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International audience ; There is a strong demand for ethics in the economic, political and scientific fields. The ethics traditionally associated with care is a well-known concept in hospitals. It is because it is necessary to apply principles that appear to be antagonistic that ethics as a questioning can be a decision aid in management. The healthcare executive has personal, moral, religious and philosophical convictions that can interfere with collective institutional interests. He has the particularity of being from its original sector, and of carrying the values which relate to it. His professional responsibility is found in his role as referent and mediator in the field of ethics. He shares responsibility for the care and organization of work ensuring respect for the values of the public system. If professional rules meet humanist values, on what basis is the ethics of health executives in management ? According to Péguy, "the untimely use of words is accompanied by the disappearance of the thing they designate." Is ethics just a buzzword or could it be a reality in management? ; Il existe une forte demande d'éthique dans le champ économique, politique et scientifique. L'éthique classiquement associée aux soins est un concept bien connu à l'hôpital. C'est parce qu'il est nécessaire d'appliquer des principes qui apparaissent antagonistes que l'éthique comme questionnement peut être une aide à la décision dans le management. Le cadre de santé possède des convictions personnelles, morales, religieuses, philosophiques et politiques pouvant interférer avec les intérêts collectifs institutionnels. Il a comme particularité d'être issu de sa filière d'origine, et de porter les valeurs qui s'y rapportent. Sa responsabilité professionnelle se retrouve dans son rôle de référent et de médiateur dans le domaine de l'éthique. Il partage la responsabilité des soins et de l'organisation du travail garantissant le respect des valeurs du système public. Si les règles professionnelles rejoignent les valeurs humanistes, sur ...

International audience ; There is a strong demand for ethics in the economic, political and scientific fields. The ethics traditionally associated with care is a well-known concept in hospitals. It is because it is necessary to apply principles that appear to be antagonistic that ethics as a questioning can be a decision aid in management. The healthcare executive has personal, moral, religious and philosophical convictions that can interfere with collective institutional interests. He has the particularity of being from its original sector, and of carrying the values which relate to it. His professional responsibility is found in his role as referent and mediator in the field of ethics. He shares responsibility for the care and organization of work ensuring respect for the values of the public system. If professional rules meet humanist values, on what basis is the ethics of health executives in management ? According to Péguy, "the untimely use of words is accompanied by the disappearance of the thing they designate." Is ethics just a buzzword or could it be a reality in management? ; Il existe une forte demande d'éthique dans le champ économique, politique et scientifique. L'éthique classiquement associée aux soins est un concept bien connu à l'hôpital. C'est parce qu'il est nécessaire d'appliquer des principes qui apparaissent antagonistes que l'éthique comme questionnement peut être une aide à la décision dans le management. Le cadre de santé possède des convictions personnelles, morales, religieuses, philosophiques et politiques pouvant interférer avec les intérêts collectifs institutionnels. Il a comme particularité d'être issu de sa filière d'origine, et de porter les valeurs qui s'y rapportent. Sa responsabilité professionnelle se retrouve dans son rôle de référent et de médiateur dans le domaine de l'éthique. Il partage la responsabilité des soins et de l'organisation du travail garantissant le respect des valeurs du système public. Si les règles professionnelles rejoignent les valeurs humanistes, sur ...

International audience ; This article deals with the moral responsibility of information systems designers, in the context of professional use of these. In the exercise of this moral responsibility, economic and social dimensions will be specifically discussed here, in the sense that SI have an impact on the development and sustainability of organizations.The first part of this article is devoted to a state of the art on computer ethics. A second part presents our orientation (critical research) and our approach (which considers the SI as power devices), and concludes on the need to think an engineering of responsibility. In the third part, our contribution to this engineering is exposed in the form of a three-level model, which helps to reveal how a general vision and linked ethical values are gradually embodied in structuring principles, and binding standards. ; This article deals with the moral responsibility of information systems designers, in the context of professional use of these. In the exercise of this moral responsibility, economic and social dimensions will be specifically discussed here, in the sense that SI have an impact on the development and sustainability of organizations.The first part of this article is devoted to a state of the art on computer ethics. A second part presents our orientation (critical research) and our approach (which considers the SI as power devices), and concludes on the need to think an engineering of responsibility. In the third part, our contribution to this engineering is exposed in the form of a three-level model, which helps to reveal how a general vision and linked ethical values are gradually embodied in structuring principles, and binding standards.

