Suchergebnisse

The academic discourse of the early 1970s put interdisciplinarity on the agenda, the subject of which was deviance and crime. For half a century, the categories "deviant", "public penitentiary policy", "social responsibility of the state" and related categories have become the subject of official public political discourse. At the same time a comprehensive study of social control policy in political science has not shaped. Changing the discourse of penality in the late XX century reflects the dominance of the ideology of social defense in relation to deviant behavior and appropriate methods of ensuring social order. In accordance with the realities of the XXI century, the concept of protection (security) of society has been updated as a political priority. Declared "apolitical" classical justice have undergone a transformation of meanings. "Justice" has been replaced by managerial indicators of "economically justified social security", and "justice" itself by "social control" (since the late 1990s – "socio-technological control"). The dissertation substantiates the concept of the panoptic-carceral state, the functions of which are reduced to maximum social control of the population through its widespread use by institutions of imprisonment, the spread of non-institutional forms of restriction of liberty (including those not related to criminal justice) and digital control practices. The dissertation clarifies the consequences of the global impact on the state penitentiary policy: 1) transformation of social control according to the scheme "binary code of legality - disciplinary mechanism - security device" to the level of the fourth modulation (panoptic risk modulator), which is manifested in the creation of a system of panoptic spatial-virtual risk management, which consists in controlled and cost-effective reproduction of deviance as a product with appropriate commercial characteristics and qualities; 2) the transformation of the "criminal law of freedom" into the "criminal law of risks" and the involvement of civilian instruments in social control, as a manifestation of clarifying the political and legal principles of formation and implementation of penitentiary policy of the world; 3) differentiation of penitentiary practices of European and North American countries, penitentiary policy of Muslim countries, countries of South America and the Caribbean; 4) involvement of private actors in the implementation of penitentiary policy and demonopolization of the state's right to determine the principles of social control in open societies; 5) the creation by private national and transnational actors of territories of social control (prison-industrial complexes) that are not controlled by the states and constitute the possibility of forming private solitary quasi-states with the use of forced labor of prisoners. The dissertation formulates probable scenarios for the evolution of social control policy in the global and national dimensions, among which the most probable is the following. Given the persistence of modern global trends, we should expect a decrease in the number of social control centers, including TNCs, leading countries, global cities that will compete for resources, including the creation of prison-industrial complexes, migration centers, and other institutions, which are focused on maintaining marginalization of persons who are identified as dangerous elements of society. The dissertation introduces the concept of quasi-deviant as a special collective object of social control in the XXI century with the key characteristic "dangerous condition of the person" (pericolosità). The author identified the policy of probation as a component of the concept of "penitentiary policy" in the light of the concept of "punitive city" and as an element of the panoptic-carceral state of the XXI century. The author proposed the category of penological pessimism as a fundamental characteristic of social control in the XXI century due to the crisis of paradigms of general prevention and rehabilitation of deviants, as a result of which the category of active penological pessimism was formulated for the first time as a basis for studying the essence, forms and manifestations of social control in the XXI century. The dissertation establishes the supranational nature of modern penitentiary policy and identifies the factors influencing the spread of the phenomenon of supranationalization of penitentiary policy, as well as establishes the relationship between privatization and supranationalization of penitentiary policy. The dissertation formulates the principles, forms and consequences of the formation and implementation of the Ukrainian penitentiary policy (1991 – 2021), which is defined in the form of a system of quantitative and qualitative indicators. ; В работе обоснована концепция паноптично-карцерного государства и проанализированы тенденции инкарцерации современного общества. Доказано, что применение заключения и его неинституциональных приложений ограничивается только в Европе, а надзорно-дисциплинарные механизмы, которые еще недавно анализировались в категориях наказания, больше ассоциируются с мерами безопасности. Пенитенциарные системы национальных государств в XXI в. испытали и продолжают испытывать большого политического влияния, прежде всего, вследствие упадка велфаристского государства и сопутствующих традиционных целей социального контроля. При этом дальнейшей и еще более глубокой политизации пенитенциарных систем национальных государств способствует пунитивная постмодернистская культура социального контроля. В работе анализируется категория квазидевианта как особого коллективного объекта социального контроля в XXI в. с ключевой характеристикой «опасное состояние личности», где указано состояние может формироваться вне классических формальных пунитивних процедур. Анализируется формирование системы постреабилитационных тотальных институций в обновленной системе социального контроля и переход власти от национальных государств к частным актеров. Анализируется изменение сущности государства за счет делегирования такой функции частным акторам, причем «делегирование функции» нередко трансформируется в «захват политической власти». Исследуются особенности украинской пенитенциарной политики и ее модуляции. Установлено, что украинская пенитенциарная политика является непоследовательной, лишенной преемственности и прозрачности (в том числе финансовой). Пенитенциарную политику Украины за период последних тридцати лет можно определить как «а-политику», а иногда даже как «анти-политику», учитывая негативные показатели государственного управления пенитенциарной системой. Доказано, что появление в международных стандартах и национальном законодательстве многих государств неопозитивистских категорий свидетельствует о разрыве между формально декларируемыми целями и политическими отношениями. Система контроля общества XXI века не предназначена для достижения указанных формально-классических целей, поскольку она выполняет другие более важные функции, связанные с еще большим растворением в теле общества постмодернистской дисциплины и цифрового социального контроля. ; У роботі обґрунтовано концепцію паноптично-карцерної держави та проаналізовано тренди інкарцерації сучасного суспільства. Доведено, що на сучасному етапі застосування ув'язнення та його неінституційних додатків обмежується лише в Європі, а наглядово-дисциплінарні механізми, що донедавна аналізувалися у категоріях покарання, більше асоціюються із заходами безпеки. Пенітенціарні системи національних держав у ХХІ ст. зазнали й продовжують зазнавати більшого політичного впливу, перш за все, внаслідок занепаду велфаристської держави та супутніх традиційних цілей соціального контролю. При цьому подальшій та ще глибшій політизації пенітенціарних систем національних держав сприяє пунітивна постмодерністська культура соціального контроля. У роботі аналізується категорію квазідевіанта як особливого колективного об'єкта соціального контролю у ХХІ ст. з ключовою характеристикою «небезпечний стан особи», де зазначений стан може формуватися поза межами класичних формальних пунітивних процедур. Аналізується формування системи постреабілітаційних тотальних інституцій в оновленій системі соціального контролю та перехід влади від національних держав до приватних акторів. Аналізується зміна сутності держави за рахунок делегування такої функції приватним акторам, причому «делегування функції» нерідко трансформується у «захоплення політичної влади». Досліджуються особливості української пенітенціарної політики та її модуляції. Встановлено, що українська пенітенціарна політика є непослідовною, позбавленою спадкоємності та прозорості (у тому числі фінансової). Пенітенціарну політику України за період останніх тридцяти років можна визначити як «а-політику», а інколи навіть як «анти-політику» з огляду на негативні показники державного управління пенітенціарної системою. Доведено, що поява у міжнародних стандартах та національному законодавстві багатьох держав неопозитивістських категорій свідчить про розрив між формально задекларованими цілями та політичними відносинами. Система контролю суспільства ХХІ ст. не призначена для досягнення зазначених формально-класичних цілей, оскільки вона виконує інші більш важливі соціальні функції, пов'язані зі ще більшим розчиненням в тілі суспільства постмодерністської дисципліни та цифрового соціального контролю.

