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Violence is the intentional use of physical strength or power, actually or under threat, against oneself, someone else, or against a group or community, which results or has a high probability of resulting in injury, death or psychological damage, bad development or deprivation(1).In Brazil and in the world, a lot is told about violence, which is present in various forms in everyday life, whether in the country or in urban area. Cities have grown without proper planning, people have migrated, generating unsatisfied social demands in the large centers, television has invaded home and modified people's thinking in great extension, families have loosen moral principles, governments do not set good examples.Therefore, violence has spread into all aspects of life, revealing itself in economics (exploitation of man by man, state coercion, material dependence, discrimination against women's work, child labour, unfair impositions etc.), in politics (control by one or various parties, authoritarianism, exclusion of citizens from decision-making, revolution, war and armed conflict etc.), in ideology (implementation of official criteria, prohibition of free thought, censorship, manipulation of public opinion, advertisements and issues of violent nature), in religion (submission to clerical interests, strict control of thought, prohibition of other beliefs and persecution of "heretics", etc.), within the family (exploitation of women and children etc.), in education (teachers and principals authoritarianism etc.), in the army (unquestioning obedience to commanders etc.), in the culture (excluding innovating trends, prohibiting publication of works, bureaucracies, etc.). (2)It is health's responsibility dealing with people affected by physical or psychological violence, in hospitals, ambulatory facilities or clinics. As researches in health are responsible for statistical data consolidation. In 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) released its first report on violence and health, achieving a comprehensive review on the ...

"In 1986, Vietnam implemented the doi moi- or renovation policy to pursue economic growth and development. Since this time, Vietnam has experienced rapid economic growth. Much of this growth has been financed by the rural population through increased agricultural production, which in turn has been associated with changes in rural education. While the economic gains have been great, shifts in policy direction and reduced government spending could also result in social disparity within the rural economy. In short, Vietnam should maintain a focus on rural education to ensure long-term economic development . " - page 1

Vietnam gehört zu den ärmsten Ländern der Erde. Nach Angaben des Weltentwicklungsberichts 1997 betrug das Pro-Kopf-Einkommen des Landes im Jahre 1995 nur etwa 240 US-Dollar (US-$).1 Der prozentuale Anteil der von Armut betroffenen Menschen wird unterschiedlichen Untersuchungen zufolge zur Zeit mit ca. 30 % bis über 50 % angegeben - Werte, die im internationalen Vergleich als sehr hoch einzustufen sind. Im Jahre 1986, also noch vor Beginn der russischen 'Perestroika', hat das Land ein wirtschaftspolitisches Reformprogramm namens Doi Moi (Erneuerung)2 begonnen, dessen Ziel es ist, das bis dato am Prinzip der Zentralverwaltung ausgerichtete Wirtschaftssystem in eine marktorientierte Wirtschaftsordnung zu transformieren. In Vietnam setzte dies die radikale Abkehr von der sozialistischen Kommandowirtschaft und die Einführung dezentraler Allokationsmechanismen voraus. Die bisher erreichten Resultate sind vielversprechend: Die Wirtschaft wächst seit Jahren mit nahezu zweistelligen Raten, die gesamtwirtschaftliche Preissteigerungsrate konnte auf niedrigem Niveau stabilisiert werden, der Außenhandel expandiert, und die ausländischen Direktinvestitionen in Vietnam haben deutlich zugenommen.

Thirty years ago, the Vietnamese government was forced to change its economic policy. The inefficiencies of the economic system led to deteriorating living conditions in the 1980s. During the 6th party congress in December 1986, the communist party decided to reform the economic system, called Doi Moi (renovation). The political elite opted for a gradual change of the economy, without changing the political system. The economic development induced by the reforms was remarkable. The living conditions of the Vietnamese have improved drastically as a consequence of high growth rates. Despite economic and social success since the introduction of reforms, Vietnam has reached now a distinctive moment. The country has to tackle five challenges in order to enhance the future welfare of its citizens. Firstly, macroeconomic stability and especially a functioning financial market is a precondition for future economic growth. Secondly, the successful catch-up model based on cheap labour as well as mineral and agricultural resources is reaching its limitations. Thirdly, a stronger spatial perspective has to be taken into account as the economic development is unevenly distributed and leaving the rural areas behind. Fourthly, environmental issues need to be considered more seriously, especially pollution from intensified agricultural production, mining, and industrialization. Fifthly, due to increasing income disparities, more attention has to be paid to social justice and participation.