International audience ; This article deals with the moral responsibility of information systems designers, in the context of professional use of these. In the exercise of this moral responsibility, economic and social dimensions will be specifically discussed here, in the sense that SI have an impact on the development and sustainability of organizations.The first part of this article is devoted to a state of the art on computer ethics. A second part presents our orientation (critical research) and our approach (which considers the SI as power devices), and concludes on the need to think an engineering of responsibility. In the third part, our contribution to this engineering is exposed in the form of a three-level model, which helps to reveal how a general vision and linked ethical values are gradually embodied in structuring principles, and binding standards. ; This article deals with the moral responsibility of information systems designers, in the context of professional use of these. In the exercise of this moral responsibility, economic and social dimensions will be specifically discussed here, in the sense that SI have an impact on the development and sustainability of organizations.The first part of this article is devoted to a state of the art on computer ethics. A second part presents our orientation (critical research) and our approach (which considers the SI as power devices), and concludes on the need to think an engineering of responsibility. In the third part, our contribution to this engineering is exposed in the form of a three-level model, which helps to reveal how a general vision and linked ethical values are gradually embodied in structuring principles, and binding standards.

The fight against poverty is a growing problem in particular because of its multidimensional nature and the fact that it integrates the consideration other aspects such as the fight against inequality. By following the path of the social teaching of the Church as expressed in the pontifical texts, from Leo XIII to John Paul II, we ask ourselves the question of how this social teaching can inform us and stimulate us today, considering its qualities and defects, its contributions and limitations. But poverty is also a theme of economics: while relying primarily on theology, this thesis is inspired also in the field. There is indeed no question for us to oppose economics and social teaching of the Church, but rather to make the voice of the Church as reflection system. We will show in the first place, that, at the crossroads of philosophy, economics and politics, ethics opens the way to human consciousness, freedom and serenity, but it can not be separated from the action, without which it can not bear fruit. Then it is for us to assess the ethical level of economic and social policies, particularly in Western Europe before detailing the contribution of the social teaching and its theological reflection in the fight against poverty. ; La lutte contre la pauvreté est une difficulté grandissante en raison notamment de son caractère multidimensionnel, et du fait qu'elle intègre la prise en compte d'autres aspects tels que la lutte contre les inégalités. En suivant le cheminement de l'enseignement social de l'Église tel qu'il s'exprime dans les textes pontificaux, de Léon XIII à Jean-Paul II, nous nous posons la question de savoir en quoi cet enseignement social peut nous éclairer et nous stimuler aujourd'hui, compte tenu de ses qualités et de ses défauts, de ses apports et de ses limites. Mais la pauvreté est aussi un thème de la science économique : tout en s'appuyant essentiellement sur la théologie, cette thèse s'inspire donc aussi de ce domaine. Il n'est en effet pas question pour nous d'opposer science économique ...

The economic gestion of health care is difficult to handle. It covers several aspects which cannot pride to be accurate sciences. It strikes difficulties such as the geodiversity of problems to be solved and the nuances in the application of principles of social equity and medical ethics. The health-care analysis is also exposed to some politician interpretations biased by doctrinal a priori. Most often, a confrontation ensues between the political cenacle and the professionals directly involved in health-care.

