Suchergebnisse

That permits to continue the discourse on the universality of human rights. In Christian ethics and doctrine the essence of human being is fully revealed only in a relation with God and with another human being. Therefore, a Christian concept of human rights is adequately balanced with the concept of public rights and interests. Utilitarianism, as an ethical doctrine, is accepted by the Western legal systems and is rooted in current legal and political discourse. It has linkages with Christian ethics, but can only be considered partially as a criterion for human rights and moral decision-making. Utilitarianism is based on subjective evaluation of the principles of human behavior, which leads to compromise in every situation. Thus it may lead into a situation where new human right breaches already recognized individual or group human rights. In the case of the formation of new human rights we must recognize certain features of the differences arising from the historical era and the prevailing moral and legal consciousness. However, while there are no universally accepted doctrine of objective ethics, the Institute of Human Rights have no solid ground for the discourse on universality of human rights – both basic and new – because the concept of human rights becomes a victim of compromises in unequal struggle against economic and political interests.

That permits to continue the discourse on the universality of human rights. In Christian ethics and doctrine the essence of human being is fully revealed only in a relation with God and with another human being. Therefore, a Christian concept of human rights is adequately balanced with the concept of public rights and interests. Utilitarianism, as an ethical doctrine, is accepted by the Western legal systems and is rooted in current legal and political discourse. It has linkages with Christian ethics, but can only be considered partially as a criterion for human rights and moral decision-making. Utilitarianism is based on subjective evaluation of the principles of human behavior, which leads to compromise in every situation. Thus it may lead into a situation where new human right breaches already recognized individual or group human rights. In the case of the formation of new human rights we must recognize certain features of the differences arising from the historical era and the prevailing moral and legal consciousness. However, while there are no universally accepted doctrine of objective ethics, the Institute of Human Rights have no solid ground for the discourse on universality of human rights – both basic and new – because the concept of human rights becomes a victim of compromises in unequal struggle against economic and political interests.

After the restoration of independence of Lithuania the legal basis and administrative structures of heritage preservation were changed many times, though the maintenance, use and state of heritage were not improved, and its decay did not decrease. Undemocratic and inhumane legal basis and management of heritage preservation based on restrictions, prohibitions and penalties without any compensatory incentives for imposed restrictions and economic disadvantages increasingly raises discontent not only from society but also from heritage owners and users.The owners and users of land where heritage objects are situated realize that their property can be used more efficiently and profitably and that social and economic restrictions imposed by heritage protection regulations contravene their rights. Instead of investing into preservation of heritage objects, owners usually attempt to get rid of them.Conflicts between heritage preservation institutions, owners of heritage objects and society are especially inherent in historic city centers where commercial interests are expanding and master plans and development projects propose intensive modernization and development of high rise buildings.Countries with long-lasting democracy traditions are looking for solutions how, without contradicting heritage preservation ethics and social justice, to encourage owners and users of heritage objects to protect and use rationally the legacy inherited from the past simultaneously retaining and stimulating vitality of historic centers and improving quality of life of their inhabitants.The problem is multipartite and ambivalent. Only changes and improvements in heritage preservation systems enacted in latter years in the countries of stable democracy, emphasizing the problem of development and protection ethics, the questions of respect of heritage values and implementation of social justice in juridical and practical heritage preservation activities are discussed in the paper.

After the restoration of independence of Lithuania the legal basis and administrative structures of heritage preservation were changed many times, though the maintenance, use and state of heritage were not improved, and its decay did not decrease. Undemocratic and inhumane legal basis and management of heritage preservation based on restrictions, prohibitions and penalties without any compensatory incentives for imposed restrictions and economic disadvantages increasingly raises discontent not only from society but also from heritage owners and users.The owners and users of land where heritage objects are situated realize that their property can be used more efficiently and profitably and that social and economic restrictions imposed by heritage protection regulations contravene their rights. Instead of investing into preservation of heritage objects, owners usually attempt to get rid of them.Conflicts between heritage preservation institutions, owners of heritage objects and society are especially inherent in historic city centers where commercial interests are expanding and master plans and development projects propose intensive modernization and development of high rise buildings.Countries with long-lasting democracy traditions are looking for solutions how, without contradicting heritage preservation ethics and social justice, to encourage owners and users of heritage objects to protect and use rationally the legacy inherited from the past simultaneously retaining and stimulating vitality of historic centers and improving quality of life of their inhabitants.The problem is multipartite and ambivalent. Only changes and improvements in heritage preservation systems enacted in latter years in the countries of stable democracy, emphasizing the problem of development and protection ethics, the questions of respect of heritage values and implementation of social justice in juridical and practical heritage preservation activities are discussed in the paper.

