Suchergebnisse

Violence is the intentional use of physical strength or power, actually or under threat, against oneself, someone else, or against a group or community, which results or has a high probability of resulting in injury, death or psychological damage, bad development or deprivation(1).In Brazil and in the world, a lot is told about violence, which is present in various forms in everyday life, whether in the country or in urban area. Cities have grown without proper planning, people have migrated, generating unsatisfied social demands in the large centers, television has invaded home and modified people's thinking in great extension, families have loosen moral principles, governments do not set good examples.Therefore, violence has spread into all aspects of life, revealing itself in economics (exploitation of man by man, state coercion, material dependence, discrimination against women's work, child labour, unfair impositions etc.), in politics (control by one or various parties, authoritarianism, exclusion of citizens from decision-making, revolution, war and armed conflict etc.), in ideology (implementation of official criteria, prohibition of free thought, censorship, manipulation of public opinion, advertisements and issues of violent nature), in religion (submission to clerical interests, strict control of thought, prohibition of other beliefs and persecution of "heretics", etc.), within the family (exploitation of women and children etc.), in education (teachers and principals authoritarianism etc.), in the army (unquestioning obedience to commanders etc.), in the culture (excluding innovating trends, prohibiting publication of works, bureaucracies, etc.). (2)It is health's responsibility dealing with people affected by physical or psychological violence, in hospitals, ambulatory facilities or clinics. As researches in health are responsible for statistical data consolidation. In 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) released its first report on violence and health, achieving a comprehensive review on the ...

Thirty years ago, the Vietnamese government was forced to change its economic policy. The inefficiencies of the economic system led to deteriorating living conditions in the 1980s. During the 6th party congress in December 1986, the communist party decided to reform the economic system, called Doi Moi (renovation). The political elite opted for a gradual change of the economy, without changing the political system. The economic development induced by the reforms was remarkable. The living conditions of the Vietnamese have improved drastically as a consequence of high growth rates. Despite economic and social success since the introduction of reforms, Vietnam has reached now a distinctive moment. The country has to tackle five challenges in order to enhance the future welfare of its citizens. Firstly, macroeconomic stability and especially a functioning financial market is a precondition for future economic growth. Secondly, the successful catch-up model based on cheap labour as well as mineral and agricultural resources is reaching its limitations. Thirdly, a stronger spatial perspective has to be taken into account as the economic development is unevenly distributed and leaving the rural areas behind. Fourthly, environmental issues need to be considered more seriously, especially pollution from intensified agricultural production, mining, and industrialization. Fifthly, due to increasing income disparities, more attention has to be paid to social justice and participation.

A estrutura do mercado de trabalho está segmentada por categorias como a etnicidade e o gênero. Decorrente disso, as características como raça e gênero são categorias que servem para colocar os migrantes numa posição marginal e dentro de um segmento hierárquico que existe no mercado de trabalho, assim como empurram as mulheres para o mercado de trabalho informal. Através deste estudo, abordei a questão de como as políticas migratórias japonesas estariam influenciando as condições de trabalho das migrantes, se haveria diferenças nas condições de trabalho entre as mulheres de diferentes nacionalidades. Na primeira parte deste trabalho analisamos como a distribuição dos vistos influencia na inserção dos migrantes no mercado de trabalho japonês. Na segunda parte é feito o estudo de caso com mulheres brasileiras nikkeis, que realizam o trabalho qualificado de tradutoras/orientadoras. Neste trabalho foram enfocadas as condições de trabalho, as perspectivas profissionais, e a relação entre a família e o trabalho. Conclui-se que apesar de especializado e rentável, faz parte de um mercado de trabalho instável, muito aquém de uma perspectiva profissional, devido à sua baixa valorização pelo governo japonês. Occupational deskilling: Japanese-Brazilian migrant women in Japan Abstract: The structure of labor participation is segmented by ethnicity and gender lines. As a result ascribed characteristics such as race and gender put migrant groups into marginal position and into different hierarchical segments of the labor market. Consequently those mechanisms push migrant women into casual and informal jobs. In this paper, issues related to Japanese migration policy and its influence on migrant women's work conditions is analyzed. The work conditions between Brazilian migrant women and women from Asian countries are also analyzed. At the first part of the paper, we analyze how migratory policies influence on migrant's insertion into labor market and in the second part, case studies about Brazilian migrant women, who were engaged in skilled jobs (translator/advisor), are described. The issues focused were work conditions, job perspective, and relations between family and work. Although this work is skilful and profitable, it takes part of an unstable work market, too for form a professional perspective due to its low valuation by the Japanese government. DOI:10.7154/RDG.2006.0018.0002

Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study is to revisit the characteristics of Vietnam's foreign policy since its renovation in 1986, also known as Doi Moi, and explore its future trajectory in the coming decades. Methodology: This study employs a well-established analytical framework relying on the two-level game theory in foreign policy analysis which denotes that a state's foreign policy is shaped by both external and domestic factors. Primary data are collected from a wide range of trusted resources and databases and communications of the authors with Vietnamese veteran diplomats and foreign policymakers. Main finding: This article finds that three decades since the launching of Doi Moi in 1986, fundamental principles of Vietnam's foreign policy remains intact. Because both domestic and external foundations for the initial stage of renovation have fundamentally been replaced by new contexts, Hanoi will likely move towards the so-called Doi Moi 2.0 characterized by greater proactiveness and determination. Applications of this study: This study has implication for policymakers, scholars and experts in the disciplines and subfields of politics, international relations, foreign policy analysis given that Vietnam has been well known for its significant achievements in its diplomatic relations after the Cold War and it is playing a growing role in regional and international affairs. The originality of this study: This study makes an original contribution to the existing literature of Vietnam's foreign policy because it digs into an issue where only a few numbers of scholars have touched upon and provides a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing Hanoi's mindset, shaping Vietnam's national interests and formulating Vietnam's foreign policy in the coming decades.

Transplantation and human organ donation are controversial issues that have generated much interest and discussion. The lack of clarification and the sensationalist news about organ trafficking contribute to raise questions and render the myths and prejudices permanent.The donation of organs and tissues is seen by society in general, as an act of solidarity and love from the family. However, it requires decision-making at a time of extreme pain and distress, caused by the impact of breaking news of death, the feeling of loss and the unexpected interruption of a life course(1).As the criteria of death are modified, the concept of brain death arises, along with the possibility of using donor organs and tissues. When there is not a good understanding of the organ donation process, the relatives of potential donors feel apprehensive, doubtful and undecided at the time of occurrence, because it is a subject about which there hasn't been much clarification(1).Brazil has the largest public transplants program in the world, since the government finances 92% of procedures done in the country. However, when we consider the rate of post mortem transplant into the population, Brazil's results are little expressive(2).Family refusal is a major obstacle to the realization of transplants, and is also identified as major cause for the shortage of organs and tissues for transplantation. Families who understand well the diagnosis of brain death are more favorable to organ donation, compared to families who believe that death only occurs after the heart stops. Therefore, the poor level of information, either by the quality of information concerning brain death, either by not having exceeded the barrier of stigmatized fear of organ trading, propagated by the media, drastically reduces the number of patients who are benefited from receiving an organ(3).Although all people are responsible for disseminating information, we must also educate health professionals, since they interfere directly in the likely donor's family decision. ...

This study explains the transition in Vietnamese foreign policy since doi moi as a process of reconstruction in Vietnamese national identity and national interest - the cognitive and motivational dispositions of Vietnamese policy behaviour. Through the employment of congruence and process tracing methods, this study explores the causes of the transitional process, identifies the power and identity dynamics of Vietnam's policy making, and examines the relations between these two kinds of influences. It concludes that while Vietnamese foreign policy since doi moi is shaped by an interplay of power and identity factors, the mainstream of this strategic transition is featured by the evolving constituents of Vietnamese national identity. Specifically, Vietnam's contemporary identity and foreign policy are constituted by Vietnamese ethno-cultural nationalism, renovated socialism and Southeast Asian regionalism, of which Vietnamese ethno-cultural nationalism is paramount and can condition its other identity constituents as well as their respective interests and behavioural expressions. Thus, this study contributes an integrated perspective to the study of Vietnamese foreign policy: one that focuses on the construction of Vietnamese identity and interest by power and identity influences from both the inside and outside of the Vietnamese state.