International audience ; Economic theory has long opposed two mechanisms for coordinating the plans of elementary economic units: the market and the state. The first, by organizing the confrontation of supply and demand, provides an alternative indicator of choice on which each economic agent relies to make a final decision. The incentive and useful information are contained in the price. The motivation of agents is confused with the search for individual interest. Under the assumptions of pure and perfect competition, the generalized market allows the optimal allocation of production factors. The second mechanism is based on the presence of inequalities and externalities. State intervention is justified by market failures or non-existence. It constrains or directs individual behaviour according to a political expression of collective needs and produces adequate incentives through agendas, objectives, plans, price controls and the production of rules. In this state model, administrative command and control enables coordination. Here we find the canonical opposition between two social science traditions. With the first, the order that has become equilibrium is unintentional. It results from individual choices. With the second, order is achieved through recourse to authority. On a sectoral level, these two approaches discover the notions of "private" and "public".How then to consider and define the NGO object when these organizations, because of their history, motivations and principles, seem to move away from the usual mechanisms envisaged by the economy? What can be the legitimacy of an economic analysis towards organizations whose commitment describes above all "an ethical position that tries to mark reality by transforming it concretely" (Dalbera)? Published in 1998 in a first pluridisciplinary synthesis in French on Non-Governmental Organizations, this paper reviews the main characteristics of NGOs and their development operations in order to identify on a theoretical level what is specific to them. ; La ...

International audience ; Economic theory has long opposed two mechanisms for coordinating the plans of elementary economic units: the market and the state. The first, by organizing the confrontation of supply and demand, provides an alternative indicator of choice on which each economic agent relies to make a final decision. The incentive and useful information are contained in the price. The motivation of agents is confused with the search for individual interest. Under the assumptions of pure and perfect competition, the generalized market allows the optimal allocation of production factors. The second mechanism is based on the presence of inequalities and externalities. State intervention is justified by market failures or non-existence. It constrains or directs individual behaviour according to a political expression of collective needs and produces adequate incentives through agendas, objectives, plans, price controls and the production of rules. In this state model, administrative command and control enables coordination. Here we find the canonical opposition between two social science traditions. With the first, the order that has become equilibrium is unintentional. It results from individual choices. With the second, order is achieved through recourse to authority. On a sectoral level, these two approaches discover the notions of "private" and "public".How then to consider and define the NGO object when these organizations, because of their history, motivations and principles, seem to move away from the usual mechanisms envisaged by the economy? What can be the legitimacy of an economic analysis towards organizations whose commitment describes above all "an ethical position that tries to mark reality by transforming it concretely" (Dalbera)? Published in 1998 in a first pluridisciplinary synthesis in French on Non-Governmental Organizations, this paper reviews the main characteristics of NGOs and their development operations in order to identify on a theoretical level what is specific to them. ; La ...

International audience ; Economic theory has long opposed two mechanisms for coordinating the plans of elementary economic units: the market and the state. The first, by organizing the confrontation of supply and demand, provides an alternative indicator of choice on which each economic agent relies to make a final decision. The incentive and useful information are contained in the price. The motivation of agents is confused with the search for individual interest. Under the assumptions of pure and perfect competition, the generalized market allows the optimal allocation of production factors. The second mechanism is based on the presence of inequalities and externalities. State intervention is justified by market failures or non-existence. It constrains or directs individual behaviour according to a political expression of collective needs and produces adequate incentives through agendas, objectives, plans, price controls and the production of rules. In this state model, administrative command and control enables coordination. Here we find the canonical opposition between two social science traditions. With the first, the order that has become equilibrium is unintentional. It results from individual choices. With the second, order is achieved through recourse to authority. On a sectoral level, these two approaches discover the notions of "private" and "public".How then to consider and define the NGO object when these organizations, because of their history, motivations and principles, seem to move away from the usual mechanisms envisaged by the economy? What can be the legitimacy of an economic analysis towards organizations whose commitment describes above all "an ethical position that tries to mark reality by transforming it concretely" (Dalbera)? Published in 1998 in a first pluridisciplinary synthesis in French on Non-Governmental Organizations, this paper reviews the main characteristics of NGOs and their development operations in order to identify on a theoretical level what is specific to them. ; La ...