This is the corrected version of the retracted article under the same title, which was published with the following DOI: https://doi.org/10.11649/slh.1517A Triumphant Gate of the Polish Narrative: The Symbolic Reconstruction of the Bridge over Chłodna Street in Warsaw vis-à-vis the Crisis of the Dominant Polish Holocaust NarrativeThe article is a study of the symbolic topography of Warsaw's Chłodna Street. In 1940–1942, Chłodna Street was an "Aryan" border strip, dividing the small and large ghettos. For the past quarter-century, the symbolic dominance of this space has been made manifest by the subsequent commemorations of the ghetto's wooden footbridge that existed here between January and August 1942. These commemorative artefacts evolved from a counter commemoration (1996), into a commemoration through the use of painting (2007) and photography (2008), into a symbolic reconstruction of the bridge (2011). The analysis of this dynamic, from representation of an object to its materialization, is complemented by a reconstruction of the patterns and stakes of narratives that make up the subsequent layers of the Chłodna Street narrative palimpsest. An important context for the analysis, apart from the history of the site, is the fact that today, the means of control over the space of the former ghetto are in the exclusive possession of the non-Jewish majority.A turning point in the commemoration process was Roman Polański's film The Pianist (2002). The bridge over Chłodna was reconstructed "one to one" – in Warsaw but outside the space of the former Warsaw ghetto. The film was shot in the midst of a nationwide debate taking place in Poland about Jan Tomasz Gross' book Neighbors (2000). The debate concerned the Poles' participation in the Holocaust and the socio-cultural determinants of their attitudes and behavior. Within Polish dominant culture, the narrative shock was so immense that a return to the old Polish tale of heroism and martyrdom seemed impossible. Meanwhile, the mainstream journalistic discourse cast Gross and Polański on two sides of a narrative opposition. The former supposedly represented subjectivism and rash generalizations, while the latter was supposed to embody objectivism and fair judgment. The silhouette of the bridge over Chłodna Street merged at that point with a counterfactual vision of the Polish context of the Holocaust. The international success of The Pianist (Palme d'Or and Oscar) sealed the evolution of the bridge as a figure: from an abject to an object of desire, a tourist attraction, and an export commodity. (A separate issue, also addressed in the article, is how the events depicted in the film relate to the story of Władysław Szpilman, mediated originally by Szpilman's ghostwriter Jerzy Waldorff and then by the scriptwriters, Ronald Harwood and Roman Polański. In both cases, the most serious discrepancies concern depictions of the Poles' attitudes toward the Jews during, but also before, the Holocaust).The success of the film was the determining factor in a decision made to invest public funds in another, and up to now the last, commemoration of the bridge over Chłodna: its symbolic reconstruction in situ. What was reconstructed was not so much the bridge as it was in 1942 but the bridge as depicted in the film, and with it the film's idealized portrayal of the Polish context of the Holocaust. The figure of the bridge suggests tight isolation of Jews and Poles – an isolation instituted by the Germans. By so doing, it feeds into the image of Poles as helpless bystanders (onlookers/gawkers, at times even witnesses) in the face of the Holocaust. The figure of the Polish bystander/witness to the Holocaust is in turn a key figure of Polish innocence. In addition, the symbolic reconstruction of the bridge draws the attention of the users of this space away from another site on Chłodna Street, where Jews and Poles came into direct contact with each other throughout the entire existence of the Warsaw ghetto. In obscuring the factual state of affairs uncovered as a result of the Jedwabne debate, the symbolic reconstruction of the bridge over Chłodna Street functions as a discourse-reproducing machine of sorts, alowing the dominant majority to "indulge inretrospective hallucination" (Baudrillard).The article uncovers the workings of a roly-poly narrative mechanism that renders impossible any successful reassessment and rejection of the Polish dominant culture and prevents common knowledge about facts from bearing in any way on the collective consciousness. To jest poprawiona wersja wycofanego artykułu o tym samym tytule, który był opublikowany pod następującym numerem DOI: https://doi.org/10.11649/slh.1517Brama triumfalna polskiej opowieści. Symboliczna rekonstrukcja mostu nad Chłodną wobec kryzysu dominującej polskiej narracji o ZagładzieTekst zawiera studium topografii symbolicznej ulicy Chłodnej w Warszawie. W latach 1940–1942 Chłodna była "aryjskim" pasem granicznym dzielącym małe i duże getto. Dominantę symboliczną w analizowanej przestrzeni stanowią dzisiaj upamiętnienia gettowego drewnianego mostu dla pieszych, który istniał w tym miejscu od stycznia do sierpnia 1942 roku. Owe komemoracyjne artefakty ewoluowały od przeciwupamiętnienia (1996), przez upamiętnienia wykorzystujące malarstwo (2007) i fotografię (2008), do symbolicznej rekonstrukcji mostu nad Chłodną (2011). Analizie dynamiki wiodącej od reprezentacji przedmiotu ku jego materializacji towarzyszy rekonstrukcja wzorów i stawek narracji składających się na kolejne warstwy narracyjnego palimpsestu. Prócz historii miejsca istotnym kontekstem analizy jest fakt, że środki kontroli przestrzeni dawnego getta stanowią dzisiaj wyłączną własność nieżydowskiej większości.Przełomem w procesie komemoracji był film Romana Polańskiego Pianista (2002). Wówczas to most nad Chłodną został zrekonstruowany w skali 1:1 – w Warszawie, lecz poza obszarem dawnego getta. Zdjęcia do filmu miały miejsce w trakcie ogólnokrajowej debaty o książce Jana Tomasza Grossa Sąsiedzi (2000). Debata dotyczyła współudziału Polaków w Zagładzie oraz społeczno-kulturowych uwarunkowań ich postaw i zachowań. Dla polskiej kultury dominującej był to wstrząs narracyjny tak potężny, że zdawał się wykluczać powrót do dawnej polskiej opowieści heroiczno-martyrologicznej. Tymczasem dyskurs prasowy głównego nurtu ustawił Grossa i Polańskiego w narracyjnej opozycji. O ile pierwszy miał reprezentować subiektywizm i pochopne uogólnienia, o tyle drugi miał wnosić obiektywizm i sprawiedliwy osąd. Sylwetka mostu nad Chłodną zespoliła się wówczas z kontrfaktyczną wizją polskiego kontekstu Zagłady. Międzynarodowa kariera Pianisty (Złota Palma i Oscar) przypieczętowała ewolucję figury mostu: od abiektu do obiektu pożądania, atrakcji turystycznej i towaru eksportowego. (Osobno rozważaną kwestią jest relacja filmowej opowieści do opowieści Władysława Szpilmana już wyjściowo spisanej przez ghostwritera Jerzego Waldorffa, dodatkowo zaś zapośredniczonej przez scenarzystów Ronalda Harwooda i Romana Polańskiego. W obu wypadkach najpoważniejsze rozbieżności dotyczą obrazu stosunku Polaków do Żydów w okresie Zagłady, a także przed Zagładą).Sukces Pianisty przesądził o inwestycji funduszy publicznych w kolejne i ostatnie upamiętnienie mostu nad Chłodną: rekonstrukcję symboliczną in situ. Przedmiotem rekonstrukcji stał się nie tyle most z 1942 roku, ile most filmowy, a wraz z nim wyidealizowany filmowy wizerunek polskiego kontekstu Zagłady. Figura mostu sugeruje szczelną izolację Żydów i Polaków – przez Niemców. Podsyca tym samym wyobrażenie o Polakach jako bezsilnych świadkach Zagłady (bystander/onlooker w porywach do witness). Figura polskiego świadka Zagłady natomiast jest kluczową figurą polskiej niewinności. Dodatkowo symboliczna rekonstrukcja mostu odwraca uwagę użytkowników przestrzeni od miejsca zlokalizowanego przy tej samej ulicy, w którym Polacy i Żydzi mieli styczność bezpośrednią przez cały okres istnienia getta warszawskiego. Zasłaniając stan faktyczny odsłonięty w wyniku debaty jedwabieńskiej, symboliczna rekonstrukcja mostu nad Chłodną stanowi rodzaj maszyny do reprodukcji dyskursu, który zapewnia większości dominującej "rozkosz retrospektywnych halucynacji".Tekst przynosi rozpoznanie narracyjnego mechanizmu typu wańka-wstańka, który sprawia, że rewizja polskiej kultury dominującej nie dochodzi do skutku, a powszechna wiedza o rzeczywistości nie znajduje odzwierciedlenia w świadomości zbiorowej.

The article analyzes the problems of moral and aesthetic education in the process of personal and professional development of future engineering teachers in terms of the educational process of higher education at the present stage. Constant dynamic changes in the political, economic and socio-cultural structure of society require new approaches in the system of vocational education. The article proposes to consider an engineer-teacher of a new type as a person who has humanity, an awareness of the high value of human life; spirituality, the need for knowledge of the surrounding reality, self-knowledge, the search for the meaning of life and life credo, in communication with art, in understanding the intrinsic value of their inner world; creativity, developed intellect, striving for transforming activity and possession of the sense of the new, ability for active life and creativity; pragmatism, possession of the newest technologies, skills and abilities necessary for the implementation of professional knowledge in the new economic and socio-cultural situation. The article substantiates that the main tasks of higher education at the present stage are the formation of the spiritual sphere of the student's personality and the education of its ethical and aesthetic qualities. The development of these qualities is impossible without creating an effective training system. In this regard, the search for new approaches to the organization of educational activities in higher education is being actualized, in particular, the implementation of the educational function of education, the creation of favorable conditions for professional, personal, cultural, creative self-development and self-education, assistance in the development of a competitive personality of a future specialist . The article analyzes the current trends in the development of society, describes the contradictory attitude towards high aesthetic and moral ideals, as evidenced by the decline in the prestige of education and public culture; consumer attitude to artistic values, which affected the quality of print, television programs, the dominance of "mass culture" on the one hand and on the other - the creation of real conditions for the aesthetic education of people in a sovereign, independent state: an appeal to national sources, to the origins of folk culture wisdom; openness of society, which makes it possible to integrate into the world community, acquaintance with world achievements in various fields, in particular, in artistic creation; freedom of thought; alternative education system, increased attention to the capable and gifted. Prospects for further research are to conduct a detailed analysis of the socio-psychological characteristics of students young people identified in this article, factors that influence the level of aesthetic and moral culture and education of future specialists. ; В статье проанализированы проблемы нравственного и эстетического воспитания в процессе личностного и профессионального развития будущих инженеров-педагогов в условиях учебно-воспитательного процесса высшей школы на современном этапе. Постоянные динамические изменения в политическом, экономическом и социально-культурном устройстве общества требуют новых подходов в системе профессионально-технического образования. В статье предлагается рассматривать инженера-педагога нового типа как личность, которой присущи гуманность, осознание высокой ценности человеческой жизни, духовность, потребность в познании окружающей действительности, самопознании, поиске смысла жизни и жизненного