Suchergebnisse

The article shows social indicators of the level of socio-economic inequality prevailing in Russia in recent decades; specific poverty lines and categories of the poor in Russian society are revealed; the regional nature of poverty is highlighted. It is concluded that the main causes of Russian poverty lie in the organization of the economic sphere of society and the activities of political institutions.

This article examines the specifics of the income inequality structure in modern Russian society, as well as the tendencies for its change during the country's post-Soviet period of development. It is shown that, compared to other countries, the traditional economic indexes which measure income inequality (decile ratio, Gini coefficient) position the Russian Federation as a country with a high degree of inequality within the mass layers of the population, especially when compared to Europe, albeit the level of inequality is slightly lower compared to BRICS member states. When using equivalence scales, which adjust the people's income after factoring in economies of scale in consumption, Russia's inequality figures improve even more. Based on quintile income distribution and the concentration of income within the highest quintile, Russia also occupies an intermediate position, surpassing most European countries, though not BRICS member states. However, the highest quintile is characterized by a high degree of differentiation. When transitioning from the wealthiest 20% of the population to the 1–5%, Russia's place among other countries of the world changes significantly: when it comes to the gap between the "upper crust" and the masses, Russia can be considered one of the leading countries in the world.

It has also been revealed that on the other end of the income distribution spectrum, at the population's lower strata, there has been a noticeable "rise" of low-income groups in the last few years, with them somewhat approaching the middle. It was manifested in a more rapid increase in prosperity among the lower 40% of the population when compared to the population in general, as well as in a noticeable decrease in poverty levels during the 2000's. Those citizens who were left in the lower strata of income distribution created a clearer image of poverty, which differs from the "average Russian" and emphasizes the importance of gauging not only low income level, but also an array of non-monetary inequality dimensions. Such a process of "homogenization" has lead to an increase in the size of groups with median and average income, with them being the most numerous groups in the current structure of Russian society. However, the increase in the number of people in said groups was not only caused by their shifts from low-income groups of the population, but also because of some members from the more prosperous strata experiencing an "averaging" of their level of income as well.

In this paper, a study of the socio-economic situation of persons experiencing "sandwich syndrome" is carried out. The work includes a critical analysis of the literature on the impact of the "sandwich syndrome" on various aspects of human life, as well as an empirical analysis of the prevalence, demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the "sandwich syndrome" in Russia.

We consider a description and analysis of linguistic, ethnic, cultural heterogeneity issues, with an emphasis on the economic and social consequences of the resulting conflicts. We focus on language, ethnic and cultural differences influence on the processes of emergence, or increase of the potential conflicts in the context of social and economic dimensions. We also take into account income inequality and migration, as the most important factors influencing the dynamics of these processes. The approaches to the theoretical description and empirical evaluation are based on basic economic criteria, which allows to achieve a more complete and accurate description of the studied complex social processes. We pay special attention to the case studies reflecting the peculiarities of the studied heterogeneity issues.

The socio-economic order is changing in the 21st century due to the digitalization and robotization of production and management processes, the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The technological stages and directions of digital transformation and the area of its application are briefly described in the article. Both the positive and negative likely impact of AI on human social life are analyzed. The role of AI in improving the quality of life of the population is shown, including overcoming of destructive consequences associated with the COVID-19. The humanitarian benefits associated with the functional use of AI technologies are presented: online interactions provide new opportunities for communication, effective organization of life, for education, work, self-expression and creativity. Challenges and threats to humanity in the process of interaction with AI are Identified and systematized: a person's loss of control over his personal life, taking away work from a person by AI, replacement of professions, changes in employment, digital inequality, reduction of cognitive, social and life skills people, potential ethical conflicts. Ways are outlined by which people could join forces in solving threatening problems and maintaining control over complex networks «people-digit».

The article examines the results of the football reform in Russia associated with the change of the season of the Premier League championship. The data analysis shows a decrease in the level of competitive balance in Russian football after the calendar reform. The change in the degree of economic inequality of clubs at the same time, calculated on the basis of the transfer cost of clubs, showed that this inequality could not be the reason for the decrease in the level of competition. On the basis of the correlation and regression analysis, a positive correlation between the indicators of the national championship and the rating of the national team was established. Thus, we can talk about the negative impact of the calendar reform on the success of the Russian national team.

This article deals with the issue of the impact of universal basic income (UBI) on the standards and quality of life of population, highlights some theoretical and methodological aspects of its introduction, characterizes the current state of research on this issue and the experience of other countries. It presents the basic conceptual provisions of the scientific study conducted by the authors, which are aimed at the theoretical and methodological substantiation of the idea of introducing universal basic income in Russia, its forms, tools and possible application mechanisms for transformation of the processes and structures of the functioning of the labor and employment sphere, development of human potential, reduction of absolute monetary poverty and excessive socio-economic inequality, that meet modern technological challenges and lead to improving the standards and quality of life of people and the sustainability of the state and society.
The presented study is of high significance due to influence of the category "universal basic income", practical forms, tools and mechanisms of its application on the essential aspects of the life of people, on the expected improvement in their standards and quality of life and the sustainability of the state and society. It will contribute to formation of the scientific, organizational, instrumental and documentary basis for implementation of pilot projects at the regional level, where transitional forms of universal basic income relevant to Russia can be tested. Testing UBI in Russia is of a particular relevance because of the widespread precarious employment, high poverty rates and excessive socio-economic inequality in our country.

