Based on recent IPE contributions on three key themes in international politics (the relation between trade-technology & interstate conflicts, the link between multinationalization in production & world stability, & the political economy of democracy promotion in post-conflict countries), this essay calls the attention on the potential that IPE studies have for the analysis of complex processes (political & economic, with domestic, international & trans-national reach) across long time-spans. Empirical research on these topics has provided new ground to test & refine hypotheses from the three IPE orthodox Schools (Realism-Mercantilism, Liberalism & Marxism), pointing to the advantages of multivariate setups that treat both political & economic determinants of international outcomes as endogenous. Studies on the trade-war links have opened the way to analyses of how growth-inducing mechanisms in war economies may combine with the lasting effects of war-borne protectionist coalitions in producing differential outcomes, according to countries' resource endowments & level of development. Hypotheses on the peace-inducing features of multinationalized production appear in need of revision, especially when applied to the context of North-South relations, in which traditional dynamics identified in the FDI literature do not seem to obtain. Last, scholars interested in the political economy of post-war reconstruction could fruitfully borrow from the comparative literature on transitions, the economic contributions on development & the IR research on conflict, to provide new theoretical tools for the analysis of democracy promotion in post-conflict states. References. Adapted from the source document.
Le città sono l'espressione collettiva di una società e nelle città di mare questo fenomeno assume valenze particolari in quanto le comunità marittime condividono un'identità unitaria nel forte legame con la marineria, le navi e la navigazione. Il paesaggio urbano marittimo non può essere compreso pienamente se non dal mare e in navigazione, attraverso una percezione dinamica che ne restituisce la complessità.L'architettura delle città di mare ha nel mare l'elemento primario che sostanzia il paesaggio urbano, alimenta l'evoluzione culturale, influenza le dinamiche sociali e spinge le attività economiche. La crescita costante dei traffici marittimi indotti dalla globalizzazione dei mercati ha favorito lo sviluppo dei porti, che, se ben gestito può creare, ancora oggi, opportunità nelle città di mare. L'approccio ai temi della progettazione urbana incentrato su di una visione "dal mare" suggerisce di affrontare in modo integrato la dimensione portuale e la dimensione urbanistica. Attraverso un approccio "marecentrico" il porto può assumere una nuova centralità per la rigenerazione delle aree urbane costiere, diventando generatore del suo (auto)sviluppo e motore dello sviluppo locale urbano sostenibile.La relazione tra la città e il porto non è univoca ma, piuttosto, costituisce un processo continuo particolarmente complesso che prevede cambiamenti fisici e culturali spesso difficili da gestire e conseguire, ed in cui sono convolti soggetti e risorse differenti, spesso in conflitto. Questo significa affrontare in modo integrato la dimensione portuale e quella urbanistica, ricercando nell'identità marittima della città e della comunità urbana la continuità tra passato e futuro.Si propone il caso studio di Salerno dove, attraverso la continuità culturale della tradizione marittima, la crescita delle attività portuali è stata accompagnata da una vision urbana che ha il suo punto di forza nel ridisegno del waterfront urbano (Fig.1).Salerno ha individuato indirizzi, politiche e metodi per intraprendere la rigenerazione urbana, con la partecipazione dell'Amministrazione, dell'Autorità Portuale e dei privati, condividendo azioni e progetti per rendere più coerente e attraente il fronte a mare e per migliorare la qualità della vita urbana ed al tempo stesso per sfruttare economicamente il potenziale di queste aree preziose, garantendo una visione strategica e una prospettiva in cui sono state esaltate le caratteristiche locali, la vocazione dei luoghi, la memoria storica. ; Cities are the collective expression of a society and in seaside cities this phenomenon acquires peculiar values, since maritime communities share a unitary identity in the remarkable link with maritime essence, ships and navigation. Maritime urban landscape may be really perceived only from the sea and during navigation, through a dynamic perception able to give its complexity back. Architecture in seaside cities is rooted in the sea itself, which shapes the urban landscape, fosters the cultural evolution, affects social dynamics and makes economy be on the move. The ever rising sea trades, brought about markets' globalization, fostered port's development, which, if well run, is still today able to provide new opportunities for sea towns. The approach to an urban planning focused on a "from the sea" perspective suggests to deal with both the port and urban dimensions. Through this kind of approach, the Port may acquire a new leading role in the renewal of urban coastal areas, becoming, thus, the driving force of its (self)development and, at the same time, of the local urban sustainable development. Rather than being univocal, the relationship between city and port constitutes a quite complex continuous process, which calls for physical and cultural changes, often difficult to deal with and fulfill; a process in which different subjects and resources, often at odds, are involved. In this study approach we will focus on Salerno, where, through the cultural continuity of maritime tradition, the rise of port activities has been matched with an urban vision designed to reshape the urban waterfront (Fig.1). Salerno has identified policies and methods designed to undertake a renewal — along with Administration, Port Authority and Private Citizens — by sharing actions and projects to make waterfront more suitable and "tantalizing", to improve the quality of urban life and, simultaneously, to take advantage of the potential of these precious areas, guaranteeing a strategic perspective in which local peculiarities and historical memory are highlighted.
