and defended «Lublin myth», as under those conditions it had more benefits than losses.

This article deals with the issue of the impact of universal basic income (UBI) on the standards and quality of life of population, highlights some theoretical and methodological aspects of its introduction, characterizes the current state of research on this issue and the experience of other countries. It presents the basic conceptual provisions of the scientific study conducted by the authors, which are aimed at the theoretical and methodological substantiation of the idea of introducing universal basic income in Russia, its forms, tools and possible application mechanisms for transformation of the processes and structures of the functioning of the labor and employment sphere, development of human potential, reduction of absolute monetary poverty and excessive socio-economic inequality, that meet modern technological challenges and lead to improving the standards and quality of life of people and the sustainability of the state and society.
The presented study is of high significance due to influence of the category "universal basic income", practical forms, tools and mechanisms of its application on the essential aspects of the life of people, on the expected improvement in their standards and quality of life and the sustainability of the state and society. It will contribute to formation of the scientific, organizational, instrumental and documentary basis for implementation of pilot projects at the regional level, where transitional forms of universal basic income relevant to Russia can be tested. Testing UBI in Russia is of a particular relevance because of the widespread precarious employment, high poverty rates and excessive socio-economic inequality in our country.

The research is based on the materials of memoirs about Chernyshevskii and Pisarev. The 'common places' of the memoirs, in which the similarity of the two activists is revealed, are compared. Purpose: to investigate the influence of public reputation on the formation of the memoir image of Chernyshevskii and Pisarev. Aims: to identify the specifics of the formation of the memoir corpus of famous public and literary activists; to justify the presence of an out-of-text model as a source of commonality of the image angle. Other documentary sources were also involved to identify the reasons for the coincidence and discrepancy of the facts. Contradictions were established in both cases. Results and conclusions: it is possible to assume, that in the public consciousness of a certain circle there existed a model for creating the image of an outstanding public activist of the revolutionary movement. Both Chernyshevskii and Pisarev not just matched to this model, — their images were originally put in its ground. The formation of the image model was based on two sources: poetic images of Nekrasov's poems dedicated to Belinskii, Dobrolyubov, Pisarev and Chernyshevskii; relying on the genre of the eulogies at public funerals of the 1860s–1870s and later, that replaced the expression of public protest. The commonality of themes — selfless service to social ideals; genius, sacrificed for the sake of people; early demise from the oppression of the authorities, — brings both sources together. In the memoir image, according to the general model, essentially individual features are combined, emphasizing the generalized properties of an extraordinary personality. The outstanding abilities of both underline a single 'profile' in a special way: the highest intellectual talents, laid on the chancel of struggle. The motive of unrecognition, the contradiction between the expected — true — and the real appearance of a person, demonstrates a great advantage of the fortitude and thought over ordinary human nature.

This article is devoted to one of the most important administrative and political actions initiated by Stalin's regime in the mid-1930s – campaigns on verification and exchange of party documents. The author made an attempt to examine the whole course of the campaign as much as possible in detail, from the preparation stage at the beginning of 1935 until its completion in the autumn of 1936 in a particular historical and geographical location – in the areas of the Upper Volga region. Documentary base of this research were, first of all, archival materials, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. In this article series on the basis of the evidence the author reveals the following provisions. Firstly, investigation of party documents represented a large-scale ideological and political examination covering all regions – intra-party filtering of communists for "political reliability". Secondly, the immediate aim of the campaign was to collect materials compromising the Communists and to make a list of the potentially repressed. One of the most important tools for carrying out the "ideological examination" of the Party and Soviet nomenclature used together with public security bodies in the territory of the Upper Volga region in the mid-1930s, was represented by the Party Control Commission (CPC) at the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and its regional structure – Communist Party Collegium and later by the authorized representatives of the CPC of the Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions. The author makes the general conclusion – campaign for the exchange and verification of party documents became the representative illustration of methodologically verified political technologies of the Stalin's regime, as evidenced by its course: organization; full control by the center by means of directives; efficiency manifested in revealing "socially alien elements" recorded statistically for CPC line.

The process of reunification of Crimea and the Russian Federation is considered in the context of the content, the basic trends and contradictions of the modern political process at the global, regional and national government levels. Analyzing the reunification of Crimea with Russia, the authors reveal the problem of observing the principle of sovereign equality of the states, territorial integrity, non-interference into the internal affairs of the states, the right of peoples to self-determination. The authors highlight the geopolitical threats and risks arising from the violation of the principle of force non-use or threat of force in the situation of "Ukrainian crisis".

