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The European Union has conducted since 1988 an annual bottom trawl survey in Flemish Cap (NAFO Division 3M) in the 200-720 m depth range. The information on roughhead grenadier population structure recorded during the last 14 EU surveys (1991-2005) in Flemish Cap is presented. Depth distribution of captures, length/age distribution of captures, growth rates, sex-ratios, catch curves, and abundance/biomass estimated by the swept area method are present ed. In general, the biomass index increased from low levels to a peak of about 3 000 tons in 1993, then decreased in 1994 and remained around 1 500 and 2 000 tons till 2002. It increased again in 2003 to reach the peak of 3 575 tons in 2004. The biomass index in 2005 was 2 387 tons. Age and length composition of the catches showed clear differences between the two sexes. The importance of males in the capture declines in larger fish, disappearing from the capture in largest length classes. Results show that roughhead grenadier has a prolonged li fe cycle and multiaged population structure with differences in growth and mortality between males and females.

Dutch landscape is mainly a landscape of water, both in its urban and rural component; it is a landscape that has considered the resilience as its foundational feature as it is modelled and transformed in relation to the management of environmental risks and of climate change. Dutch landscape is conformed through an urban design and various strategies that desire not only to face the main risks but, above all, to anticipate climate change by integrating them into the future strategic vision. In the city of Rotterdam there is a strong interest in realizing some action selected by the Municipal Program on Sustainability and Climate Change; this interest is stimulated across social and economic stakeholders that are deeply involved in the opportunities offered by the climate strategies' implementation. Dutch people are agree that the climate change problems must be dealt with consciously and with the full participation of the population; Rotterdam is becoming resilient not just by fortifying its defences to a changing climate and rising seas, but also by building a more cohesive and inclusive society. Resilience thinking is being incorporated in the policymaking and initiatives across all domains of city government, including across social, physical and economical programs. The Climate Collaborative is an approach developed in the city of Rotterdam with the aim to reverse climate change, both on their own and by working together; it is an approach developed in some climate strategies and in various school program that stimulate the Rotterdammer since an early age. The Dutch education system aims to raise children's awareness so that they can refine their behavior with growth and be examples of best practices and smart communities.

In 1989, the artist Jan Vercruysse (1948–2018) stated that he was "the last Flemish Primitive". This comment, despite being only a fragment of a lengthy interview with Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev, became a trope in subsequent writings on Vercruysse. I argue that the statement was part of a deliberate strategy by Vercruysse in shaping his identity as a (Belgian) artist. First, I focus on Vercruysse's Portraits of the Artist (1979–1984), a series of photographic works in which he uses the genre of the self-portrait—thereby implicitly referring to the Flemish Primitives—as a means to express the constructedness of artistic identity. Second, I explore Vercruysse's construction of his identity and his relationship vis-à-vis the notion of Belgian art. Finally, the statement uttered in 1989 will be contextualized within the changing political and cultural context of Belgium and Flanders in the 1980s. I demonstrate how the statement can be read as invoking a radically different conception of Belgian art during this period.

The European Union has conducted since 1988 an annual bottom trawl survey in Flemish Cap (NAFO Division 3M) in the 200-720 m depth range. The information on roughhead grenadier population structure recorded during the last 14 EU surveys (1991-2004) in Flemish Cap is presented. Depth distribution of captures, length/age distribution of captures, growth rates, sex-ratios, catch curves, and total biomass estimated by the swept area method are presented. Age and length composition of the catches showed clear differences between the two sexes. The importance of males in the capture declines in larger fish, disappearing from the capture in largest length classes. Results show that roughhead grenadier has a prolonged life cycle and multiaged population structure with differences in growth and mortality between males and females.

Purpose – With political tensions surrounding migrants in post-9/11 Western societies, scholarship on second-generation immigrants has surged. This study explores the narratives of second-generation Iranian-Dutch women, a previously unstudied group, in relation to their positionality regarding identity and belonging. Methodology/Approach – By combining focus group discussions with in-depth individual interviews, we explored the narratives of 13 second-generation Iranian-Dutch women. Our focus was on their senses of belonging, cultural identities and lived experiences as they navigated between Dutch society and their parents' complicated heritage, against the backdrop of the post-9/11 world. Findings – Although these women are perfectly 'integrated', they are still frequently approached and labelled as 'foreigners' in society, which negatively impacts their sense of belonging in Dutch society. However, our participants navigated contradicting parental and societal expectations, finding new ways to belong and fashioning cultural identities in multiplicity. Originality/Value of the Paper – To our knowledge, the specific experiences of second-generation Iranian-Dutch migrants have received no scholarly attention. Our findings further the understanding on relevant second-generation themes such as the immigrant bargain, solidarity between different ethnic minority groups, and new ways of belonging.

