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Adaptive management is an approach to managing social-ecological systems that fosters learning about the systems being managed and remains at the forefront of environmental management nearly 40 years after its original conception. Adaptive management persists because it allows action despite uncertainty, and uncertainty is reduced when learning occurs during the management process. Often termed "learning by doing", the allure of this management approach has entrenched the concept widely in agency direction and statutory mandates across the globe. This exceptional volume is a collection of essa

The management of water poses unique and changing challenges for public administrators. New understanding of environmental degradation and climate change demands environmental restoration and protection, water conservation and system sustainability. To achieve this, integrated and adaptive management policies are being enacted. In 2002 California created the Integrated Regional Water Management (IRWM) Program to drive the transition to integrated water management in the state. The Program has since supported billions of dollars being spent on integrated planning and project implementation. Designed to reveal that integrated planning and shared governance was more efficient over the long term, the IRWM Program is a transition management policy. As a professional participant in the IRWM Program and four of the regions in Greater Los Angeles between 2008-2015, I observed uneven responses to the Program's design and goals. This research explores the unevenness as being a result of the character and make-up of the collaborative groups, the role of spatial and social scales on adaptive management efforts, and how participants perceive nature and the city. Through participant observation, content analysis and anonymous semi-structured interviews this research uses four IRWM regions as case studies that took different approaches, driven by local context, to execute the same program.Though the regions are dissimilar in many ways, the transition from traditional water management to integrated management is comparable between the regions. The findings suggest that the structure and management scale of the new collaborative institution and the diversity of participating organizations are important characteristics that should be implemented with deliberation. So too, building trust between participants and providing shared learning of the social-ecological water system are critical to producing an integrated management effort. For the transition to integrated water management to succeed in California, the program must more strongly influence how regional collaborations form and empower themselves. Additionally, the program must both demand and provide resources to support the building of trust among participants while strengthening knowledge of the complexity of managing social-natural water. Recent strategic planning by the State suggests that these needs have been observed and will be implemented in future years.The case studies reveal a confluence point for several lines of theory, as well. The nature of institutional transitions in sustainability contexts benefits from consciously confronting social-natural scales, and perception of social-nature. So too, exploration of the role of politics in urban ecological systems is strengthened when aspects of administration and state capacity are included. In this blending, the uneven response to the IRWM Program in the case-study regions is accurately described.