кредо, в общении с искусством, в понимании самоценности своего внутреннего мира, творчество, развитый интеллект, стремление к преобразовательной деятельности, способность к активной жизни и творчеству, прагматичность, владение новейшими технологиями, умениями и навыками, необходимыми для реализации профессиональных знаний в новой экономической и социокультурной ситуации. В статье обосновывается, что основными задачами высшей школы на современном этапе является формирование духовной сферы личности студента и воспитания ее этических и эстетических качеств. Развитие этих качеств невозможно без создания эффективной учебной системы. В связи с этим актуализируется поиск новых подходов к организации учебно-воспитательной деятельности в высшем учебном заведении, в частности, реализации воспитательной функции обучения, создания благоприятных условий для профессионального, личностного, культурного, творческого саморазвития и самовоспитания, оказание помощи в становлении конкурентоспособной личности будущего специалиста. В статье проанализированы сегодняшние тенденции в развитии общества, охарактеризовано противоречивое отношение к высоким эстетическим и нравственным идеалам, о чем свидетельствует падение престижа образования, общественной культуры; потребительское отношение к художественным ценностям, что отразилось на качестве печати, телепрограмм, засилье «массовой культуры» с одной стороны и с другой - создание настоящих условий для эстетического воспитания людей, в условиях суверенного, независимого государства: обращение к национальным истокам, к истокам народной культуры, мудрости; открытость общества, что дает возможность интегрировать в мировое сообщество, ознакомления с мировыми достижениями в различных областях, в частности, в художественном творчестве; свобода мысли; альтернативная система образования, повышение внимания к способным и одаренным. Перспективами дальнейших исследований является проведение детального анализа определенных в данной статье социально-психологических особенностей студенческой молодежи, факторов, под воздействием которых формируется уровень эстетической и нравственной культуры и воспитанности будущих специалистов. ; У статті проаналізовано проблеми морального та естетичного виховання в процесі особистісного та професійного розвитку майбутніх інженерів-педагогів в умовах навчально-виховного процесу вищої школи на сучасному етапі. Постійні динамічні зміни у політичному, економічному і соціально-культурному устрої суспільства вимагають нових підходів в системі професійної-технічної освіти. Отже, в статті пропонується розглядати інженера-педагога нового типу як особистість, якій притаманні гуманність, усвідомлення високої цінності людського життя; духовність, володіння розвинутими потребами в пізнанні навколишньої дійсності, самопізнанні, пошуку сенсу життя і життєвого кредо, у спілкуванні з мистецтвом, у розумінні самоцінності свого внутрішнього світу; творчість, розвинений інтелект, прагнення до перетворювальної діяльності й володіння почуттям нового, здатність до активного життя і творчості; прагматичність, володіння новітніми технологіями, уміннями та навичками, необхідними для реалізації професійних знань у новій економічній і соціокультурній ситуації. В статті доводиться, що основними завданнями вищої школи на сучасному етапі є формування духовної сфери особистості студента та виховання її етичних та естетичних якостей. Розвиток цих якостей неможливий без створення ефективної навчально-виховної системи. В зв'язку з цим актуалізується пошук нових підходів до організації навчально-виховної діяльності у вищому навчальному закладі, зокрема, реалізації виховної функції навчання, створення сприятливих умов для професійного, особистісного, культурного, творчого саморозвитку й самовиховання, здійснення допомоги в становленні конкурентоспроможної особистості майбутнього фахівця. В статті проаналізовано сьогоднішні тенденції в розвитку суспільства, охарактеризовано суперечливе ставлення до високих естетичних та моральних ідеалів, про що свідчить падіння престижу освіти, суспільної культури; споживацьке ставлення до художніх цінностей, що відбилося на якості преси, телепрограм, засилля «масової культури» з одного боку та з іншого - створення справжніх умов для естетичного виховання людей, в умовах суверенної, незалежної держави: звернення до національних витоків, до джерел народної культури, мудрості; відкритість суспільства, що надає можливості інтегрувати у світове співтовариство, ознайомлення зі світовими досягненнями в різних галузях, зокрема, в художній творчості; свобода думки; альтернативна система освіти, підвищення уваги до здібних, обдарованих.Педагоги мають діяти за такими напрямками: визначально-діагностичний, у межах якого передбачено вивчення наявного рівня естетичної вихованості студентів, їхньої естетичної спрямованості, здатності до самовиховних дій, схильності до певних видів естетичної діяльності з використанням методів психолого-педагогічної діагностики (спостереження, опитування, анкетування, вивчення продуктів діяльності тощо); організаційно-діяльнісний, що передбачає використання методів організації процесу професійно орієнтованої діяльності; спонукально-стимулюючий, за яким передбачене використання методів стимулювання до естетичного самовиховання, допомога в спільному складанні програм і планів колективного й індивідуального естетичного самовиховання та їхньої подальшої реалізації; регулятивно-корегувальний як допомога в організації колективного контролю та самоконтролю за виконанням спільно та індивідуально намічених планів колективної діяльності й подальшого естетичного самовиховання особистісно-професійних рис і якостей, його регулюванні й корекції в сполученні з саморегуляцією й самокорекцією кожного учасника. Взаємопов'язаність і взаємозалежність указаних напрямків вимагають від педагогів виважених комплексних дій у тісному творчому діалозі з усіма учасниками естетично-виховного процесу. Перспективами подальших досліджень є проведення детального аналізу визначених у даній статті соціально-психологічних особливостей студентської молоді, факторів, під впливом яких формується рівень естетичної та моральної культури й вихованості майбутніх фахівців.

The dissertation arises from the awakening of Henri Lefebvre's work, both in social sciences with Marxist approach and urban studies interested in social issues. This scientific and institutional recovery of Lefebvre's work has operated differently in the Anglo-Saxon and Hispanic research, particularly in the last decade, specializing his ideas, purifying them, and consequently rendering them inoperative. Thus, the thesis confronts the difficulties of a dispersed and overlooked work in the academic tradition and the political praxis; which poses a triple challenge: the non-dogmatic assembly of the Lefebvre's contributions examined as whole in motion throughout his life, following the wake of a science of the use of space; the filling of a theoretical gap marginally claimed by the academic urbanism during the neoliberal project urbanization; and the applicability of a Lefebvrian matrix in the analysis of capitalist urbanization in the global city. In order to follow effectively his ideas (always regarding the lived space), it is designed an open system to a plurality of approaches and methods that collaborate in the development of the thesis; which is organized by the progress of the genealogical and critical-pedagogical phases, supported by an epistemological base of two sections in Lefebvre's itinerary: 1939-1968 (Chapter 1) and 1968-1978 (Chapter 2). This phase defines the theoretical object "social space", deepening in the concepts that provide greater originality and radicality to its potential unity. In the genealogical phase (Chapter 3) two arguments are deployed to place Lefebvre's ideas from the perspective of a critical space theory: The feedback between Lefebvre and the architectural practice and its influence in the French and European context (post-war–70s) facilitate a doctrinal exchange with the Polish architect Oskar Hansen (Team X), which is translated as a "form of the possible" in the Juliusz Slowacki Housing Estate built in Lublin (1963-66). And, the genealogical dialectical reconstruction shows the roots of two dissenting traditions: on one side, by the effervescence relationship with Constant Nieuwenhuys and Guy Debord; and on the other, by a series of interests that coincide in the itineraries of D. Harvey and M. Castells. The critical-pedagogical phase assumes that it is possible to apply the theoretical apparatus exposed to concrete urban processes in the world city, which implies the pedagogical confrontation of the Lefebvrian matrix with a specific reality in the centre (Ciutat Vella) and periphery (Prat Vermell) of Barcelona, verifying the effectiveness of the theoretical apparatus in guiding the architect through an ordered transdisciplinary path in the urban spatial analysis; through which historical research allows a contextualized reading of the neoliberal program in the political economy of space. Consequently, the limits of municipal planning are revealed in contradiction with urbanistic planning legislation and policy in the face of the great wave of global financial flows; and it builds on the theoretical-critical apparatus with a global approach to local struggles, which have difficulty to integrate due to their visions parcelled of the urban problematic. Thus, the actual dominance of the real estate–financialized circuit in capitalist urbanization and its destructive action in the residential sphere in Barcelona is explained, its consequences on the use of social space and on the urban planning devices that seek to domesticate it, closing the contestation gaps or co-opting it. The evidence of the circuit structures and its contradictions with the reformist planning encourages a strategy of urban offensive, that reveals the radical social space counter-project to the neoliberal production of space, renewing the principles of the (de facto) right to the city in view of a general program of public action engaged to a differential urban world. ; Esta tesis surge del despertar de la obra de Henri Lefebvre tanto en las ciencias sociales de enfoque marxista como en los estudios urbanos interesados por lo social. Su recuperación científica e institucional ha operado de modo distinto en el mundo anglosajón e hispano, en particular en la última década, especializando sus ideas, purificándolas, y en consecuencia volviéndolas inoperantes. Así, se afronta las dificultades de una obra dispersa y soslayada en la tradición académica y la praxis política; lo que plantea un triple reto: el ensamblaje no dogmático del pensamiento de Lefebvre como un todo en movimiento a lo largo de su vida, siguiendo la estela de una ciencia del uso del espacio; el llenado de un vacío teórico apenas reclamado por el urbanismo académico durante la urbanización del proyecto neoliberal; y la aplicabilidad de una matriz lefebvriana en el análisis de la urbanización capitalista en la ciudad global. Para seguir eficazmente sus ideas, siempre en torno al espacio vivido, se diseña un sistema abierto a una pluralidad de enfoques y métodos que colaboran en el desarrollo de la tesis; la cual se organiza por el progreso de las fases genealógica y crítico-pedagógica, sustentadas por una base epistemológica de dos tramos en su itinerario: 1939-1968 (Cap. 1) y 1968-1978 (Cap. 2). Esta fase busca definir el objeto teórico "espacio social", profundizando en los conceptos que le proporcionan mayor originalidad y radicalidad a su unidad potencial. En la fase genealógica (Cap. 3) se despliegan dos argumentos para situar las ideas de Lefebvre desde la perspectiva de una teoría del espacio–crítica: a) La retroalimentación entre él y la práctica arquitectónica y su influencia en el contexto francés y europeo (posguerra–70s) facilitan un intercambio doctrinal con el arquitecto polaco Oskar Hansen (Team X), que se traduce como una "forma de lo posible" en el conjunto de vivienda