Suchergebnisse

Explores the challenge that human smuggling poses to individual nations & international efforts to combat it. The issue of state control is discussed in relation to economic globalization & politics that link migration & crime in policy formation. Processes of economic globalization that have paved the way for increased international migration & transnational crime are examined, along with state & multilateral responses to human smuggling, including greater border controls, antismuggling/-trafficking laws, & campaigns to increase enforcement of such laws. A description of difficulties faced by policymakers notes the problems involved in targeting migrant traffickers, as well as the unintended consequences of stricter border controls, including the greater willingness of migrants to pay higher prices for smuggling services. Even though antismuggling initiatives have failed to control the recent expansion in human smuggling, international cooperation in law enforcement & immigration policies may be resisted by states fearing infringement on their sovereignty. Likewise, major restrictions on employer access to cheap illegal migrant labor is likely to provoke resistance by powerful interest groups. 64 References. J. Lindroth

Explores the challenge that human smuggling poses to individual nations & international efforts to combat it. The issue of state control is discussed in relation to economic globalization & politics that link migration & crime in policy formation. Processes of economic globalization that have paved the way for increased international migration & transnational crime are examined, along with state & multilateral responses to human smuggling, including greater border controls, antismuggling/-trafficking laws, & campaigns to increase enforcement of such laws. A description of difficulties faced by policymakers notes the problems involved in targeting migrant traffickers, as well as the unintended consequences of stricter border controls, including the greater willingness of migrants to pay higher prices for smuggling services. Even though antismuggling initiatives have failed to control the recent expansion in human smuggling, international cooperation in law enforcement & immigration policies may be resisted by states fearing infringement on their sovereignty. Likewise, major restrictions on employer access to cheap illegal migrant labor is likely to provoke resistance by powerful interest groups. 64 References. J. Lindroth

The ideological foundations of neoliberal globalism are examined. Rather than conflate globalism & globalization, it is asserted that globalism is essentially an Anglo-American neoliberal market ideology characterized by the drive to liberate national economies from particular social & political constraints via economic globalization. It is asserted that globalists believe that globalization (1) is inevitable & irreversible, (2) emphasizes the liberalization & integration of global markets, (3) is not controlled by any single force, (4) provides benefits to all countries within the global economy, & (5) facilitates the spread of democracy throughout the world. Inconsistencies with these claims are subsequently identified; for instance, it is demonstrated that income disparities between wealthy & developing nations have increased within the incipient global economy & that Northern corporations are inclined to direct investment into countries with pseudo-democratic government systems. Rather than condemn globalization, it is concluded that scholars must establish a critique of globalism to assist the emergence of alternative, non-neoliberal conceptualizations of globalization. J. W. Parker

Analyzes the forces & impacts of globalization in Japan in the post-WWII era, focusing on the activities of intellectuals, the overseas expansion of Japanese business, & lifestyle transformations, particularly in the areas of food & clothing production & consumption. Dimensions of the "fast-foodization" of Japan, led by McDonalds, are outlined, & parallels are drawn to the adoption of "quick, cheap, & tasty" Western fashions in dress. A case study of the Suntory company demonstrates the penetration of Japanese mass culture across Asia, including its alcoholic beverages & soft drinks, comic books & animation art, & drama. Another company, cosmetics manufacturer Shiseido, has successfully penetrated the West; the impacts of these global market expansions on Japan's image in other countries are discussed. It is also shown how the unique style of Japanese management, the consciousness of its business executives, & its employment/promotion systems have expanded globally. Japanese intellectuals' role in globalization, particularly in debates about human rights, the environment, feminism, & economic globalization, is summarized. K. Hyatt Stewart

Given the billions of dollars spent to sell the globalization "project", it is surprising how little people believe of what the proponents of globalization say. Global justice activists & campaigners of many stripes have raised questions about economic globalization & the institutions that drive, regulate, & champion it, & although mistakenly referred to as "anti-globalization", they are clearly in the centrality of solidarity of multi-country strategy & coordination to the action. The impact of economic globalization viewed from women's experiences identifies the inequalities & insecurities to which poor women are subject, particularly in their "slice" of the global economy in the service sector. Confronting the oppressive realities of a globalized world is recognized to require solidarity that insists that "If you have come to help me, I don't need your help, but if you have come because your liberation is tied to mine, come let us work together." Globalization may have its roots in the search for wealth, power, & control, but the search for & commitment to adjust & humane process of globalization is being imagined & fought on many fronts. It is just a matter of time. References. J. Harwell

The "bright" & "dark" sides of economic globalization are explored in a comparison of the licit (capitalist) & illicit (criminal) global economies, focusing on implications for the emerging governance of the world economy. Several characteristics of organized criminal groups are identified: quest for financial gain, member loyalty, corruption of government officials, organization maturity, hierarchical structure, diversification, & multijurisdictional activities; these traits also are typical of legitimate business organizations, causing problems for law enforcement. Organizations that fall into the grey area between the licit & illicit economies are also analyzed. The activities in which global organized criminal organizations engage are described, & a "who's who" is offered of eight major criminal enterprises around the world. The role of international crime in the context of the new face of national & global security concerns is explored, & it is suggested that critics of economic globalization may be undermining the power of the legitimate forces of governance to control crime at the international level. K. Hyatt Stewart