This process is analyzed through the prism of the political history of Russia, the establishment and strengthening of its statehood. Interpreted documentary sources reveal the organizational, legal, and political contradictions of the transfer of Crimean region from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1954. Socio-political importance of the reunification of Crimea and the Russian Federation for the present stage of modernization transformations of the society and the state are considered. The possible scenarios of development of the internal political and international situation with regard to the sanctions confrontation of Russia and some foreign countries are analyzed. The authors identified the resources for: effective assertion of the national interests of the Russian Federation; ensuring stability and security of life for all people living on its territory; permanent reproduction of national elite abilities (political, administrative, military, economic, etc.) to act decisively in critical situations, to make fateful decisions of geopolitical nature.

The article uses the results of sociological surveys of public opinion about the attitude of the Russians and citizens of Ukraine to the process of reunification of Crimea with Russia.

Everyday work of Belarusian citizens during the German occupation is explored on the basis of German trophy documents. The article is based on the materials of the Fund 378 of the National Archives of the Republic of Belarus. The documents give an idea of many aspects of occupational life through the prism of the activities of one institution – the Main Railway Directorate «Minsk» and shed light on many «white spots» of the everyday work of the population of Belarus. The presented study aims, first of all, to introduce into scientific circulation a significant set of factual material on the problem of everyday work and the use of local people labour by the occupation authorities. That shows the problem from a new perspective and creates factual basis for further conceptual study of the issue. The German occupation authorities gave exceptional importance to the issue of gaining the support of the population of Belarus. With this purpose, they developed directive documents, analyzed the mood and labour potential of local workers. Using the method of «carrots and sticks», the railway management in occupied Belarus understood that it depended on the local population, therefore, in addition to repressive methods and the organization of the control system, the issues of providing products and creating social guarantees were raised. The wage premiums, bonuses, rewards, delivery of products and delicacies, charity and assistance to the families of employees were supposed to increase productivity and stimulate the work of local railway workers. However, the occupation authorities regularly noted a low desire to work and the escape of local workers to the partisans. The introduction to the scientific turnover of the information of the unique documents of Main Railway Directorate «Minsk» can not only significantly extend the factual basis of the research of the period of German occupation of Belarus, but also pose a number of theoretical questions. New documentary sources make it possible to add to the currently existing assessment of the use of labour by the local population solely as betrayal or forced slave labor. Using new sources and modern methodological approaches, the survival strategies of ordinary people under occupation should be analyzed. Information sources of the сollection of documents of the Main Railway Directorate «Minsk» raise questions about the conditions of survival of local workers at other enterprises, in other fields of labour and regions of the occupied territory of Belarus.

Introduction. The article considers the problem of solving the Austrian issue by consolidating the country's neutrality in 1955 in the context of a possible modeling of the situation on the German issue. The consolidation of a neutral non-aligned status with Austria was the result of a broad domestic and foreign policy compromise. At the same time, the main features of the Austrian path to the neutrality of 1945–1955 are highlighted, making this one of the most well-known compromise precedents of the Cold War possible.

Methods and materials. The research of the model character of the "Austrian solution" of 1955 is possible only with regard to the intertwining historical contexts in which the development of the German and Austrian issues took place from 1945 to 1949. The author uses the comparative historical method in the article while comparing historical features of the development of the German and Austrian issues between 1945 and 1955 and comparing different views and concepts of historians. The information base of the article consists of narrative and documentary sources, as well as a wide range of scientific research works of Austrian, German and Russian researchers.

Analysis. The main internal reasons for the successful resolution of the Austrian issue are the existence of the pro-Western government elected in 1945, the unity of the main political forces of Austria in the matter of restoring sovereignty, and the personal role of Chancellor Julius Raab. The main international reasons are the change in the course of the USSR within the framework of the peaceful coexistence policy, as well as the reciprocal cooperation policy of the Western Allies. The author considers the problem both in historical and in historiographical perspectives.

Results. The possibility of applying the "Austrian solution" to the situation with the divided Germany became the subject of a sharp historiographical dispute, which was called "Model Debate" in Austria. Two famous historians, Rolf Steininger and Michael Gehler, developed a concept confirming the model character of the Austrian solution to the situation with Germany. Most of Austrian historians tend to view the successful resolution of the Austrian issue as a single precedent, or phenomenon, of the Cold War. When comparing the situation with Germany and the attempts to model the Austrian version of it, they point to the different potential and significance of the countries for the Western Allies and the USSR, different goals of foreign policy of victorious powers in the German and Austrian issues.

