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N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; Facing the challenge of energy and food in Burkina Faso. Burkina Faso is one of the poorest countries in the world according to the classification by Human Development Index of UNDP. It has few energy resources and its agriculture is not enough efficient and diversified to lead definitively the country out of food insecurity. However the current global economic crisis urges countries to focus on the exploitation of domestic resources to reduce their dependence to volatile prices on the international market. Technico-organisational solutions exist to improve energy efficiency of production processes in food chains or in the consumption patterns of households or to produce energy from local resources. This paper explores how shifting the practises in processing such as drying fish or the production of shea butter, or valorization of waste like the hulls and muds of churning, or again new energy such as biofuels, may make improvements address both the problem of access to energy and the issue of feeding the population. It promotes the interest of multidisciplinarity work involving economists, energy specialists and technologists with a technico-economic and organisational approach of value chains in agro-food.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; Facing the challenge of energy and food in Burkina Faso. Burkina Faso is one of the poorest countries in the world according to the classification by Human Development Index of UNDP. It has few energy resources and its agriculture is not enough efficient and diversified to lead definitively the country out of food insecurity. However the current global economic crisis urges countries to focus on the exploitation of domestic resources to reduce their dependence to volatile prices on the international market. Technico-organisational solutions exist to improve energy efficiency of production processes in food chains or in the consumption patterns of households or to produce energy from local resources. This paper explores how shifting the practises in processing such as drying fish or the production of shea butter, or valorization of waste like the hulls and muds of churning, or again new energy such as biofuels, may make improvements address both the problem of access to energy and the issue of feeding the population. It promotes the interest of multidisciplinarity work involving economists, energy specialists and technologists with a technico-economic and organisational approach of value chains in agro-food.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; Facing the challenge of energy and food in Burkina Faso. Burkina Faso is one of the poorest countries in the world according to the classification by Human Development Index of UNDP. It has few energy resources and its agriculture is not enough efficient and diversified to lead definitively the country out of food insecurity. However the current global economic crisis urges countries to focus on the exploitation of domestic resources to reduce their dependence to volatile prices on the international market. Technico-organisational solutions exist to improve energy efficiency of production processes in food chains or in the consumption patterns of households or to produce energy from local resources. This paper explores how shifting the practises in processing such as drying fish or the production of shea butter, or valorization of waste like the hulls and muds of churning, or again new energy such as biofuels, may make improvements address both the problem of access to energy and the issue of feeding the population. It promotes the interest of multidisciplinarity work involving economists, energy specialists and technologists with a technico-economic and organisational approach of value chains in agro-food.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; Facing the challenge of energy and food in Burkina Faso. Burkina Faso is one of the poorest countries in the world according to the classification by Human Development Index of UNDP. It has few energy resources and its agriculture is not enough efficient and diversified to lead definitively the country out of food insecurity. However the current global economic crisis urges countries to focus on the exploitation of domestic resources to reduce their dependence to volatile prices on the international market. Technico-organisational solutions exist to improve energy efficiency of production processes in food chains or in the consumption patterns of households or to produce energy from local resources. This paper explores how shifting the practises in processing such as drying fish or the production of shea butter, or valorization of waste like the hulls and muds of churning, or again new energy such as biofuels, may make improvements address both the problem of access to energy and the issue of feeding the population. It promotes the interest of multidisciplinarity work involving economists, energy specialists and technologists with a technico-economic and organisational approach of value chains in agro-food.

Ambush on well-traveled roads is the preferred technique of road bandits operating for centuries on the roads of the Lake Chad Basin. Seemingly a historical pathology, rural banditry is related to survival strategies elaborated in extreme ecological and economic conditions. But it is also a means of negotiating modernity, or particular norms of spontaneous capital accumulation and the circulation of sophisticated weaponry. Acting as lords of the roads, the bandits benefit from the lack of banking infrastructures, the porosity of inter-state borders, and the inefficiencies of national security forces. Banditry in the Lake Chad Basin constitutes a system of production that mobilizes many categories of people, including ex-convicts, the impoverished, and patrons with social status. More than a problem of law and order, this trans-border criminality is one of the main facets of insecurity in the region. (Polit afr/DÜI)