The debate between realists and liberals in the field of International Relations concerning the causes and effects of economic interdependence among states has led to a remarkable branch of empirical literature, but hardly any research has studied such dynamics in the period following the Cold War, which is so often defined "the age of globalization". This article is based on a quantitative analysis of the influence of international politics on commercial flows in the post-bipolar period and it performs such analysis on two datasets: the first one including all countries of the system for which data are available and the second one focused on the countries that previous similar studies have identified as great powers. The results show that the contemporary international system is marked by a high degree of complexity and by the simultaneous action of different and even contrasting logics. Liberal variables such as democracy and economic international institutions exert a remarkable effect on international trade, especially at the global level, but international security and even power politics issues are still relevant, particularly for the great powers in their reciprocal relationships. Adapted from the source document.
After summarizing various international relations crises in the 20th century, the article discusses how they helped change the worldview on economic conditions & international relations. The idea of globalization as a new perspective in the field of international relations is analyzed & conclusions drawn on its financial & political meanings. The article then comments on the importance of the growth in numbers of democratic countries & the prevention of armed conflict between nations. E. Miller
In a transcript of a one-day roundtable at the U of Pavia on 10 Dec 2001, the participants (Pasquale Scaramozzino moderating, Pere Vilanova of the U of Barcelona, Giuseppe Iannini & Gianni Salvini of the U of Pavia, Sergio Romano of Corriere della Sera, Mario Deaglio of the U of Turin, Gianfranco Fabi of Sole 24 Ore, Giampaolo Calchi Novati, & Salvatore Veca) discussed the political consequences of the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. Of particular interest to the participants were the effects on relations between the US & Russia, the People's Republic of China, & the Arab states. Also discussed was the prevailing concern about the effects of globalization. The participants worried about the increasing unilateralism of the current US administration, its relationship to NATO, the flailing economy, & whether it represents the emergence of a new type of economic cycle, the North-South divide & the New World Order, relations between East & West, viz, the West & the Islamic world, the threat of terrorism, etc. A. Siegel
The descriptive-explanatory efficacy of the notions of transformation & adaptation in politological studies attempting to provide viable accounts of the challenges & changes the state underwent in the post-WWII era is examined. The rise & crisis of the Western welfare state, democratic transitions in the states of the former Soviet block, the state sovereignty issue in the European Union integration processes, & the question of the social & economic prerogatives of states in the era of globalization are found to evade a plausible explanation in terms of either transformation or adaptation. It is argued that transformation & adaptation should not be treated as competitive but complementary, & the explanation of the challenges to the states in the second half of the 20th century cannot be in terms of either transformation or adaptation. Also, transformation & adaptation should refer to ideas rather than institutions, ie, be treated as cognitive & normative maps instead the outcomes of governmental institutions or public policies. Within this reinterpreted framework, transformation & adaptation become efficacious arguments in explaining the rise of a postnational, postpolitical, & postsocial competitive state in the 21st-century Europe. References. Z. Dubiel
The thesis in Urban and Regional Geography titled "URBAN AND TERRITORIAL COMPETITIVENESS IN SUSTAINABILITY. EMILIA-ROMAGNA, REGION OF EUROPE" is divided into two sections. Section one is additionally composed by two chapters (chap. 1 and 2) and deals with theoretical and gnosiological issues. Section two, of two more chapters (chap. 3 and 4), provides practical contributions: these issues give explanatory patterns to interpret the performances of emiliano-romagnoli urban systems. Chapter one is an introductory chapter. It analyzes globalization that involves a larger and larger number of cities, rich or poor. It also considers the so called "digital divide" either as one of the major phenomena of this unhomogeneous development or as an interesting gnosiological and practical challenge of geography. Globalization is now involving all the cities, large or small, but the small ones have higher risks of exclusion: it depends on their more fragile socio-economic, cultural, and environmental urban structure. That's why European Union (chapter two) promotes policies and endows politics to sustain cities, because urban systems are the basis for the territorial development. So, European, national and local Institutions are firmly interested in promoting urban and local interventions and projects. Section two deals with economic-geography methods, which consists on collecting indicators and the benchmarking methodology. It also specifically analyzes the urban systems of Emilia-Romagna. Consequences of the globalization on the cities are interpreted with a study of their local resources, intended as potentials for their development. The STeMA approach, proposed by Professor Maria Prezioso (University of Roma, "Tor Vergata") and used by the ESPON (European Spatial Program Observation Network) project, describes the main "determinants" of the territorial and urban development. These are easily comparable to one another (similar or better performing). This approach achieves two goals. On one hand, it is possible to analyze every urban system in its all main characteristics and to preserve its historical and cultural factors. On another hand, each city is "knowable" and "understandable" by all scholars, as it is objectively comparable. So, urban planners can propose specific "multi-level" and "multi-varied" programs of governance. These will face globalization by exalting local empowerment.
