Suchergebnisse

Two modern cases of genocide and extermination began in Southeast Asia in the same year. Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge regime ruled Cambodia from 1975 to 1979, and Indonesian forces occupied East Timor from 1975 to 1999. This book examines the horrific consequences of Cambodian communist revolution and Indonesian anti-communist counterinsurgency. It also chronicles the two cases of indigenous resistance to genocide and extermination, the international cover-ups that obstructed documentation of these crimes, and efforts to hold the perpetrators legally accountable. The perpetrator regimes inflicted casualties in similar proportions. Each caused the deaths of about one-fifth of the population of the nation. Cambodia's mortality was approximately 1.7 million, and approximately 170,000 perished in East Timor. In both cases, most of the deaths occurred in the five-year period from 1975 to 1980. In addition, Cambodia and East Timor not only shared the experience of genocide but also of civil war, international intervention, and UN conflict resolution. U.S. policymakers supported the invading Indonesians in Timor, as well as the indigenous Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. Both regimes exterminated ethnic minorities, including local Chinese, as well as political dissidents. Yet the ideological fuel that ignited each conflagration was quite different. Jakarta pursued anti-communism; the Khmer Rouge were communists. In East Timor the major Indonesian goal was conquest. In Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge's goal was revolution. Maoist ideology influenced Pol Pot's regime, but it also influenced the East Timorese resistance to the Indonesia's occupiers. "Genocide and Resistance in Southeast Asia" is significant both for its historical documentation and for its contribution to the study of the politics and mechanisms of genocide. It is a fundamental contribution that will be read by historians, human rights activists, and genocide studies specialists. -- From publisher description

Human security was a dominant theme of Canadian foreign policy during the tenure of Foreign Affairs Minister Lloyd Axworthy, who made it a focal point of Canada's term on the UN Security Council (1999 - 2000). The equality of individuals that is implicit in human security requires that its benefits, not least of which is the right to life free from violence, be extended to all, a doctrine which was expounded by many Western leaders as a new guiding principle in the wake of the NATO intervention in Kosovo. This principle was tested only months later when a UN-administered referendum in East Timor resulted in the overwhelming ratification of independence by voters, followed by a wave of violence perpetrated by anti-independence groups with the support of the Indonesian military. The international community demanded that the Indonesian government re-establish order or allow a multinational force to do so, but stopped short of initiating a unilateral intervention on the Kosovo model. Key players such as the United States and Australia had substantial security and economic interests in Indonesia, as did Canada, which followed its allies in waiting until the multinational force was invited into East Timor only after the island's infrastructure had been largely destroyed and a large proportion of its population displaced. When the intervention was authorized, Canadian troops were delayed from entering the theatre by faulty equipment and operational preparations. Although it has been put forward as a key component of Canadian foreign policy, there are clear limits to the role of human security in guiding Canadian decision-makers in practice.

The article aims at expanding political ecology research towards the role and constitution of states by demonstrating how local stateness is negotiated within conflicts over natural resources. It draws on a qualitative field study on the conflict over coal mining in East Kalimantan's capital Samarinda, Indonesia, where certain characteristics of states, such as the monopoly of violence and the rule of law, are being affirmed, altered, or undermined through practices of state and non-state actors alike. These practices do not only challenge state representations, but also reveal the symbolic importance of ideas about the state. The theoretical framework is developed on the basis of Joel S. Migdal's state in society approach together with a later work of Pierre Bourdieu and Philip Abrams' thoughts about the nature of states. (ASEAS/GIGA)

The prospect of peace and security in East Asia has been an issue under serious debate and discussion. As a region experiencing fast economic growth and expansion in recent years, East Asia is considered by some analysts as an area 'ripe for rivalry' in the post-Cold War era. The paper explores the determinants of military expenditure in eight East Asian countries (China, Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand) from 1983 to 1993. (DÜI-Sen)

Victorious ending of the World War 2 on May, 9, 1945, stroke a crushing blow on the military axis Berlin - Rome - Tokyo. The USSR played a decisive role both on European and Asian fronts. Fulfilling its allied duty the Soviet Union entered the war in the Far East on 9 August, 1945 and defeated the Japanese army in Manchuria. This act became a great contribution to liberation of Asian peoples from the Japanese occupation. On the 17 August 1945 the Republic of Indonesia declared its independence. The recognition on the side of international community as well as diplomatic support became\e vital for the survival of the newly emerged Republic.The Soviet victory together with the allied nations in the Second World War, the new status of the USSR as a superpower, its constant anticolonial stance stimulated former colonies to appeal to the Soviet Union for backing and support. One of the first was the Republic of Indonesia, to which the USSR rendered all kind of help and encourages. The present article which is a result of the study of newly available documents from several recently opened Soviet archives shows the Soviet backing of Indonesia in the UN, its diplomatic recognition, in strengthening of Indonesian status as a sovereign state on the international arena as a whole.