estatal Juliusz Słowacki construido en Lublin (1963-66). b) La reconstrucción dialéctica de su genealogía indica las raíces de dos tradiciones disidentes: en un caso, por la efervescencia de la relación con Constant Nieuwenhuys y Guy Debord; y en otro, por una serie de intereses coincidentes en los itinerarios de D. Harvey y M. Castells. La fase crítico-pedagógica (Cap. 4) asume que es posible aplicar el aparato teórico expuesto a procesos urbanos concretos en la ciudad mundial, lo que implica la confrontación pedagógica de la matriz lefebvriana con una realidad específica en el centro (Ciutat Vella) y periferia (Prat Vermell) de Barcelona, comprobando la eficacia de la unidad teórica para guiar al arquitecto por una vía transdisciplinar ordenada en el análisis espacial urbano; en la cual, la investigación histórica permite una lectura contextualizada del programa neoliberal en la economía política del espacio. De ese modo, se desvelan los límites de la planificación Municipal en contradicción con la legislación y política urbanísticas frente a la gran ola de flujos financieros globales y se intenta dotar de un aparato teóricocrítico de enfoque global a las luchas locales, con dificultades para integrarse debido a sus visiones parceladas de la problemática urbana. Así pues, se explica el actual dominio del circuito inmobiliario–financierizado en la urbanización capitalista y su acción destructiva en el ámbito residencial en Barcelona, sus consecuencias sobre el uso del espacio social y sobre los dispositivos de planeamiento que buscan domesticarlo, cerrando las brechas de contestación o cooptándola. La evidencia de las estructuras del circuito y sus contradicciones con el planeamiento reformista alientan una estrategia de ofensiva urbana, orientadora del contra-proyecto del "espacio social radical" a la producción neoliberal del espacio, renovando los principios de un derecho a la ciudad (de facto) con vistas a un programa de acción pública comprometido con un mundo urbano diferencial. ; Postprint (published version)

The dissertation arises from the awakening of Henri Lefebvre's work, both in social sciences with Marxist approach and urban studies interested in social issues. This scientific and institutional recovery of Lefebvre's work has operated differently in the Anglo-Saxon and Hispanic research, particularly in the last decade, specializing his ideas, purifying them, and consequently rendering them inoperative. Thus, the thesis confronts the difficulties of a dispersed and overlooked work in the academic tradition and the political praxis; which poses a triple challenge: the non-dogmatic assembly of the Lefebvre's contributions examined as whole in motion throughout his life, following the wake of a science of the use of space; the filling of a theoretical gap marginally claimed by the academic urbanism during the neoliberal project urbanization; and the applicability of a Lefebvrian matrix in the analysis of capitalist urbanization in the global city. In order to follow effectively his ideas (always regarding the lived space), it is designed an open system to a plurality of approaches and methods that collaborate in the development of the thesis; which is organized by the progress of the genealogical and critical-pedagogical phases, supported by an epistemological base of two sections in Lefebvre's itinerary: 1939-1968 (Chapter 1) and 1968-1978 (Chapter 2). This phase defines the theoretical object "social space", deepening in the concepts that provide greater originality and radicality to its potential unity. In the genealogical phase (Chapter 3) two arguments are deployed to place Lefebvre's ideas from the perspective of a critical space theory: The feedback between Lefebvre and the architectural practice and its influence in the French and European context (post-war–70s) facilitate a doctrinal exchange with the Polish architect Oskar Hansen (Team X), which is translated as a "form of the possible" in the Juliusz Slowacki Housing Estate built in Lublin (1963-66). And, the genealogical dialectical reconstruction shows the roots of two dissenting traditions: on one side, by the effervescence relationship with Constant Nieuwenhuys and Guy Debord; and on the other, by a series of interests that coincide in the itineraries of D. Harvey and M. Castells. The critical-pedagogical phase assumes that it is possible to apply the theoretical apparatus exposed to concrete urban processes in the world city, which implies the pedagogical confrontation of the Lefebvrian matrix with a specific reality in the centre (Ciutat Vella) and periphery (Prat Vermell) of Barcelona, verifying the effectiveness of the theoretical apparatus in guiding the architect through an ordered transdisciplinary path in the urban spatial analysis; through which historical research allows a contextualized reading of the neoliberal program in the political economy of space. Consequently, the limits of municipal planning are revealed in contradiction with urbanistic planning legislation and policy in the face of the great wave of global financial flows; and it builds on the theoretical-critical apparatus with a global approach to local struggles, which have difficulty to integrate due to their visions parcelled of the urban problematic. Thus, the actual dominance of the real estate–financialized circuit in capitalist urbanization and its destructive action in the residential sphere in Barcelona is explained, its consequences on the use of social space and on the urban planning devices that seek to domesticate it, closing the contestation gaps or co-opting it. The evidence of the circuit structures and its contradictions with the reformist planning encourages a strategy of urban offensive, that reveals the radical social space counter-project to the neoliberal production of space, renewing the principles of the (de facto) right to the city in view of a general program of public action engaged to a differential urban world. ; Esta tesis surge del despertar de la obra de Henri Lefebvre tanto en las ciencias sociales de enfoque marxista como en los estudios urbanos interesados por lo social. Su recuperación científica e institucional ha operado de modo distinto en el mundo anglosajón e hispano, en particular en la última década, especializando sus ideas, purificándolas, y en consecuencia volviéndolas inoperantes. Así, se afronta las dificultades de una obra dispersa y soslayada en la tradición académica y la praxis política; lo que plantea un triple reto: el ensamblaje no dogmático del pensamiento de Lefebvre como un todo en movimiento a lo largo de su vida, siguiendo la estela de una ciencia del uso del espacio; el llenado de un vacío teórico apenas reclamado por el urbanismo académico durante la urbanización del proyecto neoliberal; y la aplicabilidad de una matriz lefebvriana en el análisis de la urbanización capitalista en la ciudad global. Para seguir eficazmente sus ideas, siempre en torno al espacio vivido, se diseña un sistema abierto a una pluralidad de enfoques y métodos que colaboran en el desarrollo de la tesis; la cual se organiza por el progreso de las fases genealógica y crítico-pedagógica, sustentadas por una base epistemológica de dos tramos en su itinerario: 1939-1968 (Cap. 1) y 1968-1978 (Cap. 2). Esta fase busca definir el objeto teórico "espacio social", profundizando en los conceptos que le proporcionan mayor originalidad y radicalidad a su unidad potencial. En la fase genealógica (Cap. 3) se despliegan dos argumentos para situar las ideas de Lefebvre desde la perspectiva de una teoría del espacio–crítica: a) La retroalimentación entre él y la práctica arquitectónica y su influencia en el contexto francés y europeo (posguerra–70s) facilitan un intercambio doctrinal con el arquitecto polaco Oskar Hansen (Team X), que se traduce como una "forma de lo posible" en el conjunto de vivienda estatal Juliusz Słowacki construido en Lublin (1963-66). b) La reconstrucción dialéctica de su genealogía indica las raíces de dos tradiciones disidentes: en un caso, por la efervescencia de la relación con Constant Nieuwenhuys y Guy Debord; y en otro, por una serie de intereses coincidentes en los itinerarios de D. Harvey y M. Castells. La fase crítico-pedagógica (Cap. 4) asume que es posible aplicar el aparato teórico expuesto a procesos urbanos concretos en la ciudad mundial, lo que implica la confrontación pedagógica de la matriz lefebvriana con una realidad específica en el centro (Ciutat Vella) y periferia (Prat Vermell) de Barcelona, comprobando la eficacia de la unidad teórica para guiar al arquitecto por una vía transdisciplinar ordenada en el análisis espacial urbano; en la cual, la investigación histórica permite una lectura contextualizada del programa neoliberal en la economía política del espacio. De ese modo, se desvelan los límites de la planificación Municipal en contradicción con la legislación y política urbanísticas frente a la gran ola de flujos financieros globales y se intenta dotar de un aparato teóricocrítico de enfoque global a las luchas locales, con dificultades para integrarse debido a sus visiones parceladas de la problemática urbana. Así pues, se explica el actual dominio del circuito inmobiliario–financierizado en la urbanización capitalista y su acción destructiva en el ámbito residencial en Barcelona, sus consecuencias sobre el uso del espacio social y sobre los dispositivos de planeamiento que buscan domesticarlo, cerrando las brechas de contestación o cooptándola. La evidencia de las estructuras del circuito y sus contradicciones con el planeamiento reformista alientan una estrategia de ofensiva urbana, orientadora del contra-proyecto del "espacio social radical" a la producción neoliberal del espacio, renovando los principios de un derecho a la ciudad (de facto) con vistas a un programa de acción pública comprometido con un mundo urbano diferencial. ; Postprint (published version)

In the article the Cossack chronicles of Samovodska, Gregory Hrabianka, Samilo Velichko are reviewed. They are important sources of Ukrainian culture history.At the end of the XVIth and at the beginning of the XVIIth centuries some changes happened in the social and spiritual life of Ukraine. They led to the creation of a new social class – the cossacks, which did the most important tasks of the whole nation, played the main role in the its development.The cossacks created an amazing, multifaceted, original culture, which occupied a special page of Ukrainian culture. The cossack chronicles are very important monuments among the achievements of cossack culture and valuablesources for the study of Ukrainian culture history. They are historical and literary works of the second half of XVII – XVIII century, devoted to the cossack wars. That's why they are called "Cossack" or "Lieutenant-colonel", but they differ from the traditional chronicles very much.Nowadays we have only three famous cossack chronicle. They are Witness' Chronicle (devoted to the events ofthe 1648-1702 years, probable author – Roman Rakushka-Romanov) Hrabianka Chronicle ((1710) about the period from the origin of cossacks till 1709) and Chronicle Family Wieliczka ((1720) events in Ukraine in the 1648-1700 years).Witness' Chronicle is one of the greatest historiographical monument and one of the most reliable historical sources of the XVIIth century. In addition, it is a distinctive and original monument of Ukrainian language and literature.The chronicle as a historical source, written by an eyewitness, contains important factual information about thehistory of Ukrainian, Russian, Byelorussian, Polish and other nations in the second part of the XVIIth century. Most of it is unique. The first part of the work, devoted to the period from 1648 to 1677 years, is written mainly in a historical style.The author follows the logical and causal consistency in the review of events. His historical stories have titles, consequences and are logically connected.The second part of the chronicle ( till 1702) concerned the