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In our modern world electoral sociology, which is under constant scrutiny by the general public, as well as members of the media, in many ways shapes the image of sociology as a scientific discipline. Today sociology is often represented by media reports about the results of public opinion polls on the subject of politics and electoral affairs. Meanwhile a certain other trend is apparent: the high expectations imposed on electoral studies, as well as on their verifiability and efficiency, encourage the further development of sociological research and sociology in general. Scientific studies on electoral processes are defined by the convergence of various schools and paradigms of research, which implies an overlapping of different approaches and methods. This article presents the stages of electoral sociology's development, from "straw polls" to contemporary theories of electoral behavior (the straw poll stage, electoral sociology in the 1930's and 1940's, ecological analysis in electoral sociology, the behavioral approach, the sociological theory on electoral behavior, the socio-psychological theory of electoral behavior, the theory of instrumental rationality), which in modern electoral sociology are known as "post-Gallup" theories. The author reveals the main characteristics of each stage of modern electoral sociology's development, while highlighting its achievements and value, and giving a comprehensive analysis of modern theories of electoral behavior, with regards to issues located on the line between political sociology and sociology of law. Among these issues special consideration is given to elections as a political phenomenon, the political culture and political attitudes of the electorate, features of voting systems, political mechanisms and electoral technologies.

Abstract Contemporary market-based (i.e. neoliberal) 'green economy' approaches to environmental degradation emphasise exchanges whereby quantified units of environmental harm are traded or 'offset' for compensating units of environmental health. Also encouraged is a view that economic growth can be 'greened' through 'decoupling' economic value from material ecological realities. Such approaches tend to frame biophysical natures in terms of aggregates, such as an 'aggregate natural capital rule' and 'net zero carbon.' Naturesbeyond-the-human are thereby understood and enacted as calculable, exchangeable, substitutable and commensurable between different spatial and temporal sites, making up an 'aggregate' or 'net' value overall. This article uses a comparative cross-cultural engagement to problematize ontological assumptions regarding the nature of nature underscoring the rationality of these aggregating and offsetting 'solutions.' Drawing on literatures from environmental anthropology and environmental ethics, combined with ethnographic material from long-term field research in north-west Namibia, the article considers elements of alternative cultural ontologies and the ways these may give rise to a different array of practices with value for conceiving and generating 'sustainability.' It adheres to a critical political ecology perspective in understanding the ways that power structures the ontologies that become both privileged and occluded in neoliberal strategies for green economy governance. In doing so, the article argues that sensitivity to the ontological politics through which spaces and entities are defined and known and which thereby shape environmental conflicts, may be key to recognising with more depth the sometimes significantly different 'natures' being struggled over in such conflicts. Key words: ontology; green economy; offsetting; decoupling; sustainability; value; natures-beyond-thehuman; neoliberalism; political ecology

Abstract Contemporary market-based (i.e. neoliberal) 'green economy' approaches to environmental degradation emphasise exchanges whereby quantified units of environmental harm are traded or 'offset' for compensating units of environmental health. Also encouraged is a view that economic growth can be 'greened' through 'decoupling' economic value from material ecological realities. Such approaches tend to frame biophysical natures in terms of aggregates, such as an 'aggregate natural capital rule' and 'net zero carbon.' Naturesbeyond-the-human are thereby understood and enacted as calculable, exchangeable, substitutable and commensurable between different spatial and temporal sites, making up an 'aggregate' or 'net' value overall. This article uses a comparative cross-cultural engagement to problematize ontological assumptions regarding the nature of nature underscoring the rationality of these aggregating and offsetting 'solutions.' Drawing on literatures from environmental anthropology and environmental ethics, combined with ethnographic material from long-term field research in north-west Namibia, the article considers elements of alternative cultural ontologies and the ways these may give rise to a different array of practices with value for conceiving and generating 'sustainability.' It adheres to a critical political ecology perspective in understanding the ways that power structures the ontologies that become both privileged and occluded in neoliberal strategies for green economy governance. In doing so, the article argues that sensitivity to the ontological politics through which spaces and entities are defined and known and which thereby shape environmental conflicts, may be key to recognising with more depth the sometimes significantly different 'natures' being struggled over in such conflicts. Key words: ontology; green economy; offsetting; decoupling; sustainability; value; natures-beyond-thehuman; neoliberalism; political ecology