The distinction between a generic sense of globalization & capitalist globalization is argued to need to be confronted in theory & research in order to have any grasp of the contemporary world & the prospects for alternative forms of globalization. The best prospect for ending capitalist globalization with its crises of polarization & ecological unsustainability are located in the globalization of economic & social human rights, & through the spread of genuine democracy. Competing approaches to globalization are differentiated by the fundamental unit of analysis that range from the state centrist approach, the globalist approach & the transnational approach. The central features of all the approaches agree that contemporary problems cannot be studied at the level of nationstates, but need to be theorized in terms of globalizing. The author defines generic globalization, global systems theory & the transnational capitalist class (TCC). Despite the fatalism characterizing much globalization literature, the path out of capitalism is described as moving from capitalist globalization through cooperatives at democracy to socialist globalization at the at the strategy of the gradual elimination of the culture ideology of consumerism that is replaced of the culture ideology of human rights. References. J. Harwell

Criticizes the contention made by proponents of globalization that it will lead to national development, arguing instead that the interests of the national & the global obstruct each other. In particular, national development is predicated on a commitment to autonomy & sovereignty, which the very ideology of globalization attempts to overcome. Traditional Third World approaches to national development are analyzed, noting the influence of Chinese Marxists & underlying spatial assumptions. Manuel Castells's idea of the "network society" is employed to describe the "respatialization of the political economy of development" without any "ideological commitment" to globalization. Contrasts between these two visions of the nation-state & its place in the new global economy are illuminated, & a call is made for a renewed sense of public responsibility regarding globalization, fostered by dialogue between states, transnational corporations, local businesses, & public interest groups. Ways to guide the forces of globalization in directions that do not erase, but acknowledge the importance of, the local & national in a new global economy are needed. K. Hyatt Stewart

Contends that information & communication technologies (ICTs) are rendering globalization contestable even while fostering it by making possible counterpublics. Demonstrated is how adept Canadians are at using ICTs to create new public space & cultivate citizen participation inside & beyond the nation-state in an emerging global civil society. The traditional state-centered perspective on politics & citizenship in Canada is examined, arguing that globalization allows for an intensified contestation of state & citizenship. Showing that the Internet allows the growth of social networks, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), & antiglobalization movements, attention is given to Hannah Arendt's & Nancy Fraser's public sphere theory. In this light, Canadian NGO antiglobalization activity against the Multilateral Agreement on Investment & the World Trade Organization is assessed. As the neoliberal discourse of economic globalization is being challenged, the Canadian state retains the capacity to act; thus, the meaning of citizenship might expanding & deepening as citizens act globally & nationally. J. Zendejas

It is unfortunate that the globalization debate has taken a systemic approach rather than focusing on the actors within the power structure. In an effort to remedy this situation, this chapter first examines the economic, cultural, & politico-ideological concepts of globalization. It then looks at the key actors involved in globalization -- Europe & the US -- focusing on US promotion of globalization & economic hegemony, or "Americanization." This "Americanization" has resulted in the commodification of culture, a trend that focuses more on entertainment than on the promotion of national consciousness. The chapter concludes, therefore, that although globalization in its present form is based on American concepts of power, globalization's future is, as yet, undecided. K. A. Larsen

The remarkable openness of German society to the forces of globalization in the post-WWII era is noted, along with ways that cultural changes have been differentially manifested in & experienced by the Eastern & Western halves of the now-united nation. Economic, political, & social factors impacting the cultural mentality of each region & their impacts on cultural developments are explored. Then, findings from research efforts carried out in Frankfurt & Constance are presented that illuminate the dimensions of cultural globalization in both East & West Germany in terms of (1) the diffusion of the lingua franca of the global managerial elite ("Davos" culture) among German business managers; (2) the traditions, current perspectives & position, & visions for the future of German intellectual elites; & (3) the emergence of German cultural self-representations in mass media & events. K. Hyatt Stewart

The fact that globalization & development are two sides of the same coin-although fraught with ideological baggage-is found to reproduce ideological separatism & to obscure historical interrelations in the dichotomous debates of state centered versus transnational analysis, making the debate less political & more an epistemological issue in which the terms development, globalization, capital, & the state are terms whose meanings & discursive functions change across time and space. The author traces the moments in recent history of the development/globalization relationship to the ambiguity of sovereignty. The author locates the global origins of development in the 19th century improvement of mankind, & the post WWII world order as a construct of power relations using "development" as an enabling & legitimizing discourse. The ideological function of developments was revealed during the 1960's to the 1990's & the institution of globalization as a class political project in the New International Economic Order (NIEO) to the WTO. The legitimacy crisis of development & globalization is traced to incomplete state management of economic integration, the unrealizable ideal, & the imperialism of the "open world" rhetoric. The original formula of the development project of the "development brings democracy" is concluded to be in reverse in a unipolar world that is imposed by force is the condition for development that an evenly distributes spoils of the managed world market. This ideological representation is driven by power relations that are correlated with mounting resistances that are already referred to as "the world's other superpower.". References. J. Harwell

Textual analysis is used to eke out the complex, & often conflicting, ideologies that underlie discussions of globalization among "intellectual innovators" & to describe how these are implicated in the exercise of power. The core ideas embedded in the dynamics of neoliberal globalization are outlined, & four distinct ideological positions are identified: (1) the centrist neoliberal school; (2) internal criticisms of this school (reformist neoliberal institutionalism); (3) historical-materialist transformism; & (4) development transformism; key writings representing each position are noted. The conceptualization of globalization as an ideology of freedom vs one of domination reveals the intersubjective dimensions of the notion & its varied interpretations by different stakeholders according to their political & material interests. K. Hyatt Stewart