chronicle tradition. There are not any forestalls in thiswork, because the author was a witness of that events and did not know their end. The author used the method of gaining information, which consists of the mechanical reproduction of historical facts, and the author's interpretation of those facts.The central topic of Witness' chronicle is a national liberation war of Ukrainians in 1648-1654. There are economic, political and cultural characteristics of the country, the fact from the history of Russia, Poland, Hungary, Sweden, Moldova, Turkey and other states in this chronicle.Witness is more interested in the theme of wealth destruction, devastation, robbing of the most part of society by the "black" and external enemies. On the other hand, he condemns all people who shed the blood of people, tortured them and did tyranny, regardless of their social status.As for the political views of Witness, he openly sympathized the monarchy – whether it was the king of Poland, or the tsar of Moscow. He did not think about Ukraine as an independent state. Witness historical worldview definedcategories of "earth" causality. In his work the theme of the Divine mostly meant traditional ethic formula. The author explained the causes of historical events by the circumstances of life and human motives.Another famous cossack chronicle writer was Gregory Hrabianka, Gadyach colonel. His chronicle – one of thebrightest and most valuable works of Ukrainian chronicles. The author focused on the event of the liberation war in 1648-1654 and the vivid descriptions of cossack battles. Its first translation from old Ukrainian into modern language was done by H.Ivanchenko in 1992.Chronicle is a typical example of rhetorical genre of historical literature such as narrative. The attention is particular paid to the description of extreme situations, heroic and moral lessons of a "historic drama." Its composition and subject is clear. It should be considered primarily as a literary work, not as historical. The author shows no documentary evidence and presents the literary-adapted history aimed to the public reading. First of all, he expects asignificant emotional impact on the reader. In the gradual loss of Ukraine's autonomy,the main tasks of Hrabianka was to remind about the old cossack glory.The main object of his research is a history of cossacks. The central figure of Hrabianka's chronicle is Bogdan Khmelnitsky. This is the main character of a work where the author units the features of a real historical figure and the ideal leader. In Hrabianka's description, Bogdan Khmelnitsky remains an icon and a model for the next generations.Family Wieliczko chronicle was the great stage in the history of the Cossack chronicles and the most outstanding Ukrainian historical-fiction memoir in XVII-XVIII centuries.The chronicle is the first systematic exposition of the history of Ukrainian Cossack state where the author usesmany Ukrainian, Polish, German sources, a lot of the general military office documents. Writing the chronicle, Samuel Velichko used various sources: folk tales, other cossack chronicles, works of foreign historians, archival documents, letters, registers, etc. The authenticity of the many documents, listed in the record, is not discussed by historians; because some of them are known from other sources.The chronicle consists of 4 parts. The first one – "Legend of the cossack war with the Poles caused by ZenoviyBohdan Khmelnytsky ." describes the events of the 1648-1659 years, individual episodes dating back to 1620. Thesecond and the third parts, covered periods of the 1660-1686 and 1687-1700 years, are called "Chronicle story aboutmalorussian and other behavior which got and described there" contain a lot of Velichko's observations based on thedocuments of the Hetman's Office. The forth one contains the applications from different documents of the 17th century.It was the first fundamental historical research where the author used systematically a great number of sourceson a special topic. As historian and ruled by the rhetoric of baroque art, Velichko wanted to create an impressive picture of military feats and tests, glory and betrayal, blinded heroes by their passions and immense human suffering, which the Ukrainian people met in a day of great social events – the National Liberation War and Ruin.Velichko was a humanist and a democrat. He also was an admirer of the cossacks and considered them a real defenders of Ukraine and national and democratic "rights and liberties" of the Ukrainian people. The cossack chronicler rudely criticized internecine struggle for the hetman power and thought that it led to the ruin of his country, split Cossacks into hostile camps. This situation was used by Poland, Moscow and Turkey to establish their dominance in Ukraine.S. Velichko tries to highlight the history of Ukraine in the context of the most important events in neighboring countries – Poland, Muscovy, Hungary, Moldova, Crimea, Turkey.Certainly, the figure of Velichko is a decisive criterion for his work in general and the concept of baroque personality, because the author was such baroque person in his style of thinking and attitude.Velichko's chronicle became the favorite book for all our historians. Our best writers drew from it the materials and the spiritual energy. This is a really great book of the Ukrainian people. This is a feat life Samiylo Velichko.According previous information, the author concludes that the cossack chronicles of Witness, Hrabianka and Velichko are important sources of research into the history of Ukrainian culture, and our national pride. They haven't lost their artistic value, but also became the golden treasury of world culture. They glorified their creators. ; В статье рассмотрены казацкие летописи Самовидца, Григория Грабянки, Cамойла Величка, которые являются важным источником истории украинской культуры. Автор утверждает, что они не только не потеряли свою художественную и историографическую ценность, но и сейчас составляют нашу национальную гордость, входят в золотую сокровищницу украинской и мировой культуры. ; У статті розглянуто козацькі літописи Самовидця, Григорія Грабянки, Самійла Величка, які є важливим джерелом історії української культури. Автор стверджує, що вони не тільки не втратили свою художню та історіографічну цінність, а й нині становлять нашу національну гордість, входять до золотої скарбниці української та світової культури.

Cтаття присвячена вивченню ролі ціннісно-смислових комплексів у процесі геостратегічних взаємодій культурно-цивілізаційних світів. Проаналізовано формування та дію ціннісно-смислових комплексів, характерних для людини і культурно-цивілізаційного світу. Ціннісно-смислові комплекси розглядаються в контексті соціокультурного розвитку суспільства. Для цього вони вивчаються як важливий фактор інтерпретації дійсності людиною, спонукання людини до дії, формування суспільного середовища в конкретному культурно-цивілізаційному світі, конкуренції та діалогу між різними культурно-цивілізаційними світами. Особливу увагу приділено шляхам ефективного застосування ціннісно-смислових комплексів у створенні і реалізації стратегії розвитку ; Статья посвящена изучению роли ценностно-смысловых комплексов в процессе геостратегических взаимодействий культурно-цивилизационных миров. Проанализированы формирования и действие ценностно-смысловых комплексов, характерных для человека и культурно-цивилизационного мира. Ценностно-смысловые комплексы рассматриваются в контексте социокультурного развития общества. Для этого они изучаются как важный фактор интерпретации действительности человеком, побуждения человека к действию, формирования общественной среды в конкретном культурно-цивилизационном мире, конкуренции и диалога между различными культурно-цивилизационными мирами. Особое внимание уделено путям эффективного применения ценностно-смысловых комплексов в создании и реализации стратегии развития ; Until now, the geopolitical analysis was primarily an instrument of justifiation geopolitical objectives related to ensuring the hegemony: the struggle for the preservation of domination or claim to this status. However, it has always been, and in conditions of postmodernity growing trend of overcoming approach inherent to «zero-sum game.» Increase in the quality and quantity of arms, proportionality outcome of human intervention results of natural elements required to achieve the goals of preserving life and culture, as well as the development of mankind to change the ideology of desire to dominate the philosophy and mechanisms of compromise and consensus. Attempts to forcibly impose their aspirations not only degrade their subjects, but also cause a variety of counter (including, for example, is a global phenomenon of terrorism).The subject of research is especially the formation geopolitics pressure conditions and trends of modernity. Now the whole philosophy of social responsibility social behavior and decisions based on the position need careful consideration of the interests of all stakeholders and co-evolution strategy – the model of social partnership game with a non-zero result where everyone wins and increases the total social capital of society (win-win strategy, green-green strategy). This should be the foundation of both internal and external socio-cultural political engagement (partnership and competition) cultural and civilizational worlds.The article is devoted to learning of the role of value-semantic complexes in the process of geo-strategic interactions of cultural and civilization worlds. The formation and operation of the value-semantic complexes characteristic of human culture and civilization of the world are analysed. The value-semantic complexes are discussed in the context of socio-cultural development of society. To do this, they are studied as an important factor an interpretation of reality by man, encouraging people to action, the formation of the social environment in a particular cultural and civilization world, competition and dialogue between different cultural and civilization worlds.Special attention is given to ways of effective application of value and meaning systems in the creation and implementation of the strategy of development.Analysis of publications. The exercise geostrategic analysis, forecasting and transformations affecting 1) the development of professionals in the development of conceptual and categorical apparatus strategies, tactics and operatics (operational art); 2) analysts transformation processes globally historic dimensions; 3) interaction of individual researchers civilizations. Also, because postmodernity helps in the development of methodology, forms and methods of inter – transition to the level of interest, meanings and values constitute the basis of the study and the authors of content detection and comparison of values and hierarchies, and regulatory factors motivating their use in society and consideration of the scope of social integration, as well as to study the role of the ideal in public life, the importance of cultural representations and their interresonance speaker.The purpose of the article – the author's position statement on the analysis of the nature and direction of the leading social and political transformations, as well as the necessary changes in the implementation of adequate political thinking and strategic management.Social relations, Sociality - that is directly focused on playing the human person in the unity of the three principles: biological (individual), socioeconomic (actual person), spiritual and psychological (personality). Their use is often based on intuitive understanding and game (his and / or alien game) interactions. Meanwhile, different from each other socialites are integrated cultural and civilizational worlds. Their fates are often determined by the power of the original pulse, geopolitical circumstances and elite quality management. This strong sociocultural reasons of providing conservation and development in one country