The dollar standard, gold and the monetary disaster, by Paul Fabra
The present proposals for remedying the international monetary crisis seek only to preserve the existing system by widening it. There can only result an aggravation of the crisis. This article criticises the international role of the dollar, the weaknesses of which are accentuated by the political insecurity of the international context. After defining the nature of the monetary system, by showing that a generalisation of floating currency has not modified its effects, the author analyses the consequences of this system on economic activity and explains, in particular, the phenomena of stagflation by monetary causes. To monetarism-inspired methods used by monetary authorities to regulate the growth of the monetary supply, another method is opposed, which consists in controlling monetary creation, the market being controlled by a constrained fixed rate of convertibility.

International audience ; Military spending is often seen as unproductive, even though it is intended to meet an essential need: the security of people against insecurity. Conflicts between states are common and require national protection. However, it is difficult to determine both the level of security acceptable by deterrence and to choose the forms of defence appropriate to the threats. Economic factors influence the level and structure of military spending, but extra-economic factors, in a cold war situation, remain fundamental (militarism, religious conflicts, leadership will, imperialism behaviour, national strategies, economic and political system, moral and political ideology). The study and the estimations of military spending are in the heart of scientific multidisciplinary analysis. ; Les dépenses militaires sont souvent considérées comme étant improductives, alors même qu'elles sont destinées à satisfaire un besoin essentiel : la sécurité des personnes contre l'insécurité. Les conflits entre les Etats sont courants et supposent une protection nationale. Cependant, il est difficile de déterminer à la fois le niveau de sécurité acceptable par la dissuasion et de choisir les formes de défense adaptées aux menaces. Les facteurs économiques influencent le niveau et la structure des dépenses militaires, mais les facteurs extra économiques, dans une situation de guerre froide, restent fondamentaux (militarisme, conflits religieux, volonté de leadership, impérialisme, stratégies nationales, système économique et politique, idéologie politique et morale). L'étude et l'estimation des dépenses militaires sont au cœur des analyses scientifiques multidisciplinaires

International audience ; Military spending is often seen as unproductive, even though it is intended to meet an essential need: the security of people against insecurity. Conflicts between states are common and require national protection. However, it is difficult to determine both the level of security acceptable by deterrence and to choose the forms of defence appropriate to the threats. Economic factors influence the level and structure of military spending, but extra-economic factors, in a cold war situation, remain fundamental (militarism, religious conflicts, leadership will, imperialism behaviour, national strategies, economic and political system, moral and political ideology). The study and the estimations of military spending are in the heart of scientific multidisciplinary analysis. ; Les dépenses militaires sont souvent considérées comme étant improductives, alors même qu'elles sont destinées à satisfaire un besoin essentiel : la sécurité des personnes contre l'insécurité. Les conflits entre les Etats sont courants et supposent une protection nationale. Cependant, il est difficile de déterminer à la fois le niveau de sécurité acceptable par la dissuasion et de choisir les formes de défense adaptées aux menaces. Les facteurs économiques influencent le niveau et la structure des dépenses militaires, mais les facteurs extra économiques, dans une situation de guerre froide, restent fondamentaux (militarisme, conflits religieux, volonté de leadership, impérialisme, stratégies nationales, système économique et politique, idéologie politique et morale). L'étude et l'estimation des dépenses militaires sont au cœur des analyses scientifiques multidisciplinaires

This article shows the results of a large-scale survey focused on the experiences, perceptions and attitudes of master level teacher interns in the French national education system in the context of COVID-19 lockdown. Data was collected in four French overseas territories: Guadeloupe, Martinique, New Caledonia and French Polynesia. The online poll covered four aspects of the teacher intern experience: possession of computer equipment, access to digital resources, available technology hardware during lockdown, educational interactions, well-being and feelings of insecurity. The quantitative analysis of the responses was combined with a similarity in network analysis based on the participants' comments. The results obtained show that the online training strategies put in place to manage the crisis were often hastily improvised and could not resolve the lack of technical and economic means from which the most marginalized and geographically isolated communities suffer. This situation has resulted in overworked, highly dissatisfied and stressed oversea teacher interns.