After the restoration of independence of Lithuania the legal basis and administrative structures of heritage preservation were changed many times, though the maintenance, use and state of heritage were not improved, and its decay did not decrease. Undemocratic and inhumane legal basis and management of heritage preservation based on restrictions, prohibitions and penalties without any compensatory incentives for imposed restrictions and economic disadvantages increasingly raises discontent not only from society but also from heritage owners and users.The owners and users of land where heritage objects are situated realize that their property can be used more efficiently and profitably and that social and economic restrictions imposed by heritage protection regulations contravene their rights. Instead of investing into preservation of heritage objects, owners usually attempt to get rid of them.Conflicts between heritage preservation institutions, owners of heritage objects and society are especially inherent in historic city centers where commercial interests are expanding and master plans and development projects propose intensive modernization and development of high rise buildings.Countries with long-lasting democracy traditions are looking for solutions how, without contradicting heritage preservation ethics and social justice, to encourage owners and users of heritage objects to protect and use rationally the legacy inherited from the past simultaneously retaining and stimulating vitality of historic centers and improving quality of life of their inhabitants.The problem is multipartite and ambivalent. Only changes and improvements in heritage preservation systems enacted in latter years in the countries of stable democracy, emphasizing the problem of development and protection ethics, the questions of respect of heritage values and implementation of social justice in juridical and practical heritage preservation activities are discussed in the paper.

After the restoration of independence of Lithuania the legal basis and administrative structures of heritage preservation were changed many times, though the maintenance, use and state of heritage were not improved, and its decay did not decrease. Undemocratic and inhumane legal basis and management of heritage preservation based on restrictions, prohibitions and penalties without any compensatory incentives for imposed restrictions and economic disadvantages increasingly raises discontent not only from society but also from heritage owners and users.The owners and users of land where heritage objects are situated realize that their property can be used more efficiently and profitably and that social and economic restrictions imposed by heritage protection regulations contravene their rights. Instead of investing into preservation of heritage objects, owners usually attempt to get rid of them.Conflicts between heritage preservation institutions, owners of heritage objects and society are especially inherent in historic city centers where commercial interests are expanding and master plans and development projects propose intensive modernization and development of high rise buildings.Countries with long-lasting democracy traditions are looking for solutions how, without contradicting heritage preservation ethics and social justice, to encourage owners and users of heritage objects to protect and use rationally the legacy inherited from the past simultaneously retaining and stimulating vitality of historic centers and improving quality of life of their inhabitants.The problem is multipartite and ambivalent. Only changes and improvements in heritage preservation systems enacted in latter years in the countries of stable democracy, emphasizing the problem of development and protection ethics, the questions of respect of heritage values and implementation of social justice in juridical and practical heritage preservation activities are discussed in the paper.