Contrary to Durkheim's idea about suicide during wartime, the Netherlands had high suicide rates in 1940 and 1945. To explain these findings, we propose the social integration theory, according to which, people who expect to be excluded from society are more likely to commit suicide. We examine this idea using individual-level data on suicide in the Netherlands during the Second World War, assuming that Jews expected to be excluded by the occupying German forces, whereas political delinquents expected punishment after the war. In support of our theory, we found high suicide rates among Jews at the beginning of the war and high suicide rates among political delinquents when the Netherlands was liberated. These findings support the proposed theory and call for refinement of Durkheim's ideas.

In this article I describe how contemporary Swedish literature which thematizes cultural diversity is understood within a powerful discourse about the so-called multicultural society, centred on an opposition between a culturally homogenous past and a culturally diverse present, and emphasizing the phenomena ethnicity and identity. I also try to suggest an alternative way of relating literature to a society characterized by diversity. This suggestion is based on Walter Benn Michaels' and Nancy Fraser's analyses of the epoch of "posthistoricism" and "the postsocialist condition" respectively, and my argument is that the study of the relationship between literature and diversity should be undertaken from a transformative/deconstructive perspective.

This study aims to have a comparative look at the two countries, Belgium - Flemish Community and Turkey with regard to teacher training systems and qualitatively investigate the differences between these countries. The comparison themes for which these comparative analyses were based on were derived following a determination of the most prominent aspects of teacher education terminology. These themes include such education and teacher education related concepts as a) teacher education curriculum components, b) teacher employment, c) teacher career steps, d) in-service training, e) status of teachers and f) teacher evaluation. Comparative results were presented by means of the data gathered with regard to the above themes. The analyses indicated several differences between the teacher training systems of the two countries especially in relation to evaluation and accreditation of the teacher training programs, continuing professional development options, teacher evaluation methods and functioning of the teacher unions. Thus, in the light of the results of this study, several recommendations were put forth about the potential problem areas in our local context, that is, Turkey and what could be done to overcome those in the field of education as a candidate state of the European Union.

This article focuses on the influence of the (educational) policy of the Third Republic and the specific conceptions of citizenship that were implied in the reshaping of primary education. Particular attention will be drawn to the way children, as future citizens, were being addressed and 'moulded' through the then popular education practices, against the background of a severe assimilationist language policy and a fierce battle against religious institutions. One of its consequences certainly concerns the non-recognition, educationally as well as politically, of the problem of 'immigrants'. The expansive definition of French citizenship vis-à-vis immigrants, with strong roots in the jus soli approach, implied that no special educational measures were taken to 'adapt' the Flemish, non-native speakers to their new situation, while at the same time a number of pragmatic motives on the part of the (children of) migrants themselves strengthened their integration and assimilation.

ABSTRACT Populism studies tend to understand populism as a purely political phenomenon (MUDDE; KALTWASSER, 2017; MÜLLER, 2016). To categorize someone as a populist or not, is in many cases solely based on an evaluation of discourse, style or even ideology. It is much rarer to see approaches to populism that focus on the relation between politics and media and digital media in particular (welcome exceptions are CESARINO 2019 e SILVA, 2019). Throughout this contribution, I will argue that we cannot understand populism in full without focusing in detail on how populists and others actually construct the populist voice, how they communicate themselves on different platforms as the 'true representatives of the people'. This inevitably means taking the changing media landscape into account as a key-context that shapes contemporary populism. The hybrid media system, its media logics, affordances and its culture of connectivity need to be considered when trying to make sense of populism and politics in general in the 21st century.