The current deceleration in international trade TEMPhas remote causes. The long slowdown -despite the perception of continuous globalization - is only partially a consequence of the economic and financial crisis of 2007-2009. Its main driving force TEMPhas been neo-protectionism, implemented by the economic policies of the major areas and powers of the world. The research, using the integrated tools of economic theory and Development Geography, investigates the impact of neo-protectionism implemented by major areas - closed to the outside world through the modern border - on the world economy and its TEMPeffects on the "Second World" and the global South in the agricultural field. As a "global ballast", neoprotectionism is responsible for the underdevelopment and forthcoming regionalization of economies.
In the years of the 2008 world financial crisis and of the global protests of the Occupy-Movement, the German author Ingo Schulze writes a novel about the German reunification, in which he tells the story of the 'GDR-rogue' Peter Holtz fighting for a fairer society. In this novel Schulze challenges the question of the democratic quality of the political and economic world order arisen at the historical moment of the Fall of the Berlin Wall. Why does Schulze decide to write just a picaresque novel about the German reunification during the financial crisis after 2007? What is the additional value of this literary elaboration of the historical turning point of 1989? Why does money play such a significant role in this novel? The contribution expounds that Schulze retrospectively and critically retraces in his picaresque novel the way from the 'anti-fascist rampart' of the GDR to the moneycentred financial world of Wall Street. The article illustrates at the same time Schulze's diagnosis according to which during the process of German reunification the West betrayed its own democratic values and against the background of the peaceful revolution in the GDR missed the historical chance to build a fairer future society. ; In the years of the 2008 world financial crisis and of the global protests of the Occupy-Movement, the German author Ingo Schulze writes a novel about the German reunification, in which he tells the story of the 'GDR-rogue' Peter Holtz fighting for a fairer society. In this novel Schulze challenges the question of the democratic quality of the political and economic world order arisen at the historical moment of the Fall of the Berlin Wall. Why does Schulze decide to write just a picaresque novel about the German reunification during the financial crisis after 2007? What is the additional value of this literary elaboration of the historical turning point of 1989? Why does money play such a significant role in this novel? The contribution expounds that Schulze retrospectively and critically retraces in his picaresque novel the way from the 'anti-fascist rampart' of the GDR to the moneycentred financial world of Wall Street. The article illustrates at the same time Schulze's diagnosis according to which during the process of German reunification the West betrayed its own democratic values and against the background of the peaceful revolution in the GDR missed the historical chance to build a fairer future society.
In the perspective of the events deriving from the pandemic, the paper examines the different problems that had changed the structure of the Welfare State due to economic and financial conditioning. In particular, the criticalities of the relationship between the State and the Regions and between the States and the European Union and, finally, of globalization have emerged even more evident. The different perspective offered by the Coronavirus could lead to a return to the original setting of the Welfare State. ; Alla luce degli eventi derivanti dalla pandemia il lavoro analizza le differenti problematiche che avevano modificato la struttura dello Stato sociale a causa dei condizionamenti economici e finanziari. In particolare, sono emerse ancora di più le criticità del riparto di competenza tra Stato e Regioni, del rapporto tra gli Stati e l'Unione europea e, infine, della globalizzazione. La diversa prospettiva offerta dal Coronavirus potrebbe portare ad un ritorno alla originaria impostazione dello Stato sociale.