and the world at large cultural differences and norms recognized fair in the circumstances, that is based on the value and meaning of its complex cultural and civilizational world. A collapse of personality and individuality to the level of the individual, social dominance over biological - this is the degradation of man and ethnicity. In social terms generation - a unit change traditions. That is, if people talk differently about different - it means that generational change has occurred.From this point of view the value of communication for strategic competition cultural and civilizational worlds is considered. The level of Social psychological support of information impact is characterized. The dependence between the stability of the social order and the results of interregional competition on the quality of polylogue inside and outside the state, the ability to convey their beliefs, values make attractive and desirable to investigate the opinion is elaborated. In providing innovative strategic management it is allocated place of value and meaning complexes.Conclusions. Identifying patterns of strategic management level, the ratio of universal, general and individual can successfully use a variety of processes modernity, enhance the effect of the advantages and localize the effect of negative factors and distribution of problem areas. The broadest term open transit areas with signifiant potential for socio-cultural and multi-level diffusion contacts – but failed social and political control can turn them into areas of vulnerability.And especially important for very diverse, flxible and changing conditions of modernity is the problem of perception and interpretation of action / inaction another. Invocation in creating compositions typical of modernity management methodologies and resource bases aggressively requires emphasis in strategic interaction level between cultural and civilizational worlds of their basic values and semantic systems. Thus, the development polystructure and networking organizations cannot rely on long term performance only brutal force both the macro and micro levels.However, the art geo-strategy can not only be productive model of reality and provide quality future diagnostics but also optimize decision in circumstances where the general prescriptions are ineffective: spirituality (with components of morality, freedom, spirit, etc.) and the standard reverse flw of the events, and helps make changes to the transformation process (when the appearance of historical analogies and very small correction at the bifurcation point cause dramatic differences in the fiish).Strategic planning in this sector include: reconciling the interests of different units structure, the input of which reflct different points of view; inventory of resources (existing and potential), constraints and factors; identify short-term and long-term goals, which is responsible and provide motivation. Accordingly, the circuit design social strategy includes: 1) a vision mission, setting strategic goals; 2) provide strategic analysis of detection parameters of the environment (primarily – opportunities and threats) and internal resources (consideration of competitive advantages and conditions of use); 3) providing strategic choice (based on review of strategic alternatives, evaluation of possible strategies, creating optimal strategy); 4) implementation strategy (in the ratio budgets and plans), 5) monitoring, assessment, monitoring and correction.Increasing further work in this direction, in our view, can involve the use of tools for analysis, forecasting and implementation of social and political projects geostrategic level, and the application for this purpose nomenclature and terminology traditions simulation of social processes

Economic development rarely happens in the absence of large-scale job creation. The scarcity of research on formal employment in Africa in the field of development economics is thus noteworthy. Part of the explanation is that, although steady employment represents an overarching aspiration for many Africans - often preferred, for example, over self-employment or small-scale farming - formal jobs were until recently relatively uncommon on the continent. Variation that can be exploited in statistical analysis is thus hard to come by. Another reason is that few African countries systematically record detailed employment data for large samples of workers. Researchers are therefore typically compelled to collect their own data.Rapid urbanization and sustained economic growth - including in more labor-intensive sectors - has, however, begun to increase the availability of formal jobs in some parts of Africa, simultaneously enhancing the importance of employment research and the ability of researchers to carry out such research. Focusing on both causes and consequences of formal employment in East Africa, this dissertation examines the effect of ethnic diversity - a characteristic of many African societies - on worker productivity in the Kenyan context, as well as the impact within the household of a parent gaining employment in the Ethiopian context. Knowledge about the factors that constrain labor productivity and the consequences for households once jobs appear is necessary for effective policymaking and a goal for researchers. I explore both issues in the context of a sector that has been particularly successful in Africa in recent decades: floriculture. A rapid expansion of the sector began in the 1980s; Kenya, for example, is now the third-largest exporter of flowers in the world and supplies approximately 31 percent of flowers imported into Europe (African Business, 2011). Neighboring Ethiopia, with its lower labor costs and abundant land, has more recently been taking market share from other African countries. Agribusiness as a whole is expected to see significant growth in Africa in the coming decades and flower farms account for a notable proportion of formal jobs in Kenya and Ethiopia - such farms are of interest to researchers in their own right. Because the workforce on flower farms often resembles a microcosm of the labor force as a whole, they also represent a meaningful case study from which broader lessons can be learned.Two types of data are used in this dissertation: surveys of flower farm workers and applicants (ethnicity, time use, etc) and the output records of a flower farm in Kenya. The farm recorded individual and team output for pay purposes.The first chapter of this dissertation explores the influence of ethnic diversity on labor productivity in a team production setting. Ethnic diversity has long been known to constrain economic development, but the direct effect on output remains largely unexplored. In Kenya, the land- and water-abundant areas where flower farms are located have experienced in-migration from other parts of the country, yielding ethnic diversity in the farms' workforces. I study teams of "packing plant" workers at a large flower farm. Working in teams of three, the workers pack flowers and prepare them for shipping. I show that ethnically diverse teams are less productive than homogeneous teams. Although an inability to socially sanction non-coethnics may also play a role (see Miguel and Gugerty, 2004 and Habyarimana, Humphreys, Posner and Weinstein, 2007), the primary reason appears to be preference-driven: workers upstream in the triangular production chain lower total output and their own pay by skewing their supply of intermediate flowers toward coethnic downstream workers. I then go on to analyze the firm's response and the change in the magnitude of the ethnic diversity effect during a period of increased ethnic conflict in Kenya, illuminating how the response of output to diversity is likely to vary across time and space. I find that the productivity loss from ethnic diversity in teams varies with the political environment (see also Posner, 2004). It appears that, in high-cost environments firms are forced to adopt second-best policies to limit discrimination distortions. Overall chapter 1 shows that inter-ethnic rivalries lower allocative efficiency and productivity in Kenyan floriculture, and highlights the likely consequences for firm behavior and employment growth in the private sector in Africa. The implications for policy and future research are potentially wide-ranging. Most African countries are ethnically diverse and cross-ethnic joint production will increase as urbanization brings together larger groups of workers in cities. Modernization of the economy typically entails greater specialization which also increases the scope for distortions due to ethnic discrimination in production chains.In the second part of my dissertation, which consists of two separate articles, I focus on the consequences (rather than the causes) of employment. I analyze the effects within the household of a parent gaining employment in rural Ethiopia. Taking advantage of a unique situation in the labor market for farm-workers in Ethiopia at the time, I worked with five flower farms that agreed to randomize fall 2008 hiring due to significant excess demand for jobs and a perceived inability to screen applicants. In chapter 2, I analyze the impact on children's lives, focusing primarily on time use. Mother's employment has been argued to especially benefit children, but there is little existing evidence to back up such claims. I therefore analyze the effect of mother's and father's employment separately.The results show that mother's and father's employment affects sons and daughters very differently. Daughters spend significantly less time in school when mothers work because they are expected to take over house-work tasks. Daughters' time use is unaffected by father's employment, while sons spend significantly more time in school when either parent works. It appears that both the reconfiguration of a parent's time use implied by employment and the associated increase in income affect children's time use. Daughters' human capital accumulation suffers from the greater time requirements of "female" house-work in Ethiopia.In chapter 3, I analyze the impact of female employment on domestic violence, which is believed to respond to large shifts in spouses' relative incomes in poor countries. Contrary to the predictions of standard economic models of the household, I find a significant increase in domestic violence when women get employed. The reason appears to be that men in rural Ethiopia attempt to restore their dominance in the household through violence when their relative economic standing is weakened.In combination chapters 2 and 3 give a rather bleak picture of the influence of female employment on the position of women and girls in poor countries. It is important to recognize that this dissertation focuses on the effects of employment in the short-term, however. In the longer term gender norms may respond to employment, in which case the longer term impact could differ from the deleterious effects observed here. Rather than suggesting that female employment should not be encouraged, the evidence presented thus highlights that theory and employment policy should take traditional gender roles seriously. In combination, the three chapters of this dissertation highlight that features of society that particularly characterize Africa - such as ethnic diversity in the workforce and time-consuming house-work - interact in first-order order ways with the causes and consequences of employment. We must thus study Africa directly rather than rely on evidence from rich countries when shaping policy.Beyond seeking to address the substantive issues raised, it is my hope that this dissertation illustrates how direct, micro-level output data can be used to advance research on the determinants of productivity in poor countries, and how a labor market situation often found in developing countries with small formal sectors allows randomized evaluations of an otherwise hard-to-analyze "treatment" - employment itself.