International audience ; The rationality of economic decisions is the main objective of economic science, which proposes to determine the laws and relationships between economic variables that are susceptible to logical or mathematical treatment. However, the project of making economic analysis partially independent of other social sciences is not satisfactory. Political conditions between states, the importance of international organizations in economics, security issues and power relations between allied or enemy states, public and private indebtedness, the importance of sovereign wealth funds, the rise of modern production technologies, ecological issues or global warming are finally too little integrated into the reflections of economic theorists, which contributes to the unpredictability of economists' forecasts in the short term. They remind us that economics is deeply political, especially in a situation of increasing economic globalization, with a main hypothesis of peace. ; La rationalité des décisions économiques est l'objectif principal de la science économique, laquelle se propose de déterminer les lois et des relations entre les variables économiques susceptibles d'un traitement logique ou mathématique. Cependant, le projet de rendre l'analyse économique partiellement indépendante des autres sciences sociales n'est pas satisfaisante. Les conditions politiques entre les Etats, l'importance des organisations internationales en économie, les questions de sécurité et les rapports de puissance entre les Etats alliés ou ennemis l'endettement public et privé, l'importance des fonds souverains, l'essor des technologies modernes de la production, les questions écologiques ou le réchauffement climatique sont finalement trop peu intégrées dans les réflexions des théoriciens de l'économie, ce qui contribue aux imprévisibles prévisions des économistes dans le court terme. Elles rappellent ainsi que l'économie est profondément politique, notamment dans une situation de globalisation économique croissante supposée ...

International audience ; The rationality of economic decisions is the main objective of economic science, which proposes to determine the laws and relationships between economic variables that are susceptible to logical or mathematical treatment. However, the project of making economic analysis partially independent of other social sciences is not satisfactory. Political conditions between states, the importance of international organizations in economics, security issues and power relations between allied or enemy states, public and private indebtedness, the importance of sovereign wealth funds, the rise of modern production technologies, ecological issues or global warming are finally too little integrated into the reflections of economic theorists, which contributes to the unpredictability of economists' forecasts in the short term. They remind us that economics is deeply political, especially in a situation of increasing economic globalization, with a main hypothesis of peace. ; La rationalité des décisions économiques est l'objectif principal de la science économique, laquelle se propose de déterminer les lois et des relations entre les variables économiques susceptibles d'un traitement logique ou mathématique. Cependant, le projet de rendre l'analyse économique partiellement indépendante des autres sciences sociales n'est pas satisfaisante. Les conditions politiques entre les Etats, l'importance des organisations internationales en économie, les questions de sécurité et les rapports de puissance entre les Etats alliés ou ennemis l'endettement public et privé, l'importance des fonds souverains, l'essor des technologies modernes de la production, les questions écologiques ou le réchauffement climatique sont finalement trop peu intégrées dans les réflexions des théoriciens de l'économie, ce qui contribue aux imprévisibles prévisions des économistes dans le court terme. Elles rappellent ainsi que l'économie est profondément politique, notamment dans une situation de globalisation économique croissante supposée ...