Drawing frompublished and gray literature, this manuscript focuses on the following topics: (1) changing patterns of substance use and abuse in Vietnamsince the early 1990s; (2) the roles of substance use in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic; (3) the responses of theVietnamese government and other entities (both domestic and international) to substance use disorders (SUDs) and HIV; and (4) the current research capacity in Vietnam and ways in which furthering research in Vietnam could enrich our knowledge of the linkages between SUDsandHIVand of effectivemeasures to reduce theirpublichealth consequences.Agrowing number of studies during the past 2 decades show dynamic and still evolving twin epidemics of SUDs and HIV in Vietnam, including a shift from consumption of opium to heroin and amphetamine-type stimulants, the concurrent use of drugs, and the increasing embrace by the government of internationally recognized effective responses (including harm reduction and methadone substitution therapy). However, remaining issues, such as the rapid ascendance of amphetamine-type stimulant use among the country'smost vulnerable populations, the lack of effective integration of SUD and HIV services for HIV-infected drug users, and the reliance on international resources formaintaining quality services,among others, are posing challenges for building sustainable Vietnamese responses. Therefore, building local research and training capacity is a crucial foundation tomeet these challenges. Copyright © 2013, Food and Drug Administration, Taiwan.

Drawing from published and gray literature, this manuscript focuses on the following topics: (1) changing patterns of substance use and abuse in Vietnam since the early 1990s; (2) the roles of substance use in the HIV epidemic; (3) the responses of the Vietnamese government and other entities (both domestic and international) to substance use disorders (SUDs) and HIV; and (4) the current research capacity in Vietnam and ways in which furthering research in Vietnam could enrich our knowledge of the linkages between SUDs and HIV and of effective measures to reduce their public health consequences. A growing number of studies during the past two decades show dynamic and still evolving twin epidemics of SUDs and HIV in Vietnam, including a shift from consumption of opium to heroin and amphetamine-type stimulants, the concurrent use of drugs, and the increasing embrace by the government of internationally recognized effective responses (including harm reduction and methadone substitution therapy). And yet, remaining issues, such as the rapid ascendance of amphetamine-type stimulant use among the country's most vulnerable populations, the lack of effective integration of SUD and HIV services for HIV-infected drug users, and the reliance on international resources for maintaining quality services, among others, are posing challenges for building sustainable Vietnamese responses. Therefore, building local research and training capacity is a crucial foundation to meet these challenges.

This article analyses a series of legal and illegal state policies and ruling-party strategies, of a repressive nature or involving political perse-cution, which were implemented by Peronist governments between 1973 and 1976, in the period prior to the military dictatorship that imposed State terrorism in Argentina. The observation of these practices is combined with the study of the discourses of diverse members of the political system from the period.The study reveals the gradual establishment of a discourse about "national security", that is to say, based on the idea of a subversive enemy of a domestic nature and alien to the "national spirit". The Argentinian case study shows that this type of discourse, which is generally associated with the military regimes of the Southern Cone, also existed and was put into practice in constitutional regimes. ; In the 60s and 70s in Brazil, the Armed Forces were involved in the political repression under the inspiration of the National Security doctrine and the French military thought about Revolutionary War. According to these theories, this new kind of war, which combined military operations and political propaganda, required a strong intervention of the armed forces and the police, as well as the full knowledge of the techniques and tactics of the enemy, which was done by means of a strict information control. Much of this information was obtained through interrogation under torture of political prisoners. This article is about the themes of these interrogations, and the likely use of the collected information. Broadly, they were used in three fronts: Finding the enemy, knowing the structure and procedures of their organizations, and evaluating the militants' degree of involvement in political activities.

Drawing on neo-institutionalism in policy studies, this paper aims to demonstrate that transdisciplinarity is a new logic that could challenge the existing institutional logic of the knowledge production system in Vietnam. This institutional interplay is examined by analyzing the institutional response, interactions, and choices of stakeholders participating in an EU Erasmus+ Capacity Building Project. The analysis shows that the transdisciplinarity concept can be used as a potential framework for the develop- ment path of the dominant logic characterized by the shift from a traditional statist to a market-oriented model for knowledge production. Nevertheless, there are challenges like power relations in the interplay processes among actors who try to reproduce existing institutional logic and those who support transdisciplinary logic, as well as regarding relevant decision-makers to make institutional choices. The discussion shows that when applying transdisciplinarity, one should consider the motivation and barriers regarding state control, transdisciplinary readiness, hybrid models, funding, and experience.

Vietnam's adoption of the Doi Moi (renovation) policy in 1986 has generated significant and far-reaching impacts on Vietnam's external relations, especially with China. However, so far there has been no major research in either Vietnamese or English that addresses this issue. The thesis seeks to fill this gap by examining the causal link between Doi Moi and Vietnam's China policy since the late 1980s.Employing an analytical framework based on relevant International Relations theories and methods of archival study and case-study analysis, the thesis finds that economic considerations under Doi Moi have played an essential role in the shaping of Vietnam's China policy as well as the trajectory of bilateral relations over the past three decades. After providing a historical background, the thesis will examine the conflicting effects that Doi Moi has generated on bilateral relations. It will demonstrate that Vietnam's economic considerations following the adoption of Doi Moi contributed decidedly to the Sino-Vietnamese normalization in 1991 as well as the continuous improvements in bilateral ties ever since. At the same time, Vietnam's economic activities in the South China Sea and China's responses have intensified bilateral rivalry and put their ties under great constraints. The thesis then argues that Doi Moi has indeed brought Vietnam newfound opportunities to develop a multi-level omni-directional hedging strategy against China. Hanoi has accordingly strengthened economic ties and engagement mechanisms to maintain a stable and peaceful relationship with Beijing. However, it has also employed hard and soft balancing measures to counter China's growing power, especially in the South China Sea.Finally, in assessing the future trajectory of bilateral ties, the thesis contends that sustained socio-economic development under Doi Moi as well as China's "Four Modernizations" program will make democratization increasingly likely in both countries. However, even when both countries have become democracies, their relations may not enjoy the "perpetual peace" that contemporary democratic peace proponents predict given the likely persistence of their South China Sea disputes.