A estrutura do mercado de trabalho está segmentada por categorias como a etnicidade e o gênero. Decorrente disso, as características como raça e gênero são categorias que servem para colocar os migrantes numa posição marginal e dentro de um segmento hierárquico que existe no mercado de trabalho, assim como empurram as mulheres para o mercado de trabalho informal. Através deste estudo, abordei a questão de como as políticas migratórias japonesas estariam influenciando as condições de trabalho das migrantes, se haveria diferenças nas condições de trabalho entre as mulheres de diferentes nacionalidades. Na primeira parte deste trabalho analisamos como a distribuição dos vistos influencia na inserção dos migrantes no mercado de trabalho japonês. Na segunda parte é feito o estudo de caso com mulheres brasileiras nikkeis, que realizam o trabalho qualificado de tradutoras/orientadoras. Neste trabalho foram enfocadas as condições de trabalho, as perspectivas profissionais, e a relação entre a família e o trabalho. Conclui-se que apesar de especializado e rentável, faz parte de um mercado de trabalho instável, muito aquém de uma perspectiva profissional, devido à sua baixa valorização pelo governo japonês. Occupational deskilling: Japanese-Brazilian migrant women in Japan Abstract: The structure of labor participation is segmented by ethnicity and gender lines. As a result ascribed characteristics such as race and gender put migrant groups into marginal position and into different hierarchical segments of the labor market. Consequently those mechanisms push migrant women into casual and informal jobs. In this paper, issues related to Japanese migration policy and its influence on migrant women's work conditions is analyzed. The work conditions between Brazilian migrant women and women from Asian countries are also analyzed. At the first part of the paper, we analyze how migratory policies influence on migrant's insertion into labor market and in the second part, case studies about Brazilian migrant women, who were engaged in skilled jobs (translator/advisor), are described. The issues focused were work conditions, job perspective, and relations between family and work. Although this work is skilful and profitable, it takes part of an unstable work market, too for form a professional perspective due to its low valuation by the Japanese government. DOI:10.7154/RDG.2006.0018.0002

Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study is to revisit the characteristics of Vietnam's foreign policy since its renovation in 1986, also known as Doi Moi, and explore its future trajectory in the coming decades. Methodology: This study employs a well-established analytical framework relying on the two-level game theory in foreign policy analysis which denotes that a state's foreign policy is shaped by both external and domestic factors. Primary data are collected from a wide range of trusted resources and databases and communications of the authors with Vietnamese veteran diplomats and foreign policymakers. Main finding: This article finds that three decades since the launching of Doi Moi in 1986, fundamental principles of Vietnam's foreign policy remains intact. Because both domestic and external foundations for the initial stage of renovation have fundamentally been replaced by new contexts, Hanoi will likely move towards the so-called Doi Moi 2.0 characterized by greater proactiveness and determination. Applications of this study: This study has implication for policymakers, scholars and experts in the disciplines and subfields of politics, international relations, foreign policy analysis given that Vietnam has been well known for its significant achievements in its diplomatic relations after the Cold War and it is playing a growing role in regional and international affairs. The originality of this study: This study makes an original contribution to the existing literature of Vietnam's foreign policy because it digs into an issue where only a few numbers of scholars have touched upon and provides a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing Hanoi's mindset, shaping Vietnam's national interests and formulating Vietnam's foreign policy in the coming decades.

Transplantation and human organ donation are controversial issues that have generated much interest and discussion. The lack of clarification and the sensationalist news about organ trafficking contribute to raise questions and render the myths and prejudices permanent.The donation of organs and tissues is seen by society in general, as an act of solidarity and love from the family. However, it requires decision-making at a time of extreme pain and distress, caused by the impact of breaking news of death, the feeling of loss and the unexpected interruption of a life course(1).As the criteria of death are modified, the concept of brain death arises, along with the possibility of using donor organs and tissues. When there is not a good understanding of the organ donation process, the relatives of potential donors feel apprehensive, doubtful and undecided at the time of occurrence, because it is a subject about which there hasn't been much clarification(1).Brazil has the largest public transplants program in the world, since the government finances 92% of procedures done in the country. However, when we consider the rate of post mortem transplant into the population, Brazil's results are little expressive(2).Family refusal is a major obstacle to the realization of transplants, and is also identified as major cause for the shortage of organs and tissues for transplantation. Families who understand well the diagnosis of brain death are more favorable to organ donation, compared to families who believe that death only occurs after the heart stops. Therefore, the poor level of information, either by the quality of information concerning brain death, either by not having exceeded the barrier of stigmatized fear of organ trading, propagated by the media, drastically reduces the number of patients who are benefited from receiving an organ(3).Although all people are responsible for disseminating information, we must also educate health professionals, since they interfere directly in the likely donor's family decision. ...