International audience ; The rationality of economic decisions is the main objective of economic science, which proposes to determine the laws and relationships between economic variables that are susceptible to logical or mathematical treatment. However, the project of making economic analysis partially independent of other social sciences is not satisfactory. Political conditions between states, the importance of international organizations in economics, security issues and power relations between allied or enemy states, public and private indebtedness, the importance of sovereign wealth funds, the rise of modern production technologies, ecological issues or global warming are finally too little integrated into the reflections of economic theorists, which contributes to the unpredictability of economists' forecasts in the short term. They remind us that economics is deeply political, especially in a situation of increasing economic globalization, with a main hypothesis of peace. ; La rationalité des décisions économiques est l'objectif principal de la science économique, laquelle se propose de déterminer les lois et des relations entre les variables économiques susceptibles d'un traitement logique ou mathématique. Cependant, le projet de rendre l'analyse économique partiellement indépendante des autres sciences sociales n'est pas satisfaisante. Les conditions politiques entre les Etats, l'importance des organisations internationales en économie, les questions de sécurité et les rapports de puissance entre les Etats alliés ou ennemis l'endettement public et privé, l'importance des fonds souverains, l'essor des technologies modernes de la production, les questions écologiques ou le réchauffement climatique sont finalement trop peu intégrées dans les réflexions des théoriciens de l'économie, ce qui contribue aux imprévisibles prévisions des économistes dans le court terme. Elles rappellent ainsi que l'économie est profondément politique, notamment dans une situation de globalisation économique croissante supposée ...

International audience ; This paper provides a critical analysis of the post-2015 global development agenda that the international community plans to adopt. This agenda, produced by a high-level panel of eminent persons, is based on two previous agendas-the MDGs and the SDGs. This merger is motivated by similarities in their goals, interdependence between some of their goals, and the need for improved global governance, especially with respect to global public goods. However both agendas are ill-defined and a gap exists between ends and means. The new unique agenda has numerous and varied goals which are potentially in conflict. Furthermore, the world has changed a lot since 2000 and this necessitates a change in the global development agenda. Globally there have been growing economic and social inequalities, considerable population growth and the rise of emerging economies. Subjects of increasing concern include climate change, and other environmental and sustainability issues. These need to be given greater attention in any new economic and/or political agenda than previously. It is argued that developed countries might face a dilemma between altruistic aid policies and tied aid to encourage transformation towards a green economy. Despite its shortcomings, it can be argued that the new agenda provides scope for political compromise and flexibility. This is rational if a wide view of rationality is adopted. JEL codes: O1; O19; Q5; Q56

International audience ; This paper provides a critical analysis of the post-2015 global development agenda that the international community plans to adopt. This agenda, produced by a high-level panel of eminent persons, is based on two previous agendas-the MDGs and the SDGs. This merger is motivated by similarities in their goals, interdependence between some of their goals, and the need for improved global governance, especially with respect to global public goods. However both agendas are ill-defined and a gap exists between ends and means. The new unique agenda has numerous and varied goals which are potentially in conflict. Furthermore, the world has changed a lot since 2000 and this necessitates a change in the global development agenda. Globally there have been growing economic and social inequalities, considerable population growth and the rise of emerging economies. Subjects of increasing concern include climate change, and other environmental and sustainability issues. These need to be given greater attention in any new economic and/or political agenda than previously. It is argued that developed countries might face a dilemma between altruistic aid policies and tied aid to encourage transformation towards a green economy. Despite its shortcomings, it can be argued that the new agenda provides scope for political compromise and flexibility. This is rational if a wide view of rationality is adopted. JEL codes: O1; O19; Q5; Q56

