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Cover -- Contents -- I. Introduction -- II. Analyzing the oil market using a multi-country model -- A. The GVAR-Oil model -- B. Effects of a fall in oil prices -- III. Analyzing oil price changes using monthly data -- A. Has the relationship between real oil and equity prices been stable over time? -- B. Are lower oil prices beneficial for the U.S. and the world economy? -- IV. How do global oil supplies respond to lower oil prices? -- V. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Figures -- 1. Nominal and Real (2015 U.S. dollars) WTI Oil Prices -- 2. Effects of Lower Oil Prices on Global Real Equity Prices, Long-Term Interest Rates, and Real GDP -- 3. Effects of Lower Oil Prices on Long-Term Interest Rates in Various Countries -- 4. Effects of Lower Oil Prices on Inflation in Various Countries -- 5. Effects of Lower Oil Prices on Real GDP in Various Countries -- 6. U.S. Oil Production (1000 barrels/day) -- 7. Real Oil Prices and Real US Equity Prices (S&P 500), 1946M1-2016M3 -- 8. Rolling Estimates of the Effects of Changes in Oil Prices on Equity Prices -- 9. Real Oil Prices and Real Dividends (S&P 500), 1946M1-2016M3 -- 10. Rolling Estimates of the Effects of Changes in Oil Prices on Real Dividends -- 11. Monthly Oil Production for Iran, Iraq, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and the US (1000 barrels/day) -- Tables -- 1. Countries and Regions in the GVAR-Oil Model -- 2. Correlations between Changes in Real Oil Prices, Equity Prices and Dividends -- 3. Estimates of the Long-run Coefficients of Real Oil Prices based on Various ARDL Regressions and Sub-samples, 1970M1-2016M4.

The results of this study indicate that changes in global output have significant impact on real oil price fluctuations. Sharp rises in oil prices in 2008 and recent slump in price of oil are evidence of a strong influence of demand one fluctuations of energy prices. The empirical results of the study are based on VAR impulse response functions and Granger Causality test using monthly data 1970-2016. Furthermore, the effects of political development in the Middle East on real oil prices are not supported in this study.

PurposeOil price shocks greatly impact the global economy, but the effects vary among countries. While higher oil prices benefit oil-exporting countries, they harm the economic performance of oil-importing nations, and vice versa for lower oil prices. However, economic relations, such as trade, can mitigate the impacts of oil price shocks on both groups. In this paper, the authors aim at estimating the effects of oil price shocks on the major net oil-exporting and net oil-importing countries while accounting for international trade.Design/methodology/approachThe authors derive a reduced form of a macro model and set up a Panel VAR model to estimate the direct and indirect impacts of oil price shocks on economic growth. The sample includes data on macroeconomic variables from 30 oil-exporting and oil-importing countries that comprise more than 73 percent of the world's economy. The authors construct the spillover variables using bilateral trade matrix. To control for institutional and structural variations across the countries, they are divided into four groups of developed and developing oil-exporting and oil-importing countries.FindingsThe results reveal that all oil-exporting countries have significantly benefited from oil price shocks, although trade has dampened the effect. The positive growth effect has been more pronounced in oil-exporting developing countries. The impact of oil price shocks on oil-importing countries has been negative with a one-year delay, but not statistically significant, and trade has only had a small effect. The effect has been more substantial in oil-importing developing countries.Research limitations/implicationsOne of the limitations of this study is the focus on trade as the main spillover channel. Given the data availability, other channels such as foreign investment and financial markets can also be included in future studies.Practical implicationsRemoving trade restrictions would help both oil-exporting and oil-importing countries to mitigate the negative impacts of the oil price shocks. However, the asymmetric oil-macroeconomy relationship across oil-exporting and oil-importing countries puts oil-exporting countries in a more vulnerable position as they cannot rely on trade with oil-importing countries to reduce the negative impacts of lower oil prices on their growth. Therefore, it is crucial for oil-exporting countries to reassess their oil-dependent development plans and invest their oil revenues in non-oil sectors to diversity their economies and prepare for a future with reduced dependence on oil.Social implicationsThe recent technological advances, structural changes, and increasing energy efficiency suggest that major oil-importing countries will become less dependent on oil in near future. As a result, oil-exporting countries will also need to undergo structural changes in order to sustain their income level. These significant changes will have important social implications, particularly in the labor market, during the transition, for which preparation will be necessary.Originality/valueWhile the literature on the total impact of oil price shocks on either oil-exporting or oil-importing countries is rich, studies on their spillover impacts are limited. Recent research has shown that trade and migration can affect the impact of oil price shock on the economy in federated countries such as Canada. However, the trade effect on oil price shocks in the international level, where countries are subject to different regulations/restrictions and institutional variations, remains scarce. By considering the trade relationship between different groups of oil-exporting and oil-importing countries, the authors aim to contribute to the literature of the global impacts of oil price shocks on the world economy.