International audience ; Economic theory has long opposed two mechanisms for coordinating the plans of elementary economic units: the market and the state. The first, by organizing the confrontation of supply and demand, provides an alternative indicator of choice on which each economic agent relies to make a final decision. The incentive and useful information are contained in the price. The motivation of agents is confused with the search for individual interest. Under the assumptions of pure and perfect competition, the generalized market allows the optimal allocation of production factors. The second mechanism is based on the presence of inequalities and externalities. State intervention is justified by market failures or non-existence. It constrains or directs individual behaviour according to a political expression of collective needs and produces adequate incentives through agendas, objectives, plans, price controls and the production of rules. In this state model, administrative command and control enables coordination. Here we find the canonical opposition between two social science traditions. With the first, the order that has become equilibrium is unintentional. It results from individual choices. With the second, order is achieved through recourse to authority. On a sectoral level, these two approaches discover the notions of "private" and "public".How then to consider and define the NGO object when these organizations, because of their history, motivations and principles, seem to move away from the usual mechanisms envisaged by the economy? What can be the legitimacy of an economic analysis towards organizations whose commitment describes above all "an ethical position that tries to mark reality by transforming it concretely" (Dalbera)? Published in 1998 in a first pluridisciplinary synthesis in French on Non-Governmental Organizations, this paper reviews the main characteristics of NGOs and their development operations in order to identify on a theoretical level what is specific to them. ; La ...

International audience ; Economic theory has long opposed two mechanisms for coordinating the plans of elementary economic units: the market and the state. The first, by organizing the confrontation of supply and demand, provides an alternative indicator of choice on which each economic agent relies to make a final decision. The incentive and useful information are contained in the price. The motivation of agents is confused with the search for individual interest. Under the assumptions of pure and perfect competition, the generalized market allows the optimal allocation of production factors. The second mechanism is based on the presence of inequalities and externalities. State intervention is justified by market failures or non-existence. It constrains or directs individual behaviour according to a political expression of collective needs and produces adequate incentives through agendas, objectives, plans, price controls and the production of rules. In this state model, administrative command and control enables coordination. Here we find the canonical opposition between two social science traditions. With the first, the order that has become equilibrium is unintentional. It results from individual choices. With the second, order is achieved through recourse to authority. On a sectoral level, these two approaches discover the notions of "private" and "public".How then to consider and define the NGO object when these organizations, because of their history, motivations and principles, seem to move away from the usual mechanisms envisaged by the economy? What can be the legitimacy of an economic analysis towards organizations whose commitment describes above all "an ethical position that tries to mark reality by transforming it concretely" (Dalbera)? Published in 1998 in a first pluridisciplinary synthesis in French on Non-Governmental Organizations, this paper reviews the main characteristics of NGOs and their development operations in order to identify on a theoretical level what is specific to them. ; La ...

International audience ; Economic theory has long opposed two mechanisms for coordinating the plans of elementary economic units: the market and the state. The first, by organizing the confrontation of supply and demand, provides an alternative indicator of choice on which each economic agent relies to make a final decision. The incentive and useful information are contained in the price. The motivation of agents is confused with the search for individual interest. Under the assumptions of pure and perfect competition, the generalized market allows the optimal allocation of production factors. The second mechanism is based on the presence of inequalities and externalities. State intervention is justified by market failures or non-existence. It constrains or directs individual behaviour according to a political expression of collective needs and produces adequate incentives through agendas, objectives, plans, price controls and the production of rules. In this state model, administrative command and control enables coordination. Here we find the canonical opposition between two social science traditions. With the first, the order that has become equilibrium is unintentional. It results from individual choices. With the second, order is achieved through recourse to authority. On a sectoral level, these two approaches discover the notions of "private" and "public".How then to consider and define the NGO object when these organizations, because of their history, motivations and principles, seem to move away from the usual mechanisms envisaged by the economy? What can be the legitimacy of an economic analysis towards organizations whose commitment describes above all "an ethical position that tries to mark reality by transforming it concretely" (Dalbera)? Published in 1998 in a first pluridisciplinary synthesis in French on Non-Governmental Organizations, this paper reviews the main characteristics of NGOs and their development operations in order to identify on a theoretical level what is specific to them. ; La ...