If we lived in a liquid world, the concept of a "machine" would make no sense. Liquid life is metaphor and apparatus that discusses the consequences of thinking, working, and living through liquids. It is an irreducible, paradoxical, parallel, planetary-scale material condition, unevenly distributed spatially, but temporally continuous. It is what remains when logical explanations can no longer account for the experiences that we recognize as part of "being alive."Liquid Life references a third-millennial understanding of matter that seeks to restore the agency of the liquid soul for an ecological era, which has been banished by reductionist, "brute" materialist discourses and mechanical models of life. Offering an alternative worldview of the living realm through a "new materialist" and "liquid" study of matter, Armstrong conjures forth examples of creatures that do not obey mechanistic concepts like predictability, efficiency, and rationality. With the advent of molecular science, an increasingly persuasive ontology of liquid technologies can be identified. Through the lens of lifelike dynamic droplets, the agency for these systems exists at the interfaces between different fields of matter/energy that respond to highly local effects, with no need for a central organizing system.Liquid Life seeks an alternative partnership between humanity and the natural world. It provokes a re-invention of the languages of the living realm to open up alternative spaces for exploration, including contributor Rolf Hughes' "angelology" of language, which explores the transformative invocations of prose poetry, and Simone Ferracina's graphical notations that help shape our concepts of metabolism, upcycling, and designing with fluids. A conceptual and practical toolset for thinking and designing, liquid life reunites us with the irreducible "soul substance" of living things, which will neither be simply "solved," nor go away

If we lived in a liquid world, the concept of a "machine" would make no sense. Liquid life is metaphor and apparatus that discusses the consequences of thinking, working, and living through liquids. It is an irreducible, paradoxical, parallel, planetary-scale material condition, unevenly distributed spatially, but temporally continuous. It is what remains when logical explanations can no longer account for the experiences that we recognize as part of "being alive."Liquid Life references a third-millennial understanding of matter that seeks to restore the agency of the liquid soul for an ecological era, which has been banished by reductionist, "brute" materialist discourses and mechanical models of life. Offering an alternative worldview of the living realm through a "new materialist" and "liquid" study of matter, Armstrong conjures forth examples of creatures that do not obey mechanistic concepts like predictability, efficiency, and rationality. With the advent of molecular science, an increasingly persuasive ontology of liquid technologies can be identified. Through the lens of lifelike dynamic droplets, the agency for these systems exists at the interfaces between different fields of matter/energy that respond to highly local effects, with no need for a central organizing system.Liquid Life seeks an alternative partnership between humanity and the natural world. It provokes a re-invention of the languages of the living realm to open up alternative spaces for exploration, including contributor Rolf Hughes' "angelology" of language, which explores the transformative invocations of prose poetry, and Simone Ferracina's graphical notations that help shape our concepts of metabolism, upcycling, and designing with fluids. A conceptual and practical toolset for thinking and designing, liquid life reunites us with the irreducible "soul substance" of living things, which will neither be simply "solved," nor go away.

This research deals with the processes of standardization performed through various sociotechnical agencements and also with the normalizations and regulations of both environmental discourses and practices within the 'sphere of producing' (Jonas). Focusing on many companies and the ways they integrate concerns about environment and sustainable development (via management systems, reporting, labelization, etc.), this dissertation describes finely the concerned actors' networks, and especially the mediations provided by a multitude of texts, written and conveyed by heterogeneous entities. Moreover, the resulting "architexture" is translated into the firm's environmental practices - which may circularly affect norms and standards. Our methodological approach consists in depicting ethnographically different types of environmental politics that are institutionalized by several companies and in describing three of them through very precise monographs. The core hypothesis of this research is thus to understand how the markets are designing the environment; but also, symmetrically, if and how this environment can contribute to a politization of the sphere of production particularly by questioning the instruments serving as a proof of the firm's commitment toward the environment. Emphasizing the hybrid forms taken by markets' environmental politics and the public policies, this study explains the development of compromises between economic rationality, market-sector behavior, techno-scientific innovation and political commitment towards environmental issues - locally and globally. It conducts me to underline the role of environmental indicators and benchmarks in making the environment quantifiable and measurable - and therefore incorporable in discourses and practices. So the co-production of markets and environment(s) finally appeared as a pragmatic of the "less evil", setting the basis for minimal compromises between ecology and economy as well as those for a potential ecological ethic within the sphere of producing. ...