International audience ; Economic, social and human security is not measurable, it depends on the philosophical, religious, economic and political conceptions of a Nation. The way to improve human security is undoubtedly through sustainable human development and the eradication of poverty and inequality. Capitalism has allowed rapid development of modern technologies, but it fails in environmental, social and societal issues, creating a form of permanent insecurity of economic crises at short intervals. In addition, the extent of liberalization of the global financial system increases the potential for economic crises. The United States has been the sanctuary of capitalism for at least a century, but the power of Washington is increasingly challenged by its mode of development based on inequality and the exercise of economic, technological and military power. Washington has the highest military expenditure in the world, to which should also be added the share it cancontrol with NATO. However, comparisons of military expenditure are the subject of numerous studies to measure their real content, especially since their estimates are wrongly presented as an essential element of a state's power in global strategies. Finally, as the cradle of modern humanity, the Mediterranean is characterized by a multitude of complex situations of states and civilizations, which make it an increasingly dangerous area, with regard to the religious, political, economic and strategic disputes of its shores. ; La sécurité économique, sociale et humaine n'est pas mesurable, elle dépend des conceptions philosophiques, religieuses, économiques et politiques d'une Nation. Le chemin vers l'amélioration de la sécurité humaine passe sans doute par le développement humain soutenable et l'éradication des formes de pauvreté et d'inégalités. Le capitalisme a permis un développement rapide des technologies modernes, mais il échoue quant aux questions environnementales, sociales et sociétales, créant ainsi une forme d'insécurité permanente des ...

Presidential elections were held in Nigeria on 25 February 2023. The candidate of Nigeria's ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) party Bola Ahmed Tinubu won the election. He was known as a political 'godfather' in the South West. His major contender, Atiku Abubakar, 76, running on behalf of the major oppositional People's Democratic Party (PDP) lost, as well as the third, Peter Obi, 61, a candidate for the little-known Labor Party. He had hoped to break the two-party system that ruled the country since the end of military rule. But he failed despite enjoying passionate support on social media, especially among the Nigerian youth. Acting President Buhari, whose term has ended, had renewed his call for foreign powers not to interfere in Nigeria's internal affairs. Given the recent history of military coups in West Africa, including Russia's involvement, the military command again dismissed coup rumours. However, the latter were largely ignored by the general public anyway. Most people focused on more pressing concerns such as insecurity, fuel shortages and a shortage of new banknotes. Although Nigeria is a resource-rich country and oil and gas revenues have funded national budgets for decades, around 40% of Nigerians (83 million people) live below the poverty line while another 25% (53 million) are at risk. So far, Nigeria has not been able to benefit from rising global oil prices. Oil production has fallen to historic lows since 2021. Gasoline subsidies continue to consume too much of oil revenue. Nigeria's growth prospects are bleak due to further declines in oil production and heightened uncertainty. The new president has to cooperate closely with ECOWAS to tackle gang violence and insecurity in the West African region. The cooperation documents Nigeria's role as a political, economic and security policy hegemon in West Africa, often said 'too big to fail', as it is by far the largest and most powerful nation in sub-Saharan Africa alongside South Africa.

National audience ; The night, in which key issues of economic, political, environmental and social importance are crystallized, is subject to ever-growing pressures. At its deepest levels, society is redefining its nycthemeral rhythns, its cycles of day and night. More and more human activities are shifting towards the night, producing a new space of work and leisure. As they cast off natural constraints, our cities are being remade, by ways of life which are ever more desynchronized, marked by a reduction in work time and by new technologies of lighting and communication. The last three decades have witnessed an ongoing colonization of the night by human activity. As time expands, beyond the limits of the day, so the night imposes itself upon the reality of the day, for better (through parties and festive events) or for worse (through urban violence, conflict, insecurity).After pioneering work at the end of the 1990s, a new field of research has emerged – "Night Studies," bringing together historians, urbanists, sociologists, economists, anthropologists, ethnologists, philosophers, biologists, specialists in culture and communication, political scientists, architects, artists and practitioners of all kinds. Around the world, conferences, seminars, research projects, theses and exhibitions focussing on the night have proliferated. In interdisciplinary fashion, these have explored the boundaries of the urban night, its colonization by the day, and its connections to colonization, insecurity, governance, public policy and planning, quality of life, cohabitation, lighting plans, landscapes, mobility, representation, mapping, innovation and marketing. ; Les pressions s'accentuent sur la nuit qui cristallise des enjeux écono-miques, politiques, environnementaux et sociaux fondamentaux. La société redéfinit en profondeur ses nycthémères. Progressivement les activités humaines se déploient vers la nuit et recomposent un nou-vel espace de travail et de loisirs. S'émancipant des contraintes natu-relles, nos métropoles ...