This article reconstructs a crucial episode in the relationship between the English crown, its subjects and the kingdom's immigrant population. It links the murder of about forty Flemings in London during the Peasants' Revolt in June 1381 to the capital's native cloth workers' dissatisfaction with the government's economic immigration policy. We argue that, in the course of the fourteenth century, the crown developed a new policy aimed at attracting skilled workers from abroad. Convinced that their activities benefited the common profit of the realm, the crown remained deaf to the concerns of London's native weavers, who claimed that the work of exiled Flemish cloth workers in the city encroached on their privileges. Confronted for more than twenty-five years with political obstruction, the native weavers increasingly resorted to physical aggression against their Flemish counterparts, which came to a dramatic conclusion in 1381. The dissatisfaction of London's cloth workers and the massacre of the Flemings thus had much in common with the frustrations over the royal government's policy that had been fermenting for decades among many other groups in society: all came to the surface during the Peasants' Revolt.

When it comes to political-administrative relations, New Public Management has aimed for a stronger diff erentiation between political and administrative matters and for an empowerment of the administration towards the political level. Th is article investigates the perceived degree of administrative discretion at the municipal level in the Flemish region of Belgium. We use data from a survey with Flemish municipal CEOs from 2019. Th e results suggest that the degree of administrative discretion in Flemish municipalities is relatively high during policy preparation. Nevertheless, during other phases of the policy cycle most municipal CEOs perceive a certain political impact on the functioning of their administration, which reaches further than steering on the main policy lines. Second, a majority identifi es a lack of mutual trust between the executive board and the administrators. Furthermore, administrative discretion increases with the size of the municipality and the assessed capacity of the administration. Also in municipalities where the key actors of political-administrative relationships remained unchanged for a longer period, the administration has more leeway to act. Lastly, the results nuance the impact of the municipal fi nancial situation and the composition of the majority on the degree of administrative discretion

Over the past years, the admissibility of the Islamic headscarf in governmental organizations has received much attention in the field of religious studies. Many studies have focused on the argumentation used in the present discussions on this topic. However, the question of why the Islamic headscarf causes controversies in the first place is rarely addressed. This article is an attempt at filling up this gap by analyzing the headscarf controversy in the Dutch police force. The author argues that there are two dynamics underlying this controversy: on the one hand the Dutch liberal democratic order is viewed through the Protestant lens, while on the other the Islamic headscarf is an exceptionally visible and meaningful type of religious clothing. By drawing on the previous work by Wasif Shadid and Sjoerd van Koningsveld, the author argues that the Islamic headscarf causes controversy precisely because of the exceptional visibility of this type of clothing, while the headscarf also contains clear information about religion. This dynamic takes place in a society that understands itself through the Protestant lens, which makes the combination of the Islamic headscarf and the Dutch police uniform a difficult issue. Ultimately, this case shows how the upholding of state neutrality is inherently problematic, as the neutral image of the police is created at the cost of headscarf-wearing Muslimahs.

Two proposals are currently pending before the Dutch Parliament that purport to enhance its role in managing the relationship between domestic law and international agreements. Both were introduced as private-member bills by MP Taverne, a member of the liberal party (VVD) that is in coalition government with Labour (PvdA).

In so far as literature is defined negatively, by what it is not, censorship has had a determining role in its historical constitution. Contemporary scholarship emphaizes the dynamic interplay between literary expression and forms of cultural regulation, recognizing censorship's paradoxically productive capacity to generate as well as suppress meaning. At the same time, accounting for censorship's role in the history of the world's literature means coming to grips with the often brutal repression, prohibition and persecution of writing, writers, performance and cultural producers by sovereign power underwritten by violence. Tracing the genealogies of literary censorship, from its formulations in ancient Rome, through medieval religious persecution, sedition and heresy charges, theatre controls, early modern print and copyright licensing, to the seeming breakthroughs of the Enlightenment, details the interdependence of modernity and cultural regulation. At stake in this history are defining relations between culture and society, knowledge and power, not least in the manner in which literature traverses the boundary between public and private, and censorship polices that divide. The art for art's sake defense, which separates the literary from what is offensive – from obscenity, pornography, libel, blasphemy and sedition but also from politics, intimacy and the real – stumbles and fails in the face of culture's variant aims and readers' differing pleasures. And the state's use of the law to enforce its role as a custos morum has placed not only art in opposition to the law, as Gustave Flaubert saw, but culture in opposition to morality, when the state becomes the modern arbiter of culture's social and political roles. The available frames for understanding censorship, from liberal, materialist, psychoanalytic, linguistic and poststructuralist positions, face challenges from diversifying and yet synthesizing situations for literature in a global world.