This research deals with the processes of standardization performed through various sociotechnical agencements and also with the normalizations and regulations of both environmental discourses and practices within the 'sphere of producing' (Jonas). Focusing on many companies and the ways they integrate concerns about environment and sustainable development (via management systems, reporting, labelization, etc.), this dissertation describes finely the concerned actors' networks, and especially the mediations provided by a multitude of texts, written and conveyed by heterogeneous entities. Moreover, the resulting "architexture" is translated into the firm's environmental practices - which may circularly affect norms and standards. Our methodological approach consists in depicting ethnographically different types of environmental politics that are institutionalized by several companies and in describing three of them through very precise monographs. The core hypothesis of this research is thus to understand how the markets are designing the environment; but also, symmetrically, if and how this environment can contribute to a politization of the sphere of production particularly by questioning the instruments serving as a proof of the firm's commitment toward the environment. Emphasizing the hybrid forms taken by markets' environmental politics and the public policies, this study explains the development of compromises between economic rationality, market-sector behavior, techno-scientific innovation and political commitment towards environmental issues - locally and globally. It conducts me to underline the role of environmental indicators and benchmarks in making the environment quantifiable and measurable - and therefore incorporable in discourses and practices. So the co-production of markets and environment(s) finally appeared as a pragmatic of the "less evil", setting the basis for minimal compromises between ecology and economy as well as those for a potential ecological ethic within the sphere of producing. ...

This research deals with the processes of standardization performed through various sociotechnical agencements and also with the normalizations and regulations of both environmental discourses and practices within the 'sphere of producing' (Jonas). Focusing on many companies and the ways they integrate concerns about environment and sustainable development (via management systems, reporting, labelization, etc.), this dissertation describes finely the concerned actors' networks, and especially the mediations provided by a multitude of texts, written and conveyed by heterogeneous entities. Moreover, the resulting "architexture" is translated into the firm's environmental practices - which may circularly affect norms and standards. Our methodological approach consists in depicting ethnographically different types of environmental politics that are institutionalized by several companies and in describing three of them through very precise monographs. The core hypothesis of this research is thus to understand how the markets are designing the environment; but also, symmetrically, if and how this environment can contribute to a politization of the sphere of production particularly by questioning the instruments serving as a proof of the firm's commitment toward the environment. Emphasizing the hybrid forms taken by markets' environmental politics and the public policies, this study explains the development of compromises between economic rationality, market-sector behavior, techno-scientific innovation and political commitment towards environmental issues - locally and globally. It conducts me to underline the role of environmental indicators and benchmarks in making the environment quantifiable and measurable - and therefore incorporable in discourses and practices. So the co-production of markets and environment(s) finally appeared as a pragmatic of the "less evil", setting the basis for minimal compromises between ecology and economy as well as those for a potential ecological ethic within the sphere of producing. ...