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit einem Vergleich des japanischen Tierwohlgesetzes mit dem deutschen Tierschutzgesetz und dem Model Animal Welfare Act des World Animal Net, welcher nach seinen Verfasserinnen die "aktuelle Erfolgsmodelle" (Best Practice) im internationalen Tierschutz zusammenfasst. Auf diese Weise beleuchtet der Beitrag die Charakteristika des japanischen Tierschutzrechts.Der Tierschutz ist heute als globales Anliegen anerkannt. Seine Legitimation wird argumentativ auf unterschiedliche theoretische Ansätze gestützt. Die Tierschutzbestrebungen bilden dabei soziale Bewegungen. Der Fokus hat sich dabei über die Zeit von der Haustierhaltung über die Tierzucht bis hin zu Tierversuchen verlagert und die Debatte sich hat in der jeweiligen Region gewandelt. Dementsprechend hat sich die Tierschutzgesetzgebung durch die Aufnahme und Regulierung zahlreicher Probleme in jeweiligen Ländern in den letzten Dekaden beträchtlich entwickelt. Das japanische Tierwohlgesetz stellt hierbei keine Ausnahme dar. Es hat mehrere Novellierungen vor allem in den letzten zwanzig Jahren erfahren, wobei internationale Diskurse über die Tierschutzgesetzgebung jeweils adoptiert wurden.Die fundamentale Aufgabe des Tierschutzrechts besteht darin, die Leitlinien für die Umsetzung der gesellschaftspolitischen Entscheidungen zum Umgang mit Tieren festzulegen und auf diese Weise das Verhalten der Menschen zu steuern. In diesem Zusammenhang kann man die Weltgeschichte der Tierschutzgesetzgebung als Wende vom Schutz der Art hin zum Schutz des Einzelwesens, vom Anthropozentrismus hin zu einem ethischen Ansatz sowie von der bloßen Anti-Tierquälerei hin zum Wohlbefinden des Tieres fassen. Das moderne Tierschutzrecht basiert einerseits auf dem moralischen Postulat, die Interessen jedes einzelnen Tieres mit den Nutzungsinteressen der Menschen in Einklang zu bringen; es zielt andererseits nicht nur auf die Verhinderung von gewaltsamen Übergriffen gegenüber Tieren, sondern auch auf die aktive Gewährleistung ihres Wohlergehens. Diese Leitidee wird im deutschen Tierschutzgesetz, das schon älter ist und als Vorbild in anderen Ländern anerkannt wird, ausdrücklich benannt.Auch das japanische Tierwohlgesetz folgt grundsätzlich denselben Entwicklungslinien, was mit der Adoption des sog. "Fünf-Freiheiten-Prinzip" als internationaler Standard für die Sicherung des Wohlbefindens von Tieren zu belegen ist. Nicht selten findet sich jedoch die Meinung sowohl im Aus- als auch Inland, dass das japanische Tierschutzrecht im internationalen Vergleich noch immer rückständig sei. Hinsichtlich der Tierschutzgesetzgebung in westlichen Ländern, die mit verschiedenen Problemen schnell umgehen musste, wird dagegen auf nahezu unauflösbare Wertungswidersprüche zwischen deren Zielsetzung und den enthaltenen, konkreten Regelungen hingewiesen. In dieser Diskussionslage hat die internationale Netzwerkorganisation World Animal Net vor kurzem den Model Animal Welfare Act veröffentlicht, das auf rechtsvergleichenden Studien aufbaut und die "aktuellen Erfolgsmodelle" (Best Practice) zusammenstellt. Davon ausgehend unternimmt es dieser Beitrag, den Stand des japanischen Tierschutzrechts im internationalen Vergleich zu bestimmen.Im Zentrum steht die Frage, ob der Gehalt der von den jeweiligen Gesetzen vorgesehenen Prinzipien auf einzelnen Problemfeldern ausreichend zum Tragen kommt. Für diese Analyse werden die Strafvorschriften betreffend Tiermisshandlungen intensiv untersucht, die historisch den Ausgangspunkt des Tierschutzrechts darstellen und die Grenzen einer angemessenen und gerechtfertigten Tiernutzung markieren. Die Untersuchung gelangt zu dem Ergebnis, dass sich das japanische Tierschutzrecht vom Anthropozentrismus noch nicht vollständig gelöst hat. Es wird aber auch deutlich, dass anthropozentrische Aspekte in der Nutzen-Schaden-Abwägung, welche ein ethischer Tierschutzansatz voraussetzt, unvermeidbar enthalten ist.