International audience ; This research arises in a changing economic context through numerous reforms, as evidenced by the law of 1 August 2018 «for the freedom to choose one's professional future», and also in the face of a shift from a policy of accompanying agencies that is more human-centred to a managerial policy framed by objectives and constraints of means. This shift from a humanistic to a managerial approach "emphasizing results and products at the expense of resources and processes" (Remy & Lavitry, 2017, p. 70) has consequences on the practices of the people performing these accompaniments (Divay, 2009; Lavitry, 2009), but also on their vision of their profession (Demazière, 2013; Balzani & Divay, 2008). The objective is to understand, in this moving and exposed professional context, what are the representations that professionals of the accompaniment have of an ethical accompaniment. ; Cette recherche se pose dans un contexte économique mouvant au travers de nombreuses réformes, en témoigne la loi du 1er août 2018 « pour la liberté de choisir son avenir professionnel », et aussi face à un constat de glissement d'une politique des organismes accompagnateurs plus centrée sur l'humain à une politique gestionnaire encadrée par des objectifs et des contraintes de moyen. Cette évolution d'une approche humaniste à celle de gestionnaire « prônant une mise en évidence des résultats et des produits au détriment des ressources et des processus » (Remy & Lavitry, 2017, p. 70) a d'ailleurs des conséquences sur les pratiques des personnes réalisant ces accompagnements (Divay, 2009 ; Lavitry, 2009), mais aussi sur la vision qu'ils ont de leur métier (Demazière, 2013 ; Balzani & Divay, 2008). L'objectif est de comprendre, dans ce contexte professionnel mouvant et exposé, quelles sont les représentations que des professionnels de l'accompagnement ont d'un accompagnement éthique.

International audience ; This research arises in a changing economic context through numerous reforms, as evidenced by the law of 1 August 2018 «for the freedom to choose one's professional future», and also in the face of a shift from a policy of accompanying agencies that is more human-centred to a managerial policy framed by objectives and constraints of means. This shift from a humanistic to a managerial approach "emphasizing results and products at the expense of resources and processes" (Remy & Lavitry, 2017, p. 70) has consequences on the practices of the people performing these accompaniments (Divay, 2009; Lavitry, 2009), but also on their vision of their profession (Demazière, 2013; Balzani & Divay, 2008). The objective is to understand, in this moving and exposed professional context, what are the representations that professionals of the accompaniment have of an ethical accompaniment. ; Cette recherche se pose dans un contexte économique mouvant au travers de nombreuses réformes, en témoigne la loi du 1er août 2018 « pour la liberté de choisir son avenir professionnel », et aussi face à un constat de glissement d'une politique des organismes accompagnateurs plus centrée sur l'humain à une politique gestionnaire encadrée par des objectifs et des contraintes de moyen. Cette évolution d'une approche humaniste à celle de gestionnaire « prônant une mise en évidence des résultats et des produits au détriment des ressources et des processus » (Remy & Lavitry, 2017, p. 70) a d'ailleurs des conséquences sur les pratiques des personnes réalisant ces accompagnements (Divay, 2009 ; Lavitry, 2009), mais aussi sur la vision qu'ils ont de leur métier (Demazière, 2013 ; Balzani & Divay, 2008). L'objectif est de comprendre, dans ce contexte professionnel mouvant et exposé, quelles sont les représentations que des professionnels de l'accompagnement ont d'un accompagnement éthique.

International audience ; Based on collective empirical research, this paper aims to build a theoretical framework to clarify the concept of "social value." In what sense can the social economy be described as a "non-economical economy"? Does an "ethics of mutuality" produce a kind of "non-economic" value? We hypothesize that Mauss's gift paradigm and theories of care can help bring to light the hidden sides of value. We then analyze the ambivalences of this ethics, and the issues it must face up to in order to open up a new, political alternative to contemporary "social business." ; À partir d'une recherche empirique collective, l'ambition de cet article est d'esquisser un cadre théorique propre à problématiser la notion de « valeur sociale » en interrogeant quelles valeurs, autres qu'« économiques », mobilisent et produisent ces « économies non économiques » que constituent les mutuelles. L'hypothèse défendue ici est qu'une articulation entre théories du don et du care permet de mettre en lumière la face cachée de la valeur. Cette perspective invite ainsi à questionner sous un nouveau jour les ambivalences de l'éthique mutualiste et les enjeux auxquels elle doit faire face pour ouvrir une nouvelle alternative, politique, au social business contemporain.