National audience ; The night, in which key issues of economic, political, environmental and social importance are crystallized, is subject to ever-growing pressures. At its deepest levels, society is redefining its nycthemeral rhythns, its cycles of day and night. More and more human activities are shifting towards the night, producing a new space of work and leisure. As they cast off natural constraints, our cities are being remade, by ways of life which are ever more desynchronized, marked by a reduction in work time and by new technologies of lighting and communication. The last three decades have witnessed an ongoing colonization of the night by human activity. As time expands, beyond the limits of the day, so the night imposes itself upon the reality of the day, for better (through parties and festive events) or for worse (through urban violence, conflict, insecurity).After pioneering work at the end of the 1990s, a new field of research has emerged – "Night Studies," bringing together historians, urbanists, sociologists, economists, anthropologists, ethnologists, philosophers, biologists, specialists in culture and communication, political scientists, architects, artists and practitioners of all kinds. Around the world, conferences, seminars, research projects, theses and exhibitions focussing on the night have proliferated. In interdisciplinary fashion, these have explored the boundaries of the urban night, its colonization by the day, and its connections to colonization, insecurity, governance, public policy and planning, quality of life, cohabitation, lighting plans, landscapes, mobility, representation, mapping, innovation and marketing. ; Les pressions s'accentuent sur la nuit qui cristallise des enjeux écono-miques, politiques, environnementaux et sociaux fondamentaux. La société redéfinit en profondeur ses nycthémères. Progressivement les activités humaines se déploient vers la nuit et recomposent un nou-vel espace de travail et de loisirs. S'émancipant des contraintes natu-relles, nos métropoles ...

The PRACAS, which was designed as a part of the agricultural policy of the Emerging Senegal Plan (PSE) as the main tool for public policy planning in Senegal, was based on participatory and inclusive approach. It was initiated in 2014 by the Senegalese government with a view to increasing agricultural production and thus achieving national food self-sufficiency. This program has led to dynamics across the Anambe basin. The program, which is designed to implement annual irrigated dual crop, is a privileged area for this program to achieve food self-sufficiency, particularly in the upper Casamance. This study assesses the impacts of PRACAS on the agricultural environment of the Anambe basin. It is based on field surveys, interviews with resource persons (technicians, managers of hydraulics union and the economic interest group) but also an analysis of agricultural statistics collected from the agricultural and industrial development society of Senegal (SODAGRI). It is clear from this work that PRACAS, despite the persistence of food insecurity, has allowed the rehabilitation of the land area, the reception of agricultural equipment and the increase in areas and production of rice. These results prompted the State of Senegal to extend the SODAGRI intervention zone to the entire southern region of the country. Keywords: PRACAS, rural area dynamics, food insecurity, rice production, Anambe Bassin ; Le Programme d'Accélération de la Cadence de l'Agriculture Sénégalaise (PRACAS), conçu comme une déclinaison de la politique agricole du Plan Sénégal Émergent (PSE) principal outil de planification des politiques publiques sénégalaises, témoigne d'une rupture de par sa démarche participative et inclusive. Il a été initié en 2014 par le gouvernement sénégalais dans l'optique d'accroître les productions agricoles et par conséquent d'atteindre une autonomie alimentaire nationale. Ce programme a entraîné des dynamiques à l'échelle du bassin de l'Anambé. Ce dernier, aménagé dans une perspective de double culture irriguée ...

National audience ; The night, in which key issues of economic, political, environmental and social importance are crystallized, is subject to ever-growing pressures. At its deepest levels, society is redefining its nycthemeral rhythns, its cycles of day and night. More and more human activities are shifting towards the night, producing a new space of work and leisure. As they cast off natural constraints, our cities are being remade, by ways of life which are ever more desynchronