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Background: This study shows how multiple ethical criteria evaluations result in patient screening and ranking. Furthermore, as Omicron outbreaks increase, hospital emergency departments will become overburdened with critically ill patients. It is a one-of-a-kind global triage algorithm for infectious decreases of COVID-19 and Omicron. The algorithm is qualitative and quantitative, and adaptable to various bio-ethical and social factors. The measurement of the evaluation process eliminates any inconsistencies, which is an advantage of a decision-making algorithm. The proposed algorithm is unique because there are no similar algorithms in the literature that provide triage guidelines based on social ethics, bioethics, and human dignity. Objective: It's simple to evaluate a patient's potential benefits when ethical triage judgments are structured and transparent. Furthermore, decisions made primarily based on economic considerations in stressful situations overlook the socioeconomic realities of the underprivileged. This triage algorithm eliminates the need for ad hoc triage evaluations and facilitates criteria for inclusion, such as human dignity. It also takes into account patient comorbidities and social, ethical issues. Method: Healthcare professionals use predefined ethical criteria to assign relative rankings among patients based on treatment response and social circumstances. It is a Delphi method for evaluating patient illnesses with the help of medical professionals. For example, the admission to the intensive care unit and providing a ventilator depend entirely on hierarchical multidimensional triage scoring results. This algorithm can evaluate triage scores quickly. It is robust, accurate, and quick in assessment, evaluation, and reevaluation during an emergency. A team of three experts can implement this algorithm. Result: The Consistency Scores (CR) show how well clinical and non-clinical ethical criteria may be used to make triage judgments. As a result, all specialists have reported allogeneic reactions in the triage assessment. Furthermore, this system enables decision-makers to identify cognitive biases that may influence their decisions. A Group Consciousness Ratio (GCR) of over 85% indicates that the decision-making process is transparent. Patients with a high level of social dependency, a reasonable probability of recovery, a favorable weighted average comorbidity score, and those who are less fortunate are all considered in the overall triage decision. Conclusions: This algorithm differentiates patients who need ICU (Incentive Care Unit) care and do not immediately require critical resources. As a result, patients queue up on a waiting list when the ICU demand spikes due to the increased incidence of COVID-19 infection or its variants. This situation presents a dilemma for the triage policy. Therefore, a national emergency policy requires monetary and technical assistance to expand healthcare facilities. However, the clarity of this triage policymaking is at odds with decision-makers interested in manipulating results. It is challenging to deal with consistency issues in the Delphi process in group decision-making without professional moderators and valid evaluation metrics. Therefore, transparency, consistency, and strong judgment are essential elements of the presented algorithm. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2022-SPER-07 Full Text: PDF

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DOI 10.24917/20837275.9.4.4Celem artykułu jest ukazanie problematyki wizualizacji danych w kontekście komunikacyjnym. Infografika staje się dziś za sprawą dziennikarstwa danych i popularności mediów wizualnych narzędziem powszechnie stosowanym; nie do końca rozpoznane są jednak właściwości manipulacyjne projektowania graficznego, które przedstawiane jest odbiorcom jako ilustrujące, tłumaczące i wyjaśniające treści statystyczne oraz tekstowe w sposób systemowy, uporządkowany i wizualny, co konotuje prostotę i uniwersalność oraz obiektywizm. Autorka stara się wykazać, jak idealistyczne teorie z zakresu projektowania informacji rzutują na proces nadawczo-odbiorczy (z jednej strony dając przestrzeń na manipulację danymi, z drugiej – tworząc idealny obraz projektanta jako strażnika obiektywizmu i posiadacza kompetencji interpretatora, wyzwalają tym samym bezbronność odbiorców w dekodowaniu języka wizualizacji danych i pozbawiają ich czujności, należnej przekazom perswazyjnym). Tymczasem, przekaz graficzny ma charakter nie tylko edukacyjny, ale też często polityczny czy szerzej – ideologiczny. Analiza przekazów graficznych zamieszczonych w portalu Visualizing Palestine (wybranego ze względu na globalny zasięg i popularność, polaryzację polityczną odbiorców oraz nowatorski, partycypacyjny i społecznościowy charakter procesu projektowego), służy tu przedstawieniu technik wizualizacji jako interpretacji i manipulacji danymi, a także potwierdza moc dyskursywną infografiki jako narzędzi komunikacyjnych. Artykuł ma na celu zwrócenie uwagi na problem powszechnego braku kompetencji w zakresie dekodowania znaczeń zawartych w wizualizacjach danych (datavis) oraz celowej (lub nie) nonszalancji projektantów w kwestii podejścia do danych.The Dataspace: Between Information Design and Data Manipulation. The Analysis of Specificity of Infographic Messages Based on Case Study of Visualising PalestineThe goal of the paper is to present the issues concerning data visualisation in communication context. Infographics nowadays becomes – due to data journalism and popularity of visual media – a commonly used tool; but still little recognition is given towards manipulatory features of graphic design which is presented to its recipients as illustrating, translating and explaining statistical and textual content in systemic, ordered and visual way that connotes simplicity, universality and objectivity. The author tries to prove that idealistic information design theories impact the communication process (on one hand giving the space for data manipulation, on the other – creating an ideal image of a designer seen as a guard of objectivism and an owner of an interpreter's competences, thus they evoke recipients' vulnerability in decoding the language of data visualisation and deprive them of awareness, which they should devote to persuasive messages). Whereas graphic message is not only of an educational nature but also often of a political or – widely speaking – an ideological one. The goal of the analysis of infographics published at the Visualizing Palestine website (chosen for its global range and popularity, as well as for the political polarisation of its recipients and for innovative, participative and grassroot character of the design process) is to indicate the technics of visualisation as interpretation and also data manipulation, as well as to prove the discoursive potential of infographics as a communication tool. The paper aims at drawing attention to the common lack of competences in the range of decoding meanings of datavis and the nonchalance (whether conscious or not) of designers in their usage of data.

<p class="Pa7"><strong>Background: </strong>Variants of unknown signifi­cance (VUSs) have been identified in <em>BRCA1 </em>and <em>BRCA2 </em>and account for the majority of all identified sequence alterations. Notably, VUSs occur disproportionately in people of African descent hampering breast cancer (BCa) management and prevention efforts in the population. Our study sought to identify and characterize mutations associated with increased risk of BCa at young age.</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Methods: </strong>In our study, the spectrum of mu­tations in <em>BRCA1 </em>and <em>BRCA2 </em>was enumer­ated in a cohort of 31 African American women of early age at onset breast cancer, with a family history of breast or cancer in general and/or with triple negative breast cancer. To improve the characterization of the <em>BRCA1 </em>and <em>BRCA2 </em>variants, bioinfor­matics tools were utilized to predict the potential function of each of the variants.</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Results: </strong>Using next generation sequencing methods and <em>in silico </em>analysis of variants, a total of 197 <em>BRCA1 </em>and 266 <em>BRCA2 </em>vari­ants comprising 77 unique variants were identified in 31 patients. Of the 77 unique variants, one (1.3%) was a pathogenic frameshift mutation (rs80359304; <em>BRCA2 </em>Met591Ile), 13 (16.9%) were possibly pathogenic, 34 (44.2%) were benign, and 29 (37.7%) were VUSs. Genetic epidemio­logical approaches were used to determine the association with variant, haplotype, and phenotypes, such as age at diagnosis, family history of cancer and family history of breast cancer. There were 5 BRCA1 SNPs associated with age at diagnosis; rs1799966 (P=.045; Log Additive model), rs16942 (P=.033; Log Additive model), rs1799949 (P=.058; Log Additive model), rs373413425 (P=.040 and .023; Dominant and Log Additive models, respectively) and rs3765640 (P=.033 Log Additive model). Additionally, a haplotype composed of all 5 SNPs was found to be significantly associated with younger age at diagnosis using linear regression modeling (P=.023). Specifically, the haplotype containing all the variant alleles was associated with older age at diagnosis (OR= 5.03 95% CI=.91-9.14).</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Knowing a patient's BRCA mutation status is important for prevention and treatment decision-making. Improv­ing the characterization of mutations will lead to better management, treatment, and BCa prevention efforts in African Ameri­cans who are disproportionately affected with aggressive BCa and may inform future precision medicine genomic-based clinical studies. <em></em></p><p class="Pa7"><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2017;27(1):169-178; doi:10.18865/ed.27.2.169</p>

Resumo: A primeira década do século XXI representou um período de novas tendências socioeconômicas e políticas na maior parte dos países da América Latina. O modelo econômico neoliberal – predominante nos anos 1990 – passou a perder força, abrindo espaço para o surgimento de uma nova agenda de desenvolvimento nos países da região. Essa mudança foi marcada pelo estabelecimento e crescente disseminação de programas sociais que buscavam combater as profundas deficiências sociais de suas populações. Com o tempo, os indicadores sociais começaram a mostrar os bons resultados dessas políticas, atraindo o interesse de especialistas do campo do desenvolvimento e da comunidade internacional nas experiências desses países, contribuindo para o reconhecimento internacional dos mesmos. Considerando esse contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as experiências do Brasil e da Venezuela com o processo de internacionalização de seus modelos de desenvolvimento, mais especificamente, dos programas sociais que foram concebidos com a reestruturação de suas políticas econômicas na última década. A comparação dessas experiências ganha relevância uma vez que esse processo adquire características específicas em função da forma como cada país entende a sua inserção internacional. Por fim, a realização do presente trabalho passa por uma análise da relação entre políticas sociais e política externa, contexto no qual se prioriza a abordagem que entende a política externa como política pública, abrindo assim espaço para verificar a forte articulação entre essas esferas e as implicações decorrentes.Palavras-chave: Programas Sociais; Política Externa; Desenvolvimento; Brasil; Venezuela. Abstract: The first decade of the XXI century represented a period of new socio-economical and political tendencies in most countries of Latin America. The neoliberal economic model – that prevailed throughout the 1990s – began to lose its strength, opening the space for the emergence of a new development agenda in the