Trust in civil service is considered as the main condition for progress and prosperity in every country. The article analyzes civil service, which has a special legal status and the main responsibility for public administration in Lithuania. According to theoretical insights, trust in civil service can be defined as institutional level trust of civil servants, who have a legal status and implements public administration; it is formed on the use of public/administrative services or non-use basis and is characterized by low (civil servant vs. user) mutual knowledge, dependence and continuity. The main factors, which affects trust in civil service is honesty, interest, openness, justice, obligations and competence. The answers of EUPAN country experts showed that the main factors determining trust in civil service in European countries (Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Sweden, Finland, Croatia and the European Commission) is the image of civil service, the future prospects for cooperation, the pursuance of Code of Ethics, honesty, economic and social environment variability, suitability of civil servants to hold public office, quality of services, efficiency and dissemination of information. The factors found in the answers in the first part of the study were checked statistically with the public survey data in the case of Lithuania. The correlational analysis revealed that in Lithuania statistically significant correlations between trust other variables are observed in case of the image of civil service, economic situation of the country, suitability of civil servants to hold public office, the quality of services, integrity and dissemination of information. Meanwhile statistically insignificant factors were found to be cooperation and the pursuance of Code of Ethics, the country's social situation and contacting a public servant.

Trust in civil service is considered as the main condition for progress and prosperity in every country. The article analyzes civil service, which has a special legal status and the main responsibility for public administration in Lithuania. According to theoretical insights, trust in civil service can be defined as institutional level trust of civil servants, who have a legal status and implements public administration; it is formed on the use of public/administrative services or non-use basis and is characterized by low (civil servant vs. user) mutual knowledge, dependence and continuity. The main factors, which affects trust in civil service is honesty, interest, openness, justice, obligations and competence. The answers of EUPAN country experts showed that the main factors determining trust in civil service in European countries (Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Sweden, Finland, Croatia and the European Commission) is the image of civil service, the future prospects for cooperation, the pursuance of Code of Ethics, honesty, economic and social environment variability, suitability of civil servants to hold public office, quality of services, efficiency and dissemination of information. The factors found in the answers in the first part of the study were checked statistically with the public survey data in the case of Lithuania. The correlational analysis revealed that in Lithuania statistically significant correlations between trust other variables are observed in case of the image of civil service, economic situation of the country, suitability of civil servants to hold public office, the quality of services, integrity and dissemination of information. Meanwhile statistically insignificant factors were found to be cooperation and the pursuance of Code of Ethics, the country's social situation and contacting a public servant.

Trust in civil service is considered as the main condition for progress and prosperity in every country. The article analyzes civil service, which has a special legal status and the main responsibility for public administration in Lithuania. According to theoretical insights, trust in civil service can be defined as institutional level trust of civil servants, who have a legal status and implements public administration; it is formed on the use of public/administrative services or non-use basis and is characterized by low (civil servant vs. user) mutual knowledge, dependence and continuity. The main factors, which affects trust in civil service is honesty, interest, openness, justice, obligations and competence. The answers of EUPAN country experts showed that the main factors determining trust in civil service in European countries (Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Sweden, Finland, Croatia and the European Commission) is the image of civil service, the future prospects for cooperation, the pursuance of Code of Ethics, honesty, economic and social environment variability, suitability of civil servants to hold public office, quality of services, efficiency and dissemination of information. The factors found in the answers in the first part of the study were checked statistically with the public survey data in the case of Lithuania. The correlational analysis revealed that in Lithuania statistically significant correlations between trust other variables are observed in case of the image of civil service, economic situation of the country, suitability of civil servants to hold public office, the quality of services, integrity and dissemination of information. Meanwhile statistically insignificant factors were found to be cooperation and the pursuance of Code of Ethics, the country's social situation and contacting a public servant.

The paper presents findings of statistical analysis, a two-year-long ethnographic research and qualitative interviews in a primary school in Vilnius and in the Kirtimai the Romany settlement. Politically, low education level of the Romany in Lithuania is considered to be one of the main reasons for their exclusion from labour market and, consequently, society in general. The dominant discourse of failure of the Romany children to succeed in school has repeatedly stressed individual-cultural reasons (lack of work ethics, lack of engagement with curriculum, prioritisation of other activities, etc.), yet the closer look at the education field shows a more complicated picture of dropping-out from school as early as primary level. The author argues that it is important to analyse difficulties that children face in school and how parents, teachers and social workers are able to solve these problems. It is argued that reasons of early withdrawal of the Romany children from school are mainly socio-economic, yet the role of social workers in prevention process has so far been negligible.