Based on the data of all-Russian representative studies conducted within the framework of the international ISSP program in 1992-2019, as well as the 2020 study of the Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the article examines the perception of social inequality by the population, its dynamics, and the role of social mobility as a factor in its differentiation. The authors show that, in terms of the perception of income inequality by the population, the situation resembles the one seen in the 1990s, during a completely different stage of the country's development. The overwhelming majority of Russians today consider income inequality to be unnecessarily high and unfair. Such perceptions and the associated high demand for redistribution do not differ across socio-demographic and socio-economic groups. The experience of social mobility also does not lead to significant differentiation in this respect, and the expected mobility in the medium term is characterized by a weak influence. Only short-term expectations work relatively noticeably in this regard: if they are positive, they reduce the negative perception of income inequality and the demand for redistribution. As for the perception of non-monetary inequalities, normative ideas about their minimization aimed at achieving social justice turn out to be similar in groups with different directions of expected or already completed mobility. Thereby, the perception of both monetary and non-monetary inequalities, as well as requests for their reduction, are formed to a greater extent on the basis of normative ideas about the "proper" structure of society and an assessment of its compliance with the observed reality than on the characteristics of an individual situation, including expected or actual mobility.

This article examines issues associated with the development of the current Russian state, and their study within the scope of philosophical and sociological knowledge. With that in mind, the author refers to a collective monograph called "The emergence of welfare state and its prospects in Russia. Reality and future", which focuses on analyzing the contradictory condition of the constitutional principle of welfare state in Russia.

The article shows that the book in question, first of all, gives a substantiated interpretation of this contradiction based on scientific analysis of political and socio-economic realities; second of all, it describes and proposes ways of overcoming it. The contradiction between the constitutional principle of welfare state and the economic and socio-cultural modes which constitute the life of Russian society is interpreted in the aforementioned monograph based on a sociological study, the data from which points towards an ever deepening socio-economic divide within Russian society, with people being separated by increasing social distance, and consequently leading to the insuffi cient implementation of the government's responsibility for protection.

The researchers draw attention to the problem of socio-economic inequality being unwarrantedly presented as merely the result of the population being divided into the poor and the super-rich; that material differentiation in terms of income and wealth generates overall differentiation in any given society. With that in mind the authors address the issue of the population being segregated in terms of quality of life, while examining it in correlation with level of human capital and society's innovational development. In the study, solving this task in Russia is associated with activating the welfare state's humanistic function, and with its evolution towards becoming a potent welfare state that creates the opportunity for leading a decent life and uninhibited personal development for all of its citizens.

The paper considers the problem of the Siberian region general crisis of the 1917 spring. The internal and external contradictions of the transformation process of socio-economic and political relations in Siberia are examined in terms of the post-February all-Russian revolutionary crisis development. The understanding of the socio-political Russian crisis in the spring of 1917, emerging after the February political coup, is essential in studying the revolutionary соnversion process of the early twentieth century Russian society, as this crisis has generally become the turning point in the country's history and objectively led to the October political coup. The Russian revolutionary crisis constituents, its foreign and domestic manifestations require careful investigation in the issue formulation presented in the paper. The development specifics of the revolutionary crisis in the spring of 1917 in the trans-Uralian agricultural colony of the Russian Empire is of scientific interest, as well as the finding of its anti-crisis development scenarios in the paper presented period. The development of the nationwide crisis in Russia in the early twentieth century, due to the complex and contradictory processes of Russian society modernization in completing the industrial civilization and transition to the imperialist development stage, was complicated by the "Siberian historical issues" in the Siberian region. A set of these issues include the incompleteness of the regional peasantry land management, the contradictions between the old peasantry and Stolypin migrants, and also between the peasantry and the privileged regional Cossacks, the agricultural products export problems from Siberia to domestic and foreign markets, or marketing crisis, the contradictions between the regional and metropolis bourgeoisie, or the issue of the Siberians economic inequality, the local industry underdevelopment and the complete dependence of the local population on the factory products supplying from European Russia, or supply crisis, the lack of a country council, or the administrative inequality of Siberia as a colony and metropolis, etc. During the First World War, these problems worsened and led Siberia to a revolutionary situation. Started in Russia in February 1917, the revolution was an attempt to solve the "Siberian historical issues" personally by the regional population, whose social activity ultimately led to an acute socio-political crisis of Siberia, which became a part of the national post-February revolutionary crisis.