This article offers an overview of recent developments among East Asia's emerging market economies (EMs), including China. It shows that most East Asian countries have made considerable progress in making their financial systems more resilient, having prudent macroeconomic policies, and having accumulated large amounts of foreign exchange reserves. But it argues that although risks have been reduced, they have not been totally eliminated. Among the potential sources of vulnerability common to nearly all countries analysed are their high dependence on exports as a driver for growth, which makes them vulnerable to trade shocks; and asset inflation - for example via real estate market bubble - in the latter case already in the making in China and Korea; also, progress has been somewhat uneven across countries, with Indonesia and the Philippines lagging behind other countries in reducing financial vulnerability. (IDS Bull/GIGA)

In the conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic, it had a very large impact not only on the health aspect, but also on the labor and economic aspects. The industrial world has been affected so much that the industrial world has stopped its production activities so that there has been a reduction in the workforce in production by being dismissed and even disconnected from their work. This condition is what makes the government take action, especially in terms of employment in fulfilling the obligation to pay BPJSK output through a relaxation or softness policy in paying contributions. Another policy is the claim service for BPJSK participants if there is a risk that results in the realization of the claim.This research is to analyze with the policy of relaxation of payment of dues and claim services associated with their influence on participant compliance in paying BPJSK dues. The population / research sample was the participants of the BPJSK Gresik Driyorejo Branch, using a questionnaire to obtain data on the perception of relaxation policies, service quality and compliance with payment of dues.Based on the results of data analysis, it shows that: first, the premium payment policy has a significant effect on dues pay compliance, second, the service quality of claims has a significant effect on awareness of premium payments, and third, the policy of relaxation of contributions and the quality of service claims has a significant effect on the premium. payment of dues for BPJSK members at the Gresik Driyorejo Branch.

Out of a total of 38 million people living with HIV/AIDS globally today, the Asia-Pacific is home to about 7.4 million - a figure which constitutes a sharp rise to previous years. In absolute numbers, infections in Asia are projected to exceed African figures within a decade. This has largely to do with economic changes towards market-based capitalism, widening socioeconomic disparities and increased levels of mobility (internal and cross-border), as for instance in China and Indonesia. Overall, the epidemic in Asia has been described as more complex than in Africa involving a multiplicity of transmission modes. The case studies presented in the contributions to this special issue discuss the connections between issues of mobility, gender, (trans)nationalism and sexuality in understanding the HIV/AIDS challenge in the region. The various ways in meeting the challenges of HIV/AIDS in Southeast and East Asia areanalysed, whereby non-governmental and community-based responses often emerge as more effective than state interventions.

Out of a total of 38 million people living with HIV/AIDS globally today, the Asia-Pacific is home to about 7.4 million - a figure which constitutes a sharp rise to previous years. In absolute numbers, infections in Asia are projected to exceed African figures within a decade. This has largely to do with economic changes towards market-based capitalism, widening socioeconomic disparities and increased levels of mobility (internal and cross-border), as for instance in China and Indonesia. Overall, the epidemic in Asia has been described as more complex than in Africa involving a multiplicity of transmission modes. The case studies presented in the contributions to this special issue discuss the connections between issues of mobility, gender, (trans)nationalism and sexuality in understanding the HIV/AIDS challenge in the region. The various ways in meeting the challenges of HIV/AIDS in Southeast and East Asia areanalysed, whereby non-governmental and community-based responses often emerge as more effective than state interventions.

This article approaches the issue of militias as barely regulated actors in the provision of security, and the challenge of containing them in the context of security sector reform in Indonesia. Since independence, militias played a pivotal role in representing the central state in areas of limited statehood and hence in the Indonesian state-building process. In cooperation with the military and police, militias were deployed to maintain the political status quo. Even after Suharto's resignation and the onset of political reforms as part of reformasi, militias continued to act as an unregulated instrument to assert not only state control but to serve particular interests as well. (S+F/Pll)

The project aims to achieve long-term sustainable forest management integrating social and silvicultural aspects through the achievement of the following objectives: (1) the assessment of the effect of Reduced Impact Logging on biodiversity, conservation, ecology and socio economics and (2) the assessment of rural development trends and future policy options including the effects of macro level development activities on people dependent on the forest. The research and development activities will be used to improve forest management systems and achieve sustainability. This project is therefore an important contribution to the achievement of the ITTO Year 2000 objective to bring the forest estate under sustainable forest management. The project is projected to be implemented for a 3-year period, which is regarded as a first phase. CIFOR and the government of Indonesia expect to maintain research and development activities at the site for a much longer period (10-20 years).

This conference of representatives of the Governments of Afghanistan, Australia, Burma, Ceylon, Etypt 'sic], Ethiopia, India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Yemen, affirming their support of the purposes and principles of the United Nations and the- obligation of all member states to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council in accordance with the Charter;HAVING CONSIDERED the situation in Indonesia in the light of all available data and, in particular, the reports submitted by the Good Offices Committee of the Security Council;BEING OF the opinion that the Dutch Military action launched on the 18th December 1948, constitutes a flagrant breach of the Charter of United Nations and defiance of the efforts of the Security Council and its Good Offices Committee to bring about a peaceful settlement;NOTING that the Netherlands authorities have failed to give full effect to the resolutions of the Security Council adopted after that date;FINDING that this action is directed against the very existence of the Republican Government which the Security Council and several member Governments of the United Nations, including the Netherlands Government itself, have recognized;CONSCIOUS of the danger to the peace of South East Asia and of the world through the continuance of hostilities in Indonesia;RECOGNIZING that the people of Indonesia are entitled, according to the principles of the Charter, to independence and the exercise of full sovereign rights;