The Intensive Programme of study on "Management of agroforestry systems: ecological, social and economic approaches" resulted from the recognition of the growing importance of agroforestry systems in the European context, in particular, silvopastoral systems in the south of Europe. The European roadmap towards low carbon economy within the 2050 horizon creates enormous challenges for the agriculture sector in terms of its modernization and reconversion for which agroforestry systems are essential technological and sustainable production solutions. At the global scale, challenges resulting from escalating demand for animal and forest products, effects of climate change, loss of natural capital and the search for sustainable development solutions strengthen the importance of agroforestry systems. Several international organizations, among which the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) and the European Union (EU), have been promoting the development and implementation of these systems. Also, within the context of the United Nations, several conventions – biological diversity, climate change, soil conservation – force deep changes to be made in production systems, to which agroforestry systems are indispensable references. The intensive learning programme on "Management of agroforestry systems: ecological, social and economic approaches" was funded by the European Comission through the ERASMUS program (2013-1-PT1-ERA10-16673- PBRAGANC01). The Intensive Programme took place in Bragança, Portugal, from March 30 to April 12, 2014, and was organized by the Instituto Politécnico de Bragança in collaboration with the Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Universidad da Extremadura, and Universidad de Oviedo, in Spain, and the Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro, in Italy. The objective of the programme was to share with first and second cycle students from Portugal, Spain and Italy knowledge about implementation and management of agroforestry systems, in particular silvopastoral systems, considering production, economic, environmental and socio-cultural aspects. The programme was an opportunity to discuss practical and theoretical issues iv related to agroforestry systems in different environmental backgrounds, particularly in Atlantic and Mediterrenean regions of the Iberian Peninsula. The programme made it also possible to the intervening institutions to establish cooperation partnerships within the scope of scientific research and knowledge transfer, with emphasis on the production of knowledge on silvopastoral systems materialized in this book. The content of this book corresponds to lectures taught in the programme by the researchers and professors subjected to a peer reviewing process; we would like therefore to acknowledge all authors, reviewers and institutions involved in the Intensive Programme and in this book by their collaboration and the ERASMUS Programme by the financial support provided that made it possible to organize this course on "Management of agroforestry systems: ecological, social and economic approaches". ; A realização do curso intitulado Management of agroforestry systems: ecological, social and economic approaches resultou do reconhecimento da importância crescente dos sistemas agroflorestais no contexto europeu e, particularmente, dos sistemas silvopastoris no do sul da Europa. O roteiro europeu para uma economia de baixo carbono no horizonte 2050 coloca ao sector agrícola enormes desafios de modernização e reconversão no qual os sistemas agroflorestais são incontornáveis enquanto soluções tecnológicas de produção sustentável. À escala global, os desafios resultantes das necessidades crescentes de alimentos de origem animal e de produtos florestais, os efeitos das alterações climáticas, a perda de capital natural e a procura de soluções de desenvolvimento sustentável reforçam a importância dos sistemas agroflorestais. Diversas organizações internacionais, entre as quais a Organização das Nações Unidas para a Alimentação e Agricultura (FAO), o World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) e a União Europeia (EU), têm promovido o desenvolvimento e implementação destes sistemas. Também no âmbito das Nações Unidas, diversas convenções - diversidade biológica, alterações climáticas e conservação do solo - obrigam a alterações profundas nos sistemas produtivos para as quais os sistemas agro-florestais serão uma referência obrigatória. O programa de aprendizagem intensivo sobre Management of agroforestry systems: ecological, social and economic approaches, foi financiado pela Comissão Europeia através do programa ERASMUS (2013-1-PT1-ERA10-16673- PBRAGANC01). O curso decorreu entre 30 de março e 12 de abril de 2014 e foi organizado pelo Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, em colaboração com a Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Universidad da Extremadura, e Universidad de Oviedo, em Espanha, e a Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro, em Itália. O objectivo do curso foi partilhar com alunos de 1º e 2º ciclo de Portugal, Espanha e Itália, conhecimento sobre implementação e gestão de sistemas agroflorestais, particularmente silvopastoris, considerando os aspectos produtivos, económicos, ambientais e socioculturais. O curso constituiu uma oportunidade de discussão de aspectos práticos e teóricos relativos aos sistemas silvopastoris em diferentes contextos ambientais, particularmente nas zonas Atlânticas e Mediterrânicas da Península Ibérica. Permitiu ainda às instituições envolvidas estabelecerem parcerias de cooperação no âmbito da investigação científica e transferência de conhecimento, destacando-se a produção de saber no âmbito dos sistemas silvopastoris consubstanciada neste livro. O conteúdo do livro corresponde às lições apresentadas no curso pelos investigadores e professores das instituições responsáveis pelas sessões teóricas; assim, gostaríamos de agradecer aos autores e instituições envolvidas pela sua colaboração e ao programa ERASMUS pelo suporte financeiro que possibilitou a realizou do curso sobre Management of agroforestry systems: ecological, social and economic approaches.

In this volume social and ecological systems are analysed, addressing problems that do not fit neatly into single disciplines such as ecology, anthropology, economics or political science. The aim is to investigate how the stewardship of selected ecosystems can be improved by learning from management systems and their dynamics.

The critical role in the deliverance from schizophrenic behaviour on a national and international level belong to the state. Goals of sustainable development should be fitted in the work of governmental and parliamentary committees that are dealing with national and international politics and planning. + The interpretations of the growth that are given by the economy and ecology are completely different. Economists are explaining and analyzing trends in the sense of savings and investment growth. They are moving along the world of industry, finance, national governments and international development agencies. They never mention natural capacity supportable limits as a basis of economic activity, which is the basic notion of ecology. These two opposite viewpoints create global schizophrenia - the loss of contact with reality. + Presuppositions that Croatia has to fulfill, if it wants to establish sustainable development institutions, are: the establishing of democratic society, market economy and raising the awareness of all society members on the importance of environmental protection. Institutionalization of sustainable development does not end at the level of government bodies, but should be continued at nongovernmental organizations. (SOI : PM: S. 33)