Four post-socialist countries of Eastern Europe (Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia) were comparatively analyzed in terms of the relative position and dynamics of different types of territories over a ten-year period from 2010 to 2020. The author develops methodological ideas about the usage of individual typology to create a socio-economic profile of a territory in order to identify spatial inequality of the countries under study upon socio-demographic, economic and infrastructural indicators. The results of the analysis allowed concluding about dominant trends of socio-economic differentiation between rural, urban and periurban zones. It was found that the intraregional spatial convergence is not an obligatory consequence of the socio-economic development of a country. The transformation processes which accompany the post-socialist transition led to the formation of different models of spatial socio-economic differentiation in each country, i. e. relatively balanced development in Poland, zonal development in Hungary and differentiated development in Romania and European Russia. The author suggests a concept of main stages and directions of the socio-economic differentiation of territories, which helps to systematize statistically-obtained conclusions.

Digitalization changes the nature of work and the demands for competences of a modern employee, but the speed and volume of digitalization differ by type of economic activity. In the context of existing gender differentiation on the labor market, differences in the degree of digitalization lead to the fact that male and female types of employment change differently. The aim of the article is to determine the degree and features of digitalization of "women's" and "men's" spheres of employment and draw conclusions on the prospective impact of these differences on gender inequality. Data analysis concerning current gender differentiation on the labor market, the scale of occupational digitalization and the use of information technologies for various purposes allows us to conclude that both "male" and "female" professions are highly digitalized, but the nature of the changes is different. Data on the gender distribution in the areas of employment and the degree of digitalization of these areas allow us to distinguish 3 categories of women's participation in digital economy: 1. Household use of digital technologies; 2. Digital technologies use while performing labor functions; 3. Creation of digital technologies and direct participation in digitalization. The areas of women's primary employment (health care, information and communication, finance, education) are currently the leaders in employing digital technologies, so computer technologies penetrate more intensively into the professional activities of women than in "male" professions (for example, construction). However, in software development and digital technology management, women are less represented, acting as users of technologies created mainly by men. Since creation is primary related to usage, digitalization enhances gender inequality determining the innovative role for men and the user role for women, which should be taken into account while implementing policies aimed at overcoming inequality.

This article analyzes the stability dynamic of Russian households over the last two decades, as well as its determinants. The methodology used for measuring stability is that which is being developed by intergovernmental bodies such as The United Nations (UN) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The empirical base of the study consists of data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS–HSE). The acquired results speak to the viability of Russian households: families' average real capita income, after decreasing twofold during the crisis period (1994– 1998), not only recovered and returned to pre-reform values, but even exceeded the latter by one third during the period of rapid growth (2000–2007). Strategies for increasing the stability potential of households change depending on economic recessions and upsurges. It is shown that a decline in the proportion of households with income below minimal cost of living during growth of GDP was accompanied by an increasing inequality in stable development potential between the poor and the more wealthy families throughout the entire examined period, and especially from 2008 to 2017. Scattered local measures aimed at reducing poverty can result in a more pronounced synergetic effect, if we were to view households with income below minimal cost of living as a complex socio-economic system.

The interaction of the state and business in industrial sphere is growing up with a rebirth of role of manufacturing in the first-quarter of XXI century. This broadens the economic content of public-private partnerships and involves in their activities the growing number of different partners, i.e. research institutes, scientific centres, technological consortia, universities, nongovernment organizations, etc. Such multipartnerships for their evaluation need a new strategy, aimed at reaching not only efficiency, but also fair distribution of outcomes of joint activities. The Gini coefficient is conventional applied in statistics for measuring inequality in society, but in this article this coefficient has been used for defining the degree of equal distribution of benefits and costs between members of the partnership. For this purpose there has been elaborated an integrated financial model, which displays the interaction of cash flows of project and particular participants in the framework of benefit-cost analysis of PPP. The essence of such an approach is illustrated by the abstract case, which is not bearing the complexities of actual projects, and firstly, demonstrates the interaction of benefits and costs between the partners at two levels, i.e. financial and economic ones, secondly, unites the basic stages of project efficiency evaluation and the calculation of the modified Gini
coefficient. Analytical capabilities of such an approach have been examined by the concrete case of nanoceremic manufacturing in Novosibirsk as this enterprise has obtained the effective and rather well-balanced mechanism of partnership. Gini coefficient can serve as the indicator of achieving well-balanced partnership in the successfully, in economic point of view, projects, when a number of members is more than two.

The article traces the impact of innovation on employment and workers income during industrial revolutions. The aim of the study is to identify the business model that contributes to improving the well-being and reducing negative impact of innovative transformations on employees. To achieve this goal, we analyze: the conceptions of industrial revolutions; the "Engels pause", which arose during the First Industrial Revolution as a "surge" in inequality due to the contradiction between productivity growth and profit, on the one hand, and the stagnation of workers' real incomes, on the other; the effect of replacing manual labor with automated one; the problems of technological unemployment; the digital business model of sharing economy. The findings report conclusions concerning the change in economic development paradigm as a result of the replacement of classical consumption models by sharing economy business model, on the prospects of the sharing economy business model in the context of its ability to solve employment problems, overcome technological unemployment and increase employees' income. The achieved results can be useful for policymakers and corporate structures that design innovative development strategies.