The paper presents findings of statistical analysis, a two-year-long ethnographic research and qualitative interviews in a primary school in Vilnius and in the Kirtimai the Romany settlement. Politically, low education level of the Romany in Lithuania is considered to be one of the main reasons for their exclusion from labour market and, consequently, society in general. The dominant discourse of failure of the Romany children to succeed in school has repeatedly stressed individual-cultural reasons (lack of work ethics, lack of engagement with curriculum, prioritisation of other activities, etc.), yet the closer look at the education field shows a more complicated picture of dropping-out from school as early as primary level. The author argues that it is important to analyse difficulties that children face in school and how parents, teachers and social workers are able to solve these problems. It is argued that reasons of early withdrawal of the Romany children from school are mainly socio-economic, yet the role of social workers in prevention process has so far been negligible.

The paper presents findings of statistical analysis, a two-year-long ethnographic research and qualitative interviews in a primary school in Vilnius and in the Kirtimai the Romany settlement. Politically, low education level of the Romany in Lithuania is considered to be one of the main reasons for their exclusion from labour market and, consequently, society in general. The dominant discourse of failure of the Romany children to succeed in school has repeatedly stressed individual-cultural reasons (lack of work ethics, lack of engagement with curriculum, prioritisation of other activities, etc.), yet the closer look at the education field shows a more complicated picture of dropping-out from school as early as primary level. The author argues that it is important to analyse difficulties that children face in school and how parents, teachers and social workers are able to solve these problems. It is argued that reasons of early withdrawal of the Romany children from school are mainly socio-economic, yet the role of social workers in prevention process has so far been negligible.

The paper presents findings of statistical analysis, a two-year-long ethnographic research and qualitative interviews in a primary school in Vilnius and in the Kirtimai the Romany settlement. Politically, low education level of the Romany in Lithuania is considered to be one of the main reasons for their exclusion from labour market and, consequently, society in general. The dominant discourse of failure of the Romany children to succeed in school has repeatedly stressed individual-cultural reasons (lack of work ethics, lack of engagement with curriculum, prioritisation of other activities, etc.), yet the closer look at the education field shows a more complicated picture of dropping-out from school as early as primary level. The author argues that it is important to analyse difficulties that children face in school and how parents, teachers and social workers are able to solve these problems. It is argued that reasons of early withdrawal of the Romany children from school are mainly socio-economic, yet the role of social workers in prevention process has so far been negligible.

The paper presents findings of statistical analysis, a two-year-long ethnographic research and qualitative interviews in a primary school in Vilnius and in the Kirtimai the Romany settlement. Politically, low education level of the Romany in Lithuania is considered to be one of the main reasons for their exclusion from labour market and, consequently, society in general. The dominant discourse of failure of the Romany children to succeed in school has repeatedly stressed individual-cultural reasons (lack of work ethics, lack of engagement with curriculum, prioritisation of other activities, etc.), yet the closer look at the education field shows a more complicated picture of dropping-out from school as early as primary level. The author argues that it is important to analyse difficulties that children face in school and how parents, teachers and social workers are able to solve these problems. It is argued that reasons of early withdrawal of the Romany children from school are mainly socio-economic, yet the role of social workers in prevention process has so far been negligible.

The paper presents findings of statistical analysis, a two-year-long ethnographic research and qualitative interviews in a primary school in Vilnius and in the Kirtimai the Romany settlement. Politically, low education level of the Romany in Lithuania is considered to be one of the main reasons for their exclusion from labour market and, consequently, society in general. The dominant discourse of failure of the Romany children to succeed in school has repeatedly stressed individual-cultural reasons (lack of work ethics, lack of engagement with curriculum, prioritisation of other activities, etc.), yet the closer look at the education field shows a more complicated picture of dropping-out from school as early as primary level. The author argues that it is important to analyse difficulties that children face in school and how parents, teachers and social workers are able to solve these problems. It is argued that reasons of early withdrawal of the Romany children from school are mainly socio-economic, yet the role of social workers in prevention process has so far been negligible.