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ONE OF THE BEST EXAMPLES OF A COMPREHENSIVE NATIONAL DRUG POLICY TO BE FOUND IN THE WORLD TODAY IS IN AUSTRALIA. ONE OF THE CORNERSTONES IN THE FORMULATION OF AUSTRALIA'S SUCCESSFUL POLICY WAS THE DECISION IN THE 1950'S TO MAKE A SUPPLY OF LIFE-SAVING DRUGS AVAILABLE FREE OF CHARGE TO ALL CITIZENS. ANOTHER IMPORTANT BUILDING BLOCK WAS THE PRICE CONTROL MECHANISM ESTABLISHED BY THE GOVERNMENT. THE GOVERNMENT HAS ALSO BEEN SUCCESSFUL IN REACHING AND MAINTAINING A HIGH STANDARD IN PHARMACEUTICALS BY SUBSIDIZING ACCESS TO A BROAD RANGE OF PRODUCTS. HOWEVER, ONE IMPORTANT PROBLEM AREA, NAMELY THE RATIONAL USE OF DRUGS, HAS NOT YET BEEN PROPERLY DEALT WITH. THE TRADITIONAL APPROACHES TO THIS PROBLEM WILL NOT BE SUFFICIENT; THE APPROACHES MUST BE RE-EXAMINED AND SUPPLEMENTED BY CREATIVE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS WHICH WILL MEET THE NEEDS OF ALL THE DIFFERENT MEMBERS OF SOCIETY.

Intro -- DRUG POLICIES, ADDICTION AND ERADICATION -- DRUG POLICIES, ADDICTION AND ERADICATION -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 INTERNATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY -- Abstract -- Introduction -- U.S. National Drug Control Strategy -- Agency Roles -- International Drug Control Tools -- Multilateral Cooperation -- Foreign Assistance Sanctions -- "Drug Majors" and the Certificate Process -- Methamphetamine Precursor Chemicals -- Crop Eradiction -- Alternative Development -- Interdiction -- Anti-Money Laundering Efforts -- Extradition -- Institutional Capacity Building -- Legislative Issues for the 111th Congress -- Merida Initiative -- Plan Columbia and the Andean Counterdrug Program -- Afghanistan Counterdrug Programs -- Alternative Policy Approaches -- Rebalance Current Drug Policy Tools -- Emphasize "Hard Side" of Counternarcotics Policy -- Emphasize "Soft Side" of Counternarcotics Policy -- Emphasize Drug Demand Reduction -- Reevaluate Prohibitionist Drug Regime -- Legalize Illegal Drugs -- Decriminalize Illegal Drugs -- Allow Government-Supervised Drug Use for Addicts -- Expand International Criminal Court Jurisdiction -- References -- Chapter 2 U.S. ASSISTANCE HAS HELPED MEXICAN COUNTERNARCOTICS EFFORTS, BUT THE FLOW OF ILLICIT DRUGS INTO THE UNITED STATES REMAINS HIGH -- Summary -- Background -- Illicit Drug Production and Trafficking by Mexican Drug Organizations Have Continued Virtually Unabated -- Corruption Persists within the Mexican Government -- Mexican DTOs Control Drug Trafficking in Mexico and Have Extended Their Reach into the United States -- U.S. Assistance Helped Mexico Improve Its Counternarcotics Efforts, but Coordination Can Be Improved -- Extraditions of Mexican Drug Traffickers Have Increased -- Efforts to Counter Money Laundering Are Progressing

After an overview of the current Australian situation, five arguments that are used to justify prohibitionist stances are reviewed. All are shown to be inadequate. The real conditions under which a successful prohibition might be attempted are discussed, and it is shown that these do not exist in Australia at present, at least not as far as some currently illegal drugs are concerned. This paper examines reasons why prohibitionist stances continue to be adopted in the face of their persistent failure, and examines some possible alternatives, without suggesting that any of these are likely to receive serious consideration from politicians involved in formulating policy.

Intro -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- A Crossroads for Global Drug Policy? -- A Public Criminology Approach -- Structure of the Book -- References -- 2 Step One: Acknowledge the Failure of a War on Drugs Strategy and the Harm it has Caused -- The Rise of Prohibition Based Drug Policy -- The Emergence of a War on Drugs -- Failure of War on Drugs -- Unintended and Harmful Consequences: Consumer Countries -- Unintended and Harmful Consequences: Producer Countries -- The Endurance of a War on Drugs Approach -- Policy Developments Arising from the Proliferation of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) -- International Drug Conventions and Official Drug Policy Discourse -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Step Two: Recognise the Primary Importance of Addressing the Harm That Stems From and is Associated With Drug Use and Drug Control Policies -- A Harm Reduction Approach to Drug Policy -- The Evolution and Limitations of Harm Reduction as an Alternative Strategy of Drug Control -- Addressing the Harm That Arises from Social and Material Inequality -- Addressing the Harm That Is Experienced by Drug Producing Countries and That Arises as a Result of Human Rights Abuses -- How Prevalent Is the Concept of Harm Reduction in Existing Systems of Drug Control? -- Harm Reduction's Narrow Global Reach -- Portugal as an Isolated Example of National Drug Policy Grounded in Harm Reduction -- Reference to Harm Reduction in Official International Drug Policy Documentation -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Step Three: Encourage the Development of Innovative Strategies of Drug Control -- Room for Manoeuvre: Flexibility Within the International Drug Conventions -- Variety and Innovation in Cannabis Control Around the Globe -- The Not-for-Profit Collective Cultivation Model: Cannabis Clubs in Spain.

Aim: The objective of this study was to provide an analysis of the factors which have a significant impact on the growth of public expenditure on medical products in Bulgaria.Methods: This research work consists of a critical analysis of the data reported by theNational Health Insurance Fund in Bulgaria on the stability of the healthcare insurance model and the implementation of the budget for 2014.Results: The results from the current analysis indicate that the growth of public expenditure is directly proportional to the number of reimbursed medical products and that the pattern of prescriptions including the innovative medical products mainly for the treatment of oncological and rare diseases has a significant impact on it.Conclusion: The reasons for the increase of public expenditure in Bulgaria include the non-transparent decisions in pricing and reimbursement of the products, the lack of guidelines for presenting pharmacological evidence and the lack of legislatively-defined drug policies for the management and control of the patterns of medical prescriptions.

Foreword / Ruth Dreifuss -- European drug policies in context / Henri Bergeron & Renaud Colson -- Regional dimension of European drug policies -- The politics of expertise and EU drug policy / Martin Elvins -- Pathways to integration of European drug policy / Caroline Chatwin -- The soft power of the European monitoring centre for drugs and drug addiction / Henri Bergeron -- Domestic drug policies in Europe -- Belgium drug policy / Christine Guilain -- Danish drug policy / Esben Houborg -- Dutch drug policy / Jean-Paul Grund & Joost Breeksema -- French drug policy / Ivana Obradovic -- German drug policy / Tilmann Holzer -- Italian drug policy / Grazia Zuffa -- Polish drug policy / Kasia Malinowska-Sempruch -- Portuguese drug policy / Caitlin Hughes -- Spanish drug policy / Cristina Diaz Gomez & Martin Gonzales -- Swedish drug policy / Johan Edman -- Swiss drug policy / Frank Zobel -- United-kingdom drug policy / Susanne MacGregor -- Trends and prospects in European drug policies -- Changing paradigms in drug policies in EU member states : from digression to convergence / Franz Trautmann -- The changing face of harm reduction in Europe / Dagmar Hedrich & Alessandro Pirona -- Drug possession laws in Europe : from criminal justice to public health / Brendan Hughes -- Cannabis social clubs in Europe : prospects and limits / Tom Decorte & Mafalda Pardal