Suchergebnisse

After the unification of Italy, laws were passed establishing the uniformity of local institutions over the whole national territory. In pre-Nazi Germany, on the contrary, those institutions were regulated by norms that allowed -- in accordance with the will of the citizens -- a great variety of forms of government. Another difference between the two cases lies in the important role given in Germany to the burgomaster: a personality with great technical abilities & political balance. The Italian communes were instead governed along factional or party lines, & this necessitated strong forms of control on the part of the central government. The two cases are therefore embodiments of two different traditions: the unitary & centralist one, in Italy, & the federal & autonomist one, in Germany. The differences came near to disappearing only during the authoritarian regimes, which saw the end, in both countries, of local autonomy & the dominance, in municipal government, of party personalities appointed by the center. Adapted from the source document.

The vast output of Carlo Cattaneo contains no works specifically on the theme of colonialism. Nevertheless, this author, who is often represented as the historian of the triumphant bourgeoisie, frequently makes observations on the relationship between Europe, at the height of its splendor & its capacity for expansion beyond the continent, & the peoples & civilizations of the non-European world. His essays on India & China are particularly illuminating in this respect. Cattaneo's analyses contain an original mixture of historical reconstruction, cultural comparison & armchair anthropology. One is continuously aware of his perception of the need to reconcile the process of universalization emanating from Europe with the specific practices & values found in other nations & other forms of state. Racialist perspectives are completely alien to Cattaneo's work, & this guarantees an attitude of respect, though without ruling out a realistic recognition of the superiority behind Europe's position of dominance. Moreover, Cattaneo was not in a position to take into account "real" colonialism: having died in 1869 -- the year of the opening of the Suez Canal & the purchase of the Assab Bay by an Italian company -- he was not able directly to witness the emerging experience of Italian colonialism. In this sense, the more direct point of reference for Cattaneo's work is British colonialism. Adapted from the source document.