countries of the region. This change was marked by the establishment and the increasing dissemination of social programs aimed to treat the social deficiencies of their populations. Over time, the social indicators started to show the good results of those policies, attracting the interest of specialists from the field of development and from the international community in the experiences of those countries, contributing to their international recognition. Considering that context, the main objective of the present work is to investigate the experiences of Brazil and Venezuela with the process of internationalization of their development models, more specifically, of the social programs that were conceived with the restructuration of their economical policies in the last decade. The comparison of these experiences becomes relevant once this process acquires specific features depending on how each country sees its international insertion. Finally, the realization of this work involves an analysis of the relationship between social policies and foreign policy, context in which we prioritize the approach that considers foreign policy as a public policy, opening thus space to verify the strong articulation between those spheres and the resulting implications.Key Words: Social Programs; Foreign Policy; Development; Brazil; Venezuela. DOI: 10.20424/2237-7743/bjir.v4n2p407-434

La tesis de la maldición de los recursos naturales acuñada por Auty (1993) sostiene aún cierta vigencia en el sentido que las estrategias de desarrollo de la mayoría de los países en el Sur Global continúan estando directamente asociadas a una intensiva dependencia de la explotación de sus recursos naturales. Esto es particularmente evidente en el sector de biocombustibles donde una creciente demanda de parte de las economías industrializadas por esta fuente de energía 'renovable' ha convertido a los países Sudamericanos en proveedores globales de ese bien, incluso cuando la sustentabilidad socio-económica de este modelo de desarrollo está en la cuerda floja. Acciones cooperativas entre relevantes países productores de biocombustibles como Argentina y Brasil se enmarcan en organizaciones regionales que reflejan un concierto de gobiernos afines que componen la llamada "nueva izquierda latinoamericana". Mientras un número de incertidumbre monopolizan los debates globales sobre la sustentabilidad de los biocombustibles, los tomadores de decisiones en la región se orientan hacia el conocimiento experto en la búsqueda por superar esa limitación. No obstante, las contribuciones de los expertos para el desarrollo de biocombustibles sustentables pareciera ser funcionales a específicos intereses sectoriales (Ej. garantizar acceso a mercados externos) por sobre la resolución de los problemas socio-ambientales. Este artículo explora la relación entre conocimiento experto, política e intereses privados en los principales países sudamericanos productores de biocombustibles en un esfuerzo por determinar si los gobiernos de la región se encaminan hacia una estrategia de desarrollo sustentable para el sector.Palabras Clave: Biocombustibles líquidos, Recursos Naturales, Neo-extractivismo, Desarrollo Sustentable, Sudamérica, Cooperación Regional, Argentina, Brasil. Abstract: The natural resource curse thesis coined by Auty (1993) remains up to date as the development strategies of most countries in the Global South continue to be directly tied to an intensive exploitation of natural resources. This is particularly evident within the biofuels sector where a growing external demand for this good, coming from industrialized economies, has led South American countries to become global biofuels providers even when the socio-economic sustainability of this development model is still at stake. Cooperative interactions between prominent biofuel producing countries such as Argentina, Brazil are framed under regional organizations that reflect a concert of like-minded governments that composed the so-called "new Latin American left". While an array of uncertainties monopolize the global debates around the sustainability of biofuels, policymakers in the region are turning to expert knowledge to overcome this limitation. Nonetheless, the contributions by experts for the development of sustainable biofuels in South America appears to be functional to specific sectoral biased objectives (i.e safeguarding external markets) rather than to solving a collective socio-environmental problem. This article explores the relationship between expert knowledge, politics and private interests in the main biofuel producing countries in the region in an effort to determine whether governments in the region are being able to advance the necessary mechanisms to guarantee a sustainable development strategy for the sector.Key-words: Liquid biofuels, Natural Resources, Neo-extractivism, Sustainable Development, South America, Regional Cooperation, Argentina, Brazil. DOI: 10.20424/2237-7743/bjir.v4n1p38-70