(Die Redaktion) ; This contribution compares the Japanese Animal Welfare Act with the German Animal Protection Law and international "best practice" on animal welfare legislation as presented by the World Animal Net in its recently published Model Animal Welfare Act. The contribution thus aims at highlighting the characteristics of Japanese animal welfare legislation.Animal welfare today is recognized globally as a legitimate cause. Various theoretical approaches have been proposed in order to justify animal welfare legislation. The striving for better treatment of animals has given rise to social movements. The focus of the debate has shifted over the years from pet keeping through farm animals to animal use in scientific experiments, and discussions in each region have undergone significant change. Animal welfare legislation in many jurisdictions thus has witnessed important amendments including the regulation of newly emerged issues. The Japanese Animal Welfare Act is no exception in this regard. The latter has been amended repeatedly, in particular over the last twenty years, adopting international discourses on animal welfare legislation.The basis task of animal welfare legislation is to determine the guidelines implementing policy decisions on the treatment of animals and to thus control human behavior. In this regard, the global history of animal welfare legislation can be conceived as a development from the protection of the species towards protecting the individual living creature, from anthropocentrism towards an ethical approach, and from mere anti-cruelty laws towards comprehensively aiming at animal welfare. The Japanese Animal Welfare Act is based on the moral claim to balance the interests of the individual animal with legitimate human interest to use animals, and to not only prevent violent abuses of animals, but positively ensure their wellbeing. This guiding principle is expressed in the German Animal Protection Law, which dates further back and is recognized as a model in other countries.The Japanese Animal Welfare Act in principle follows international trends, as becomes apparent from the adoption of the so-called "five freedoms" as the global standard for animal welfare. Nevertheless, Japanese animal welfare legislation often is criticized, both in Japan and by outside observers, as lagging behind international developments. By contrast, as far as Western animal welfare legislation is concerned, which had to react quickly to various new problems, critics are pointing to virtually unavoidable contradictions between its goals on the one hand side and specific regulations on the other. Against this backdrop, the international network World Animal Net recently put forward the Model Animal Welfare Act, which is based on comparative studies and aims at summarizing international best practice. Using this as a starting point, this contribution analyzes the status quo of Japanese animal welfare legislation from a comparative perspective.The analysis focuses on the question to what extent the principles established by the three animal welfare laws are adequately realized in various fields. The contribution examines in detail criminal law provisions on the abuse of animals, which historically were the starting point of animal welfare legislation and even today mark the limits of an adequate and justified use of animals. The author reaches the conclusion that Japanese animal welfare legislation, indeed, still remains engrained in anthropocentrism. However, it demonstrates at the same time that an ethical animal welfare approach, due to the necessary cost-benefit analysis, inevitably features certain anthropocentric aspects, as well.(The Editors)

