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"E-Participation" published on by Oxford University Press.

Information and communications technology (ICT) not only improves public service delivery but also enables governments to better engage citizens, called "e-participation." Although efforts have been taken to promote citizen participation online, e-participation utilization remains at a low level. To better understand this phenomenon, scholars have explored the factors affecting citizens' e-participation usage, such as sociodemographic characteristics, Internet usage, political perceptions, off-line political activities, and so forth. However, the role of e-participation applications' functionality has been overlooked. Using data from the 2012 European Union (EU) eGovernment survey, this study found that functionality is positively associated with citizens' e-participation usage and high-level functionality motivates citizens to use e-participation more.

Part 2: Review and Analysis ; International audience ; Citizen engagement in political discourse and in democratic decision-making via innovative online means (coined e-participation) has become subject of considerable research over the past decade. However, mass engagement of citizens in online consultation and decision-making contexts remains an unsatisfied expectation. In this paper, we investigate trust as a particular aspect that might influence whether a citizen will participate. Trust is perceived as a complex construct, which is subject of research in distinct research disciplines. To identify and implement measures for increasing trust as well as for minimising distrust in e-participation endeavours, relevant trust relationships have to be analysed to understand implications of using or not using e-participation offers. In this paper, the status of current research of trust in citizen participation supported by electronic means is investigated. The literature review unveils that various implications of trust in the context of e-participation are still not researched well. Existing studies investigate particular aspects of trust. Yet, no conceptualisation of a trust model is available that explains the full scope of trust in e participation contexts. Hence this paper puts forward such a trust model for e participation, which builds on the Integrative Model of Trust in Organisational Settings by Mayer, Davis and Schoorman (1995) and the Interdisciplinary Model of Trust Constructs by McKnight and Chervany (2001).

At the time of the covid-19 pandemic, most global health organizations had to adapt their work methods and processes to online collaborative tools such as Zoom, Google Meet or Webex Cisco. However, these new collaborative tools are mainly dedicated to staff. What about the participation of other stakeholders in the decision-making processes of these organizations? Based on a methodology that was initially developed to analyze the participation features of local governments' websites, this paper conducts a comparative analysis of the websites of 10 international health organizations. Some results are similar to e-participation in a local context: organizations use their website primarily to provide access to information rather than to engage with their stakeholders. This study also highlights the diversity of e-participation features and levels that GHG organizations offer to their audiences. Further research with a larger sample of organizations is needed to confirm these results. Au moment de la pandémie de la covid-19, la plupart des organisations internationales de la santé ont dû adapter leurs méthodes et processus de travail à des outils de collaboration en ligne tels que Zoom, Google Meet ou Webex Cisco. Cependant, ces nouveaux outils collaboratifs sont principalement dédiés au personnel. Qu'en est-il de la participation d'autres parties prenantes aux processus décisionnels de ces organisations ? Sur la base d'une méthodologie initialement développée pour analyser les caractéristiques de participation des sites internet des gouvernements locaux, cet article effectue une analyse comparative des sites internet de 10 organisations internationales de la santé. Cet article montre que les organisations de cet échantillon utilisent leur site internet principalement pour donner accès à des informations davantage que pour dialoguer avec différents publics. Cette étude met également en évidence la diversité des caractéristiques et des niveaux de participation en ligne que les organisations de la santé offrent à leurs parties prenantes. Des recherches plus approfondies et avec un échantillon plus large d'organisations sont nécessaires pour confirmer ces résultats.

This paper considers how e-participation can strengthen confidence in democratic institutions and playersin Lithuania, and concentrates on the overall development of electronic democracy and electronic participation(e-participation) tools used by the Lithuanian members of Parliament (MPs) and political parties. Firstly, a briefoverview of the previous studies about e-participation initiatives of the politicians' worldwide is provided. Secondly,follows the description of the methodology. Thirdly, the authors discuss democracy development trendsin the information society and then present main findings of the survey completed in August 2007 – January2009 on the websites of the Lithuanian MPs and political parties. Finally, the conclusions of Lithuanian casestudy and the recommendations to Lithuanian representative power are given.

Part 1: Research Directions ; International audience ; In this contribution, we investigate the use of mobile technology in e-participation contexts and we define grounds for mobile participation. Mobile participation (mPart) requires the support by tools comprising mobile digital client equipment, mobile access to the Internet, and service support of the related communication. This allows for new types of engagement of citizens in political decision-making at any time wherever citizens physically are. Different participation scenarios require different types of mPart tools. Information gathering, opinion polls, posts to political discussions in social media and in standard e-participation platforms, quick feedback forms, and group and event cooperation are some examples of participation scenarios, which we regard as mPart applications. In this paper, we examine different projects exploiting mobile technology for citizen participation – with a focus on e-participation – and we describe mPart applications and related tools that are developed and evaluated by the authors in a project. The mPart tools are embedded in a layered mPart architecture that allows a flexible integration of tools over an underlying secure communication infrastructure. The architecture serves as a reference architecture for integrating mPart tools.

Decision analytic methods are being increasingly used to help to articulate and structure debate and deliberations among citizens and stakeholders in societal decisions. Methods vary, but, essentially, a public authority or agency, when faced with a significant set of issues, may organise one or more workshops with stakeholders and citizens as participants. Such methods of public engagement and participation are, by and large, conducted face to face. However, the advent of the World Wide Web brings the possibility of conducting citizen and stakeholder interactions in a distributed, possibly asynchronous fashion. In this paper we discuss the challenges that have to be addressed and overcome if such e-participation is to be a valid tool within a modern democracy. The difficulties are many and varied, but the pressures towards e-government, and better regulation in general, mean that such methods will be used in the near future. Thus, we outline a program of research and debate in which we believe that the professional decision analysis community should engage.

Part 2: Critical Reflections ; International audience ; This paper sets out to critically examine the mobilizing potential of e-participation. The extent to which citizens beyond the usual suspects are engaged is studied by way of survey data from two novel e-participation case studies: one Swedish, one Finnish. Besides from the traditional socio-demographic variables, the analyses highlights cultural attitudes and ask: Do e-participation processes succeed in mobilizing citizens dissatisfied with the way democracy works? Can e-participation bring critical citizens back in? Certainly, the empirical analysis indicates critical citizens are clearly overrepresented in these two cases.