El artículo que presentamos a continuación contiene un resumen sustancial de la información técnica utilizada por una agencia de cooperación técnica y de desarrollo (ACTED) y comunitarios de dos territorios indígenas de la reserva de biósfera BOSAWAS, en torno a la implementación de sistemas agroforestales para el uso sostenible de los recursos naturales. El artículo forma parte de la experiencia participativa de ejecución del proyecto. Wani presenta esta experiencia a sus lectores dada la relevancia del tema en cuanto al uso y conservación de los recursos naturales de la reserva de BOSAWAS y, en particular, para la divulgación de información valiosa en el proceso de desarrollo de los territorios indígenas de la reserva. 1. DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE-BOSAWAS (NICARAGUA) 2. CONSERVACION DE LOS RECURSOS NATURALESBOSAWAS (NICARAGUA) Bosawas tasbaia bilara indian tawanka nani walra nahki ai ritska nani ba pitka kat yus muni pyu banira bri kaia ba warkka naniba tabaikaia.Naha ulbanka nani ulbi sakuya nara barasa sturi prahni nani, Apis kum (ACTED) wark ka dadaukra nani bara tawan wal Bosawas tasbaia bilara iwi banghwi naniba aikuki yus muni bangwan, witin nani tawan uplika nanira tabaikisa pawaia wark ka nani mapara bara wark nani sin upla ra lan daukisa. Witin nani tawan uplika nanira mahrikisa nahki dusma mankaia bara nahki tasba ritska naniba pitka kat yus muni pyu banira bri kaiaba dukiara. Naha ulbanka nani nara takisa nahki proyectu nani dauki diara lan taki banghwan ba dukiara aisisa. Wani bui naha ulbanka nani na ulbi sakisa kan diara kum uba painba dukiara nahki Bosawas tasbaia bilara ritska nani ba pitka kat yus muni pyu banira ban pain bri kaia ba dukiara, kau ba sika ulbi saki mahrikaia nahki naha tasbaia bilara iwi uplika nani wark ka nani ba kau pain daukbia dukiara. Bosawas sauni pas yakat indian tawanni balna bu kau ampat ritsnina balna kidi pitni kat yus mumunwi mâ bani duduwa atnin yulni warkni balna yakat dipararaswi. Adika ulna balna kidi ulwi yakna akat bangki yul parahni balna, apis as (ACTED) warkni kalahyang balna dawak Bosawas sauni pas yakat indian tawannni bu muihni balna karak adika yus mumunna, witingna tawan muihni balna yakat dipararaswi baraknin warkni balna ninin yak dawak ampat wark yamnin kidika muih balna yakat niningna kawi, tawan muihni balna kau niningna kawi ampat pat minik balna dahnin kidi dawak ampat sau ritsni balna kidi pitni kat yus mumunwi mâ bani kau duduwa atnin yulni, adika uhulna akat kalahwi ampat proyectu balna laihwi yayamwi di balna lan kakalna kidi yulni yulwi, wani yaklauiwi adika ulna kidi ulwi yakwi di as uba yamni kapat talna yulni ampat Bosawas sauni paskau ritsni balna kidi pitni kat yus munwi mâ bani duduwa atnin yulni yulwa kidika bahang, baisa kidika kuduh ulwi yakwi ninin kanin ampat adika sauni pas yak yalalahwa muihni balna warknina kidi baisa yamni yayamwarang yulni. DOI: 10.5377/wani.v60i0.265Wani No.60 2010 pp.73-88

Objective: This study tests the effects of work-family conflict, in both directions, on partners' agreement on fertility preferences among dual-earner couples, as well as whether this relationship varies by women's employment status. Background: Few studies have examined the relationship between work-family conflict and fertility preferences. Given the high percentages of women working part-time in Germany, it is important to investigate the role working women's employment status plays to further understand this relationship. Method: Using data from 716 dual-earner couples in Wave 10 of the German Family Panel (pairfam), we use dyadic data analysis to test whether work-family conflict impacts one's own ("actor effects") and/or one's partner's ("partner effects") reports of agreement on fertility preferences. We also run multi-group analyses to compare whether these effects vary in "full-time dual-earner" versus "modernized male breadwinner" couples. Results: There are significant actor effects for family-to-work conflict in both types of couples, and for work-to-family conflict in modernized male breadwinner couples only. Partner effects for family-to-work conflict exist only among modernized male breadwinner couples. While there are no gender differences in actor or partner effects, results suggest differences in the partner effect (for family-to-work conflict only) between these two couple types. Conclusion: These findings indicate that work-family conflict is associated with greater partner disagreement on fertility preferences and highlight the differential impact incompatible work and family responsibilities have on fertility decisions when women work full-time versus part-time.