The purpose of the article was to identify the activities that determined the formation of the state archives of Belarus. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve several problems: 1) identification of sources containing information on the collection of documentary complexes, the acquisition of documents from centralized state archives and the organization of the system of archival institutions; 2) identification of persons who participated in the creation of the Central Archive of the People's Commissariat of Education of BSSR (Central Archive of BSSR); 3) identification of regulatory documents that preceded the first law on the archives of the BSSR. The relevance of the study is determined by the lack of development of the problems identified in the Belarusian archival studies. The article for the first time introduces into the scientific circulation sources about the acquisition of the first state archives, provides information about the funds of institutions, saved thanks to the efforts of D. I. Dovgyallo, N. P. Shklyaev, A. A. Savich, M. A. Vakhayev. The mechanism of transfer of archival complexes to the Central Archive of BSSR structure is revealed. Information is provided on the organizational, methodological foundations of the organization of the archival industry in the BSSR. As the predecessor institutions of the Central Archive of BSSR, the activities of the subdivision of the protection of monuments of antiquity and art of the art department of the People's Commissariat of Education of the BSSR and the academic center of the People's Commissariat of Education of the BSSR are considered. It is concluded that the activities of the People's Commissariat of Education and the dedicated efforts of historians and archivists were also the basis for the creation of the National Archives of the Republic of Belarus, the National Historical Archives of Belarus. Based on the information revealed, it is proposed to clarify the history of archival institutions and revise the dates of their establishment. As a result of a comparative analysis of the normative acts on the archives of the RSFSR and the BSSR, a similarity of the wording of the original editions and theoretical guidelines of the first normative acts on the archives was revealed. It is concluded that the archives in the BSSR was determined under the influence of the regulations of the RSFSR. However, it is noted that the practical work on the preservation of archives, their unification into large complexes and the creation of a network of state archival institutions in the early 1920s in the BSSR was carried out exclusively by internal forces, on the basis of normative legal acts issued by republican government bodies.

Большой объем первичных данных соревновательных выступлений легкоатлетов Ульяновской области еще не позволяет оценить уровень их достижений и структуру по дисциплинам в сравнении с представителями других регионов страны, а также отразить динамику развития различных видов легкой атлетики среди спортсменов региона. Целью исследования является оценка уровня и динамики спортивных достижений легкоатлетов, представляющих Ульяновскую область, за период с 2016 по 2020 г. С помощью теоретического анализа исторической и справочной литературы по теме исследования, анализа документальных материалов, методов математической статистики было выявлено, что заметно большее число спортсменов присутствует в беговом рейтинге, меньшее - в метании и многоборье на фоне полного отсутствия представителей группы спортивной ходьбы. Динамика среднего места ульяновских легкоатлетов устойчивая с признаками позитивных изменений. Исследование показало, что к наиболее успешно развивающимся дисциплинам легкой атлетики у представителей Ульяновской области в беговых видах можно отнести бег на 100, 200 и 10000 м. В прыжковых дисциплинах преимущество имеют вертикальные прыжки. Метания в целом выражены слабо. В то же время мужские многоборья отражают высокий уровень соревновательных выступлений и положительную динамику за исследуемый период. Проведенный анализ позволил выявить текущее состояние легкой атлетики в области (в целом, по группам дисциплин и по отдельным дисциплинам), перспективы ее развития, что, в свою очередь, может способствовать стратегическому планированию развития данного вида спорта в масштабах всей страны.
The large volume of raw data on the competitive performances of Ulyanovsk region track and field athletes does not yet allow assessing the level of their achievements and structure in events in comparison with representatives of other regions in Russia, as well as reflecting the dynamics of the development of various types of athletics among the athletes of the region. The goal of the study is to assess the level and dynamics of sports achievements of athletes representing Ulyanovsk region of Russia for the period from 2016 to 2020. Employing theoretical analysis of historical and reference literature on the research topic, analysis of documentary materials, methods of mathematical statistics, the author revealed a noticeably large number of athletes in the running rating, fewer in throwing, multiathlon, and none in walking. The dynamics of the average achievements of Ulyanovsk athletes is stable with signs of positive changes. The study showed that most successfully developing athletics disciplines among the representatives of Ulyanovsk region in running events are 100-, 200- and 10000-meteres races. In jumping events, the athletes show positive results in vertical jumps. Throwing is generally weak. At the same time, the males demonstrate a high level of competitive performances and positive dynamics in multiathlon over the studied period. The analysis made it possible to identify the current state of athletics in the region (in general, by groups of events and by individual events), the prospects for its development, which, in turn, will help to provide strategic planning for the development of athletics.