Suchergebnisse

he chapter gives an overview of the development of early modern Russian law. During this period, Russian law was undergoing a definite modernization which intensified in the seventeenth and, particularly, in the eighteenth century. The law became more rational, predictable and efficient. Russia actively engaged in codification and systematization of law, and that led to the more regular application of procedure and better lawyering. Russian law quickly adapted to the social, economic and political challenges, as it was under constant revision. Legal rules became more uniform and unvarying in their application. The Russian legal system grew to be hierarchical and bureaucratic, staffed by professionals via either practice or education. Due to these changes, the legal reforms of the nineteenth century allowed the Russian Empire to become a Rechtsstaat, although it was widely criticized and often even denied by contemporaries and scholars. ; Peer reviewed

1. Early modern English merchant colonies : contexts and functions / Jan Willem Veluwenkamp and Joost Veenstra -- 2. German and Italian merchant colonies in early modern England / Beverly A. Dougherty -- 3. Dynamism and integration of the north European merchant communities in French ports in the eighteenth century / Pierrick Pourchasse -- 4. Opportunity and legislation : how the Armenians entered trade in three Mediterranean ports / Ina Baghdiantz McCabe -- 8. Russian merchant colonies in seventeenth-century Sweden / Jarmo Kotilaine -- 6. Foreign merchant communities in eighteenth-century Russia / Victor N. Zakharov -- 7. Greek merchant colonies in central and south-eastern Europe in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries / Olga Katsiardi-Hering -- 8. Community for commerce : an introduction to the Nezhin Greek Brotherhood focusing on its establishment as a formal institution in the years between 1692 and 1710 / Iannis Carras -- 9. Entrepreneurship at the Russian frontier of international trade. The Greek merchant community/Paroikia of Taganrog in the Sea of Azov, 1780s-1830s / Evrydiki Sifneos and Gelina Harlaftis.

The overarching goal of the book is to examine the relations between Lutheran majority traditions and the development of secular law in the Nordic region in the early modern period, from the 16th to the 18th century. The early modern Nordic region included the kingdoms of Denmark/Norway and Sweden – with the Finnish diocese Åbo as part of the Swedish realm. Both kingdoms were consolidated as Lutheran countries after the reformation. While this change occurred in a determined and radical way in Denmark, in Sweden the transformation was more hesitant. Due to its mixed Protestant (Lutheran/Calvinist) and Roman-Catholic heritage, case studies dealing with Germany offer interesting comparative perspectives. Integral to the project is the awareness of tensions between different religious, legal and philosophical traditions in the interface between majority/minority/equality positions, including Protestant minority movements and the Eastern-Orthodox church. The authors are experts in church history and legal history from Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Norway

The relationship between travel and translation might seem obvious at first, but to study it in earnest is to discover that it is at once intriguing and elusive. Of course, travelers translate in order to make sense of their new surroundings; sometimes they must translate in order to put food on the table. The relationship between these two human compulsions, however, goes much deeper than this. What gets translated, it seems, is not merely the written or the spoken word, but the very identity of the traveler. These seventeen essays-which treat not only such well-known figures as Martin Luther, Erasmus, Shakespeare, and Milton, but also such lesser known figures as Konrad Grünemberg, Leo Africanus, and Garcilaso de la Vega-constitute the first survey of how this relationship manifests itself in the early modern period. As such, it should be of interest both to scholars who are studying theories of translation and to those who are studying "hodoeporics", or travel and the literature of travel

Migration is a fundamental feature of human experience. This extraordinary collection of essays focuses on a particularly intriguing sequence of migrations: those of Scots during the period 1600-1800. The book first considers the "near-abroad" (Ireland), the "middle-abroad" (Poland and Lithuania), and the "far-abroad" (the Americas), and then details a number of acutely revealing case histories of Scottish communities in Bergen (Norway), Rotterdam and the Maas (the Netherlands), Gothenburg (Sweden), Kèdainiai (Lithuania), and Hamburg (Germany). Then, concentrating on the Netherlands, the focus shifts to specific cultural/occupational milieux: exiles (usually for religious reasons), students, and soldiers or sailors. In conclusion, three leading scholars-Lex Heerma van Voss, Sølvi Søgner, and Thomas O'Connor-offer wider contextual perspectives that compare the Scottish experience with that of other countries. As Professor T.C. Smout says in his Foreword, "The present volume is a breakthrough, surely the biggest advance in the field for a hundred years." Contributors include: Douglas Catterall, David Dobson, Patrick Fitzgerald, Ginny Gardner, Alexia Grosjean, Lex Heerma van Voss, Waldemar Kowalski, Andrew Little, Esther Mijers, Steve Murdoch, Thomas O'Connor, Nina Østby Pedersen, T.C. Smout, Sølvi Sogner, Kathrin Zickermann, and Rimantas Žirgulis

"In premodern Europe, the gender identity of those waiting for Doomsday in their tombs could be reaffirmed, readjusted, or even neutralized. Testimonies of this renegotiation of gender at the encounter with death is detectable in wills, letters envisioning oneself as dead, literary narratives, provisions for burial and memorialization, the laws for the disposal of those executed for heinous crimes and the treatment of human remains as relics"--