Розглянуто концептуальні положення права загального природокористування та надано рекомендації щодо його модернізації з урахуванням розвитку системи еколого-правових відносин і реформаційних процесів у суспільстві та законодавстві, принципів сталого еколого-економічного розвитку держави й міжнародного досвіду екологоохоронної діяльності. Зроблено спробу дослідити вплив природно-правової доктрини на формування загальнотеоретичних положень права загального природокористування, визначити напрями вдосконалення державної екологічної політики й законодавства у даній сфері. ; Рассмотрены концептуальные положения права общего природопользования, даны рекомендации по его модернизации с учетом развития системы эколого-правовых отношений и реформационных процессов в обществе и законодательстве, принципов устойчивого эколого-экономического развития государства и международного опыта экологоохранительной деятельности. Предпринята попытка исследовать влияние естественно-правовой доктрины на формирование общетеоретических положений права общего природопользования, определить направления совершенствования государственной экологической политики и законодательства. ; The article considers the conceptual of the right of common nature use and provides recommendations for the modernization of this institution of environmental law, taking into account the development of the system of environmental and legal relations and the processes of reform in society and legislation, the principles of sustainable environmental and economic development of the state and international experience in environmental protection. An attempt has been made to investigate the influence of the natural-legal doctrine on the formation of general theoretical provisions of the right of common nature use, to determine the directions for improving state environmental policy and legislation in the outlined area.In modern conditions the right of common nature use has the following characteristics: it is based on the concept of natural-legal doctrine; is analyzed as an inter-industry legal category; is considered as a legal institution, that is at the stage of its formation; dynamism, which confirms that it as a phenomenon is formed under the influence of social, political, economic, environmental and other factors; it can be studied as a certain process (dynamics) and a certain state (statics), which significantly affects its characteristics in modern realities; rationality, ecological balance (contributes to the fact that it fulfills its main task – to meet public and private interests and ideology for sustainable development, but it is important that there should not be competition of private and public interests); its contents are certain environmental rights and duties, including natural ones; its implementation takes place on the basis of the laws of nature and its boundaries are due to a scientifically grounded complex impact on the environment (by the way, this is possible only through compliance with environmental requirements, regulations, imperatives, bans, etc.); is a kind of ecological legal relationship, which should become the object of independent scientific research; its existence and realization is impossible without protection, reproduction, conservation of natural resources, that is, they are interrelated legal phenomena; is based on the principles of the rule of law and legal certainty; its purpose recognizes not the use of the entire natural environment, but of natural resources, as its constituent components etc.

Розглянуто концептуальні положення права загального природокористування та надано рекомендації щодо його модернізації з урахуванням розвитку системи еколого-правових відносин і реформаційних процесів у суспільстві та законодавстві, принципів сталого еколого-економічного розвитку держави й міжнародного досвіду екологоохоронної діяльності. Зроблено спробу дослідити вплив природно-правової доктрини на формування загальнотеоретичних положень права загального природокористування, визначити напрями вдосконалення державної екологічної політики й законодавства у даній сфері. ; Рассмотрены концептуальные положения права общего природопользования, даны рекомендации по его модернизации с учетом развития системы эколого-правовых отношений и реформационных процессов в обществе и законодательстве, принципов устойчивого эколого-экономического развития государства и международного опыта экологоохранительной деятельности. Предпринята попытка исследовать влияние естественно-правовой доктрины на формирование общетеоретических положений права общего природопользования, определить направления совершенствования государственной экологической политики и законодательства. ; The article considers the conceptual of the right of common nature use and provides recommendations for the modernization of this institution of environmental law, taking into account the development of the system of environmental and legal relations and the processes of reform in society and legislation, the principles of sustainable environmental and economic development of the state and international experience in environmental protection. An attempt has been made to investigate the influence of the natural-legal doctrine on the formation of general theoretical provisions of the right of common nature use, to determine the directions for improving state environmental policy and legislation in the outlined area.In modern conditions the right of common nature use has the following characteristics: it is based on the concept of natural-legal doctrine; is analyzed as an inter-industry legal category; is considered as a legal institution, that is at the stage of its formation; dynamism, which confirms that it as a phenomenon is formed under the influence of social, political, economic, environmental and other factors; it can be studied as a certain process (dynamics) and a certain state (statics), which significantly affects its characteristics in modern realities; rationality, ecological balance (contributes to the fact that it fulfills its main task – to meet public and private interests and ideology for sustainable development, but it is important that there should not be competition of private and public interests); its contents are certain environmental rights and duties, including natural ones; its implementation takes place on the basis of the laws of nature and its boundaries are due to a scientifically grounded complex impact on the environment (by the way, this is possible only through compliance with environmental requirements, regulations, imperatives, bans, etc.); is a kind of ecological legal relationship, which should become the object of independent scientific research; its existence and realization is impossible without protection, reproduction, conservation of natural resources, that is, they are interrelated legal phenomena; is based on the principles of the rule of law and legal certainty; its purpose recognizes not the use of the entire natural environment, but of natural resources, as its constituent components etc.