This study explains the transition in Vietnamese foreign policy since doi moi as a process of reconstruction in Vietnamese national identity and national interest - the cognitive and motivational dispositions of Vietnamese policy behaviour. Through the employment of congruence and process tracing methods, this study explores the causes of the transitional process, identifies the power and identity dynamics of Vietnam's policy making, and examines the relations between these two kinds of influences. It concludes that while Vietnamese foreign policy since doi moi is shaped by an interplay of power and identity factors, the mainstream of this strategic transition is featured by the evolving constituents of Vietnamese national identity. Specifically, Vietnam's contemporary identity and foreign policy are constituted by Vietnamese ethno-cultural nationalism, renovated socialism and Southeast Asian regionalism, of which Vietnamese ethno-cultural nationalism is paramount and can condition its other identity constituents as well as their respective interests and behavioural expressions. Thus, this study contributes an integrated perspective to the study of Vietnamese foreign policy: one that focuses on the construction of Vietnamese identity and interest by power and identity influences from both the inside and outside of the Vietnamese state.

Drawing frompublished and gray literature, this manuscript focuses on the following topics: (1) changing patterns of substance use and abuse in Vietnamsince the early 1990s; (2) the roles of substance use in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic; (3) the responses of theVietnamese government and other entities (both domestic and international) to substance use disorders (SUDs) and HIV; and (4) the current research capacity in Vietnam and ways in which furthering research in Vietnam could enrich our knowledge of the linkages between SUDsandHIVand of effectivemeasures to reduce theirpublichealth consequences.Agrowing number of studies during the past 2 decades show dynamic and still evolving twin epidemics of SUDs and HIV in Vietnam, including a shift from consumption of opium to heroin and amphetamine-type stimulants, the concurrent use of drugs, and the increasing embrace by the government of internationally recognized effective responses (including harm reduction and methadone substitution therapy). However, remaining issues, such as the rapid ascendance of amphetamine-type stimulant use among the country'smost vulnerable populations, the lack of effective integration of SUD and HIV services for HIV-infected drug users, and the reliance on international resources formaintaining quality services,among others, are posing challenges for building sustainable Vietnamese responses. Therefore, building local research and training capacity is a crucial foundation tomeet these challenges. Copyright © 2013, Food and Drug Administration, Taiwan.

Drawing from published and gray literature, this manuscript focuses on the following topics: (1) changing patterns of substance use and abuse in Vietnam since the early 1990s; (2) the roles of substance use in the HIV epidemic; (3) the responses of the Vietnamese government and other entities (both domestic and international) to substance use disorders (SUDs) and HIV; and (4) the current research capacity in Vietnam and ways in which furthering research in Vietnam could enrich our knowledge of the linkages between SUDs and HIV and of effective measures to reduce their public health consequences. A growing number of studies during the past two decades show dynamic and still evolving twin epidemics of SUDs and HIV in Vietnam, including a shift from consumption of opium to heroin and amphetamine-type stimulants, the concurrent use of drugs, and the increasing embrace by the government of internationally recognized effective responses (including harm reduction and methadone substitution therapy). And yet, remaining issues, such as the rapid ascendance of amphetamine-type stimulant use among the country's most vulnerable populations, the lack of effective integration of SUD and HIV services for HIV-infected drug users, and the reliance on international resources for maintaining quality services, among others, are posing challenges for building sustainable Vietnamese responses. Therefore, building local research and training capacity is a crucial foundation to meet these challenges.

Drawing from published and gray literature, this manuscript focuses on the following topics: (1) changing patterns of substance use and abuse in Vietnam since the early 1990s; (2) the roles of substance use in the HIV epidemic; (3) the responses of the Vietnamese government and other entities (both domestic and international) to substance use disorders (SUDs) and HIV; and (4) the current research capacity in Vietnam and ways in which furthering research in Vietnam could enrich our knowledge of the linkages between SUDs and HIV and of effective measures to reduce their public health consequences. A growing number of studies during the past two decades show dynamic and still evolving twin epidemics of SUDs and HIV in Vietnam, including a shift from consumption of opium to heroin and amphetamine-type stimulants, the concurrent use of drugs, and the increasing embrace by the government of internationally recognized effective responses (including harm reduction and methadone substitution therapy). And yet, remaining issues, such as the rapid ascendance of amphetamine-type stimulant use among the country's most vulnerable populations, the lack of effective integration of SUD and HIV services for HIV-infected drug users, and the reliance on international resources for maintaining quality services, among others, are posing challenges for building sustainable Vietnamese responses. Therefore, building local research and training capacity is a crucial foundation to meet these challenges.

This article analyses a series of legal and illegal state policies and ruling-party strategies, of a repressive nature or involving political perse-cution, which were implemented by Peronist governments between 1973 and 1976, in the period prior to the military dictatorship that imposed State terrorism in Argentina. The observation of these practices is combined with the study of the discourses of diverse members of the political system from the period.The study reveals the gradual establishment of a discourse about "national security", that is to say, based on the idea of a subversive enemy of a domestic nature and alien to the "national spirit". The Argentinian case study shows that this type of discourse, which is generally associated with the military regimes of the Southern Cone, also existed and was put into practice in constitutional regimes. ; In the 60s and 70s in Brazil, the Armed Forces were involved in the political repression under the inspiration of the National Security doctrine and the French military thought about Revolutionary War. According to these theories, this new kind of war, which combined military operations and political propaganda, required a strong intervention of the armed forces and the police, as well as the full knowledge of the techniques and tactics of the enemy, which was done by means of a strict information control. Much of this information was obtained through interrogation under torture of political prisoners. This article is about the themes of these interrogations, and the likely use of the collected information. Broadly, they were used in three fronts: Finding the enemy, knowing the structure and procedures of their organizations, and evaluating the militants' degree of involvement in political activities.

Drawing on neo-institutionalism in policy studies, this paper aims to demonstrate that transdisciplinarity is a new logic that could challenge the existing institutional logic of the knowledge production system in Vietnam. This institutional interplay is examined by analyzing the institutional response, interactions, and choices of stakeholders participating in an EU Erasmus+ Capacity Building Project. The analysis shows that the transdisciplinarity concept can be used as a potential framework for the develop- ment path of the dominant logic characterized by the shift from a traditional statist to a market-oriented model for knowledge production. Nevertheless, there are challenges like power relations in the interplay processes among actors who try to reproduce existing institutional logic and those who support transdisciplinary logic, as well as regarding relevant decision-makers to make institutional choices. The discussion shows that when applying transdisciplinarity, one should consider the motivation and barriers regarding state control, transdisciplinary readiness, hybrid models, funding, and experience.

Scenario Planning has been increasingly used, from its introduction to the decision process as effective tools to test decisions, and improve performance in a dynamic environment (Chermack, 2005). The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the potential of an experimental Scenario Planning Model to mobilize, encourage and add more content to the organization's decision making process – mainly with respect to Strategic Plans of two governmental institutions, a pharmaceutical company and a technology education foundation. This study describes the application stages of a hybrid scenario-planning model – herein referred to as Planning as Learning – via action-research, showing the scenarios resulting from the experiment and describes the main results of an assessment of such practice. In order to do that, two well-established Scenario Planning models (Prospective school and Shell's model) were analyzed. They were used as a reference for the proposition and application of an experimental model in the two study objects. A questionnaire was used to assess the technique impact. It was possible to obtain high levels of reliability. In-depth interviews were also conducted with the participants. At the end, the results confirmed the model efficiency as a basis for decision making in the competitive environment in which the two institutions are inserted, also to encourage the learning process as a group, as observed throughout the work. ; O planejamento de cenários tem sido cada vez mais utilizado como instrumento para testar e melhorar o desempenho das organizações em ambientes dinâmicos. Neste artigo, objetiva-se demonstrar o potencial de um modelo experimental de Planejamento de Cenários para mobilizar, motivar e agregar maior conteúdo à tomada de decisão organizacional, principalmente no que se refere ao Planejamento Estratégico de duas instituições do setor público, uma indústria farmacêutica e uma fundação de ensino tecnológico. Descreve-se as etapas de aplicação de um modelo híbrido de planejamento de cenários - aqui denominado Planejamento pelo Aprendizado - por meio da pesquisa-ação; apresenta-se os cenários resultantes do experimento; e delineia-se os principais resultados de uma avaliação realizada sobre esta prática. Para tanto, analisou-se dois modelos já consagrados de Planejamento de Cenários - a escola Prospectiva e o modelo da Shell - que serviram como referencial para a proposição e aplicação de um modelo experimental nos dois objetos de estudo. O processo de avaliação do impacto da técnica foi realizado por um questionário que obteve altos índices de confiabilidade tendo ainda como suporte entrevistas em profundidade com os participantes. Ao final os resultados atestaram a eficiência do modelo em suportar a tomada de decisão no ambiente competitivo, no qual se inserem as duas instituições, assim como a promoção do aprendizado coletivo observado no decorrer dos trabalhos.