Scenario Planning has been increasingly used, from its introduction to the decision process as effective tools to test decisions, and improve performance in a dynamic environment (Chermack, 2005). The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the potential of an experimental Scenario Planning Model to mobilize, encourage and add more content to the organization's decision making process – mainly with respect to Strategic Plans of two governmental institutions, a pharmaceutical company and a technology education foundation. This study describes the application stages of a hybrid scenario-planning model – herein referred to as Planning as Learning – via action-research, showing the scenarios resulting from the experiment and describes the main results of an assessment of such practice. In order to do that, two well-established Scenario Planning models (Prospective school and Shell's model) were analyzed. They were used as a reference for the proposition and application of an experimental model in the two study objects. A questionnaire was used to assess the technique impact. It was possible to obtain high levels of reliability. In-depth interviews were also conducted with the participants. At the end, the results confirmed the model efficiency as a basis for decision making in the competitive environment in which the two institutions are inserted, also to encourage the learning process as a group, as observed throughout the work. ; O planejamento de cenários tem sido cada vez mais utilizado como instrumento para testar e melhorar o desempenho das organizações em ambientes dinâmicos. Neste artigo, objetiva-se demonstrar o potencial de um modelo experimental de Planejamento de Cenários para mobilizar, motivar e agregar maior conteúdo à tomada de decisão organizacional, principalmente no que se refere ao Planejamento Estratégico de duas instituições do setor público, uma indústria farmacêutica e uma fundação de ensino tecnológico. Descreve-se as etapas de aplicação de um modelo híbrido de planejamento de cenários - aqui denominado Planejamento pelo Aprendizado - por meio da pesquisa-ação; apresenta-se os cenários resultantes do experimento; e delineia-se os principais resultados de uma avaliação realizada sobre esta prática. Para tanto, analisou-se dois modelos já consagrados de Planejamento de Cenários - a escola Prospectiva e o modelo da Shell - que serviram como referencial para a proposição e aplicação de um modelo experimental nos dois objetos de estudo. O processo de avaliação do impacto da técnica foi realizado por um questionário que obteve altos índices de confiabilidade tendo ainda como suporte entrevistas em profundidade com os participantes. Ao final os resultados atestaram a eficiência do modelo em suportar a tomada de decisão no ambiente competitivo, no qual se inserem as duas instituições, assim como a promoção do aprendizado coletivo observado no decorrer dos trabalhos.

Thirty years after Soviet-style socialism, the post-socialist cities have witnessed a wideranging transformation in urban processes toward various forms of the trend "government to governance". This paper aims to explore the differences in Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) institutional change in Leipzig, Shanghai, and Ho Chi Minh City and eventually to describe and profile such differences. Firstly, analysing the stages of development of PPPs, and the methods of urban governance can indicate some differences in the formal and informal institutional changes of three cities. Secondly, using the integrated framework, developed by DiGaetano and Strom (2003), which emphasizes that the joining together of structural, cultural, and rational actor approaches to a cross-case studies comparison, in order to explain the differences in the path of institutional change for PPPs formed by varied forms and degrees regarding the withdrawal of state control affected by globalization, marketization, as well as culture, history, and rational actors. Lastly, this paper critically discusses the institutional challenges for PPPs of these post-socialist cities within collaborative governance and drawing up recommendations for future policy measures.

This paper examines the financial health of the Fiscal Investment and Loan Program (FILP) as of the end of March 2001. We study the financial conditions of FILP recipients, which include public corporations and local governments. We find many are de facto insolvent. Our estimates suggest as much as 75% of the FILP loans are bad. The expected losses are estimated to be about ¥75 trillion (over 15% of GDP). We also studied the effects of the FILP reform of April 2001, which tries to introduce market discipline in allocation of FILP funds. No significant changes in financial flow are detected, yet. The financial market seems to differentiate the newly introduced FILP agency bonds, which are supposed to without government guarantee, from government guaranteed bonds. It is too early to tell, however, whether the financial market will become an effective monitor of FILP agencies.

Abstract HIV is a major health problem in the world. HIV infection has the effect of reducing immunity status and increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Antiretroviral (ART) use as a therapy for HIV also increases the risk of heart disease. Objective: This literature review aims to identify the risk of cardiovascular disorders in HIV patients in Indonesia. Method: literature review of articles published January 2009 to September 2018 using search keywords namely 'Anti-retroviral therapy', 'Cardiovascular disease', 'Corronary artery disease', and 'HIV'. Results: There were 21 journal articles that were relevant to the design and purpose of paper and 3 articles that discussed the risk of heart disease in HIV patients in Indonesia. The results of the literature review showed that HIV patients in Indonesia are at risk of developing cardiovascular disorders which are exacerbated by the use of ART and smoking behavior. The risk of cardiovascular disease includes structural abnormalities and coronary heart disease. Conclusion: HIV patients have a high risk of developing cardiovascular disease. This is a challenge for health workers, the government and researchers, to develop appropriate strategies and methods in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disorders especially in low-middle income country countries such as Indonesia. Keyword: Anti-retroviral therapy, cardiovascular disease, HIV, AIDS, HIV in Indonesia