The original justification for Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the Legal Protection of Biotechnological Inventions (the Directive) was to promote the growth of the European life science sector by harmonizing and clarifying European biotechnology patent laws. As early as 1985, the European Commission had identified the fragmentation of European patent laws as a potential problem. The Directive thus aimed to address obstacles to the unity of the internal market, which would arise if national Member States adopted divergent and uncoordinated policies and legislation in a field of economic activity that had been earmarked as poised for spectacular growth. The Commission further identified the lack of guidance within the European Patent Convention 1973 (EPC) on how its provisions were to be applied to biotechnological inventions meant that researchers were unsure if their work could be legally protected within Europe. The Commissions concerns were lent greater political urgency by three significant events that combined to establish the dominance of the United States (U.S.) biotechnology industry. First, biology researchers in the U.S. were increasingly developing new techniques that had substantial commercial application. Second, the U.S. Congress created the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit to promote greater uniformity in the application of patent law and to reduce the possibility of forum shopping by parties seeking favorable courts. Thirdly, the landmark Supreme Court ruling in Diamond, Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks v Chakrabarty, took an important step towards patent liberalization by stating that living matter was not excluded as a 'product of nature' and that patents shall be available for 'anything under the sun made by man'. It was not long after the Chakrabarty decision that the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) began issuing patents on gene fragments, transgenic bacteria, and cell lines expressing DNA sequences producing therapeutically useful proteins. A trend had been for European companies to move their biotechnology research from the European Union (EU) to the U.S. because they regarded the commercial and legal climate there as more encouraging. The Commission concluded that European biotechnology patent laws should be clarified and harmonized in order to provide the incentives and legal certainty required for the biotechnology industry to flourish. Given the nature of the objectives pursued, one might have expected that the drafting of the Directive would be a relatively straightforward administrative exercise in harmonizing the legal criteria of novelty, inventive step, and industrial application in the context of biotechnological inventions. Indeed, the first draft of the Directive framed the problem solely in these terms with the legal standards proposed largely reflecting the more permissive approach of the USPTO. The project soon ran into difficulties. The Directive differs in a key way from the approach of the U.S., as it establishes a prominent role for 'morality' as an evaluative criterion within European patent law. This unique stance emerged during extensive discussions between the Parliament, the Commission, and the Council, and was a political concession to the view expressed by the Parliament that the patenting of biological materials, in particular those of human origin, raises important ethical and social concerns. Attempts to address these anxieties resulted, inter alia, in the inclusion of a 'morality clause' in article 6 of the Directive. article 6(1) provides that inventions shall be considered unpatentable where their commercial exploitation would be contrary to ordre public or morality. article 6(2), intended to clarify how the general morality exclusion in article 6(1) should be applied, contains a list of specific examples of biotechnology inventions that are excluded from patentability on moral grounds. Ironically, it has been article 6(2) that has been the source of great uncertainties in the years since the Directive was enacted. In particular, questions regarding how article 6(2)(c), which excludes 'uses of human embryos for industrial or commercial purposes' from patentability, should be applied in relation to patent applications for inventions concerning human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have given rise to long-running legal, ethical, and policy debates. The debate revolves around the fact that article 6(2)(c) is silent with regard to hESCs. This is because the first ever isolation of hESCs from an embryo was reported four months after the adoption of the Directive. Although the Directive was 'addressed' only to EU Member States, the European Patent Office (EPO), which is independent of the EU, voluntarily incorporated the Directive's rules within the EPC. Thus moral exclusions are now a fixture of European patent law. Most patents in Europe are granted via the EPO; however, European patents must still be enforced in individual Member States who may interpret the Directive differently. Whereas the EPO has not granted any patents on hESC claims, an overview of EU Member States interpretation of article 6(2)(c) reveals a patchwork of permissive and restrictive regulatory policies towards the patentability of hESCs. In contrast to Europe, U.S. patent law contains no statutory basis for the USPTO or a court to deny patent protection to morally controversial biotech subject matter. The U.S. has adopted probably the most liberal patenting policies on stem cell research, with the USPTO granting in excess of forty-one patents that claim hESCs in their title and front pages. The purpose of this paper is to consider whether the inconsistent application of the EU Biotechnology Directive's moral exclusion clause could undermine investor confidence in Europe, providing a competitive advantage to the U.S. Understanding the science is essential for engaging in knowledgeable debate about the ethical issues surrounding hESCs. Part II provides an analysis of the biology that underpins the human embryo setting out the crucial distinction between totipotent and pluripotent hESCs. In Part III our attention turns to pre Directive jurisprudence under article 53(a) EPC, where the EPO showed a willingness to interpret the moral exclusion clause in a narrow manner that afforded patent protection to controversial biotechnology inventions. It was against the EPC framework and the jurisprudence emerging from the EPO that the Commission conceived the need for European biotechnology patent laws to be clarified and harmonized. Part IV charts the troublesome enactment and transposition of the Biotechnology Directive that exposed inherent European conflicts regarding patent protection for biotechnological inventions concerning 'living matter' of human origin. In Part V our focus turns to the subsequent emergence of hESC technology, providing an analysis of the post Directive EPO decision in Edinburgh Patent which set a precedent for the recent decision in Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF) where the EPO moved away from its pre Directive narrow approach embracing a broad interpretation of the moral exclusion clause setting out a restrictive policy on the patentability of hESCs. Part VI analyses the patentability of hESCs at the national level, comparing the relatively permissive United Kingdom (UK) and Swedish regulatory approaches to the more restrictive German regime, a comparison that raises interesting questions as to the legal certainty of biotechnology inventions claiming hESCs within Europe. In Part VII our attention turns to the patentability of hESCs in the U.S. This section of the paper begins with an analysis of the Constitutional basis of U.S. patent law prior to setting out the link between 'utility' and 'morality' in U.S. patent law. Part VII then considers the liberation of U.S. patent law, the application of the Thirteenth Amendment to biotechnological inventions, along with the rejection of the doctrine of moral utility before finally examining the recent full frontal attack on biotechnology patents in the U.S. and the reinstatement of federal funding for hESC research.

1. May 1983. Rino Valdameri, director of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera (the Brera Academy of Fine Arts), and Senator Alessandro Poss, propose to the authorities of the city of Rome a monument in honour of the most celebrated poet of Italians. This project is entrusted to architects Pietro Lingeri and Giuseppe Terragni, and is given the name Danteum. In October 1938, architects and promoters were called on Thursday 10th November, at 5.30pm, at Palazzo Ducale di Venezia (Doge¿s Palace) in order to present their project to Benito Mussolini. In May 1939, a second audience with the Duce had to be cancelled and the possible execution of the project was threatened. On 1st September 1939 Germany invades Poland. Due to constant requests for a second audience, promoters receive the answer of the Segretario particolare di S.E. il Capo del Governo, who announces that better times for the audience are to come. A day later, Terragni is mobilized and assigned to the third regiment of artillery of the army at Cremona. Nevertheless, the project suffered several modifications until spring 1941. By the end of January 1943, Terragni was repatriated and taken to the military hospital in Cesenatico. On 19th July Terragni died suddenly a few meters away from his house. On 25th July, king Victor Emmanuel III of Italy gives the order to arrest Mussolini. During the bombing of the allied troops in 1944, Lingeri saves the original documents of the Danteum project: a series of drawings with mixed technique, watercolour and ink on Fabriano white paper, assembled on rigid panels made to scale 1:100, and a wooden model, scale 1:50. On 28th April 1945, Mussolini was seized and executed by the partisans. In September 1957, the Danteum was published by the first time in a magazine. 2. The project¿s central argument fixes a composite correspondence with Commedia (The Divine Comedy), from the common structures ¿proportions and measures- that the architecture work may take from Dante¿s poem. Such dependence between architecture and literature has consigned the Danteum, from time to time, further than the architecture field, provoking its exile from the inscrutable architectonic specificity, condemned by its involvement against the autonomy of the discipline, and for such a personal and excessive gesture. 3. Why a hybrid object, not very convenient, instead of the major works of its author? The fissure that emanates from the Danteum does not refer to architecture as a stationary, closed and finite product, but to a transition between the univocally formal and the narrative vertigo. Within this process, which unites and separates the arbitrary issues from the strictly disciplinary, is the will of our choice. With its liminal logic, the Danteum spreads like a shadow in times of modern brightness. A kind of non-architecture as an existential point, which may be said to be ¿not totally¿ and which exception makes everything exist. In this landscape of non-arranged notions, the coexistence of architectonic and non-architectonic terms gives rise to paradoxes and antonyms very propitious for the analysis of uncertainties spread under the paradigmatic dominance of modern architecture. 4. The most relevant is not the search of the author, but the process of this search. Lingeri and Terragni are only suspicious and respond only to research interests. The research process has not followed a straight line in the attempt to examine the Danteum project anatomy, which has needed a dramatic and quasi mythological element in order to disguise its modern face. The result is a mosaic of half defined and half blurred, with reflexes, drafts, notes. In this context, history occurs like the movement of a scalpel in the dissection of a corpse. ; 1. Mayo de 1938. Rino Valdameri, presidente de la Academia de Brera, y el senador Alessandro Poss, proponen a las autoridades en Roma un monumento en homenaje al máximo poeta de los italianos. El encargo es encomendado a los arquitectos Pietro Lingeri y Giuseppe Terragni, el nombre del proyecto: el Danteum. En Octubre de 1938, los arquitectos y los promotores son convocados para el jueves 10 de Noviembre, hora 17:30, al Palacio Venecia para presentar el proyecto a Benito Mussolini, Capo de Governo. El proyecto es bien recibido, aprobándose su continuación. En mayo de 1939, es suspendida una segunda audiencia con el Duce, la posible realización del proyecto se ve amenazada. El 1 de septiembre de 1939 Alemania invade Polonia. A los continuos pedidos de esta segunda audiencia, el 4 de septiembre de este mismo año, los promotores reciben la respuesta del Segretario particolare di S.E. il Capo del Governo, anunciando que el actual momento no es el más oportuno. Un día después Terragni es movilizado y asignado al III regimiento de artillería de cuerpo de armada en Cremona; aún así se realizarán algunas modificaciones al proyecto hasta la primavera de 1941. A finales de enero de 1943, Terragni es repatriado e internado en el hospital militar de Cesenático. El 19 de julio, inesperadamente, Terragni muere a pocos metros de su casa. El 25 de julio, el rey Victor Manuel III hace apresar a Mussolini. Durante el bombardeo aliado de 1944, Lingeri salva los originales del proyecto del Danteum de ser destruidos: una serie de dibujos con técnica mixta, acuarela y tinta sobre papel blanco de Fabriano, montados sobre paneles rígidos a escala 1:100, y una maqueta realizada en madera, escala 1:50. El 28 de abril de 1945 Mussolini es capturado y fusilado por los partisanos. En septiembre de 1957, el Danteum es publicado por primera vez en una revista. 2. El argumento central del proyecto establece una correspondencia compositiva con la Divina Commedia, desde las estructuras comunes -proporciones y medidas- que la obra de arquitectura puede sustraer del poema de Dante. Tal dependencia entre arquitectura y literatura ha relegado al Danteum, de tanto en tanto, más allá del confín del territorio arquitectónico, provocando su destierro del centro hermético de la especificidad arquitectónica, condenado por sus implicaciones contra la autonomía de la disciplina, y por esa gesticulación tan suya y excesiva de histrión. 3. ¿Por qué un objeto híbrido, de género incómodo, y no las obras mayores de su autor? El intersticio que se crea con el Danteum no alude a la arquitectura como un producto estacionario, cerrado y finito, sino como una transición entre lo unívocamente formal y el vértigo narrativo. En esta liminidad, que une y separa lo arbitrario de lo estrictamente disciplinar, está la voluntad de nuestra elección. Con su lógica fronteriza el Danteum se despliega como una sombra en tiempos de claridad moderna. Una especie de no-arquitectura como punto existencial del que puede decirse que no es "del todo" y que además hace existir el todo por su excepción. En este paisaje de nociones no concertadas, la coexistencia de términos arquitectónicos y no arquitectónicos da lugar a paradojas y antinomias muy propicias para el análisis de las incertidumbres sembradas en el dominio paradigmático de la arquitectura moderna. 4. Lo importante no es la búsqueda del autor, sino la procesualidad de esa búsqueda, de ese acto. Lingeri y Terragni quedan como meros sospechosos, y a veces respondiendo sólo a intereses narrativos. No hay ninguna dirección lineal en el intento de examinar la anatomía de este acontecimiento fenomenal que ha precisado un elemento dramático y cuasi mitológico para encubrir su vestidura moderna. Lo que queda es un mosaico de figuras medio definidas medio borrosas, de reflejos, de apuntes, de notas. En este apenas, la historia tiene lugar como el movimiento de un bísturi en la disección de un cadáver. ; Postprint (published version)

1. May 1983. Rino Valdameri, director of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera (the Brera Academy of Fine Arts), and Senator Alessandro Poss, propose to the authorities of the city of Rome a monument in honour of the most celebrated poet of Italians. This project is entrusted to architects Pietro Lingeri and Giuseppe Terragni, and is given the name Danteum. In October 1938, architects and promoters were called on Thursday 10th November, at 5.30pm, at Palazzo Ducale di Venezia (Doge¿s Palace) in order to present their project to Benito Mussolini. In May 1939, a second audience with the Duce had to be cancelled and the possible execution of the project was threatened. On 1st September 1939 Germany invades Poland. Due to constant requests for a second audience, promoters receive the answer of the Segretario particolare di S.E. il Capo del Governo, who announces that better times for the audience are to come. A day later, Terragni is mobilized and assigned to the third regiment of artillery of the army at Cremona. Nevertheless, the project suffered several modifications until spring 1941. By the end of January 1943, Terragni was repatriated and taken to the military hospital in Cesenatico. On 19th July Terragni died suddenly a few meters away from his house. On 25th July, king Victor Emmanuel III of Italy gives the order to arrest Mussolini. During the bombing of the allied troops in 1944, Lingeri saves the original documents of the Danteum project: a series of drawings with mixed technique, watercolour and ink on Fabriano white paper, assembled on rigid panels made to scale 1:100, and a wooden model, scale 1:50. On 28th April 1945, Mussolini was seized and executed by the partisans. In September 1957, the Danteum was published by the first time in a magazine. 2. The project¿s central argument fixes a composite correspondence with Commedia (The Divine Comedy), from the common structures ¿proportions and measures- that the architecture work may take from Dante¿s poem. Such dependence between architecture and literature has consigned the Danteum, from time to time, further than the architecture field, provoking its exile from the inscrutable architectonic specificity, condemned by its involvement against the autonomy of the discipline, and for such a personal and excessive gesture. 3. Why a hybrid object, not very convenient, instead of the major works of its author? The fissure that emanates from the Danteum does not refer to architecture as a stationary, closed and finite product, but to a transition between the univocally formal and the narrative vertigo. Within this process, which unites and separates the arbitrary issues from the strictly disciplinary, is the will of our choice. With its liminal logic, the Danteum spreads like a shadow in times of modern brightness. A kind of non-architecture as an existential point, which may be said to be ¿not totally¿ and which exception makes everything exist. In this landscape of non-arranged notions, the coexistence of architectonic and non-architectonic terms gives rise to paradoxes and antonyms very propitious for the analysis of uncertainties spread under the paradigmatic dominance of modern architecture. 4. The most relevant is not the search of the author, but the process of this search. Lingeri and Terragni are only suspicious and respond only to research interests. The research process has not followed a straight line in the attempt to examine the Danteum project anatomy, which has needed a dramatic and quasi mythological element in order to disguise its modern face. The result is a mosaic of half defined and half blurred, with reflexes, drafts, notes. In this context, history occurs like the movement of a scalpel in the dissection of a corpse. ; 1. Mayo de 1938. Rino Valdameri, presidente de la Academia de Brera, y el senador Alessandro Poss, proponen a las autoridades en Roma un monumento en homenaje al máximo poeta de los italianos. El encargo es encomendado a los arquitectos Pietro Lingeri y Giuseppe Terragni, el nombre del proyecto: el Danteum. En Octubre de 1938, los arquitectos y los promotores son convocados para el jueves 10 de Noviembre, hora 17:30, al Palacio Venecia para presentar el proyecto a Benito Mussolini, Capo de Governo. El proyecto es bien recibido, aprobándose su continuación. En mayo de 1939, es suspendida una segunda audiencia con el Duce, la posible realización del proyecto se ve amenazada. El 1 de septiembre de 1939 Alemania invade Polonia. A los continuos pedidos de esta segunda audiencia, el 4 de septiembre de este mismo año, los promotores reciben la respuesta del Segretario particolare di S.E. il Capo del Governo, anunciando que el actual momento no es el más oportuno. Un día después Terragni es movilizado y asignado al III regimiento de artillería de cuerpo de armada en Cremona; aún así se realizarán algunas modificaciones al proyecto hasta la primavera de 1941. A finales de enero de 1943, Terragni es repatriado e internado en el hospital militar de Cesenático. El 19 de julio, inesperadamente, Terragni muere a pocos metros de su casa. El 25 de julio, el rey Victor Manuel III hace apresar a Mussolini. Durante el bombardeo aliado de 1944, Lingeri salva los originales del proyecto del Danteum de ser destruidos: una serie de dibujos con técnica mixta, acuarela y tinta sobre papel blanco de Fabriano, montados sobre paneles rígidos a escala 1:100, y una maqueta realizada en madera, escala 1:50. El 28 de abril de 1945 Mussolini es capturado y fusilado por los partisanos. En septiembre de 1957, el Danteum es publicado por primera vez en una revista. 2. El argumento central del proyecto establece una correspondencia compositiva con la Divina Commedia, desde las estructuras comunes -proporciones y medidas- que la obra de arquitectura puede sustraer del poema de Dante. Tal dependencia entre arquitectura y literatura ha relegado al Danteum, de tanto en tanto, más allá del confín del territorio arquitectónico, provocando su destierro del centro hermético de la especificidad arquitectónica, condenado por sus implicaciones contra la autonomía de la disciplina, y por esa gesticulación tan suya y excesiva de histrión. 3. ¿Por qué un objeto híbrido, de género incómodo, y no las obras mayores de su autor? El intersticio que se crea con el Danteum no alude a la arquitectura como un producto estacionario, cerrado y finito, sino como una transición entre lo unívocamente formal y el vértigo narrativo. En esta liminidad, que une y separa lo arbitrario de lo estrictamente disciplinar, está la voluntad de nuestra elección. Con su lógica fronteriza el Danteum se despliega como una sombra en tiempos de claridad moderna. Una especie de no-arquitectura como punto existencial del que puede decirse que no es "del todo" y que además hace existir el todo por su excepción. En este paisaje de nociones no concertadas, la coexistencia de términos arquitectónicos y no arquitectónicos da lugar a paradojas y antinomias muy propicias para el análisis de las incertidumbres sembradas en el dominio paradigmático de la arquitectura moderna. 4. Lo importante no es la búsqueda del autor, sino la procesualidad de esa búsqueda, de ese acto. Lingeri y Terragni quedan como meros sospechosos, y a veces respondiendo sólo a intereses narrativos. No hay ninguna dirección lineal en el intento de examinar la anatomía de este acontecimiento fenomenal que ha precisado un elemento dramático y cuasi mitológico para encubrir su vestidura moderna. Lo que queda es un mosaico de figuras medio definidas medio borrosas, de reflejos, de apuntes, de notas. En este apenas, la historia tiene lugar como el movimiento de un bísturi en la disección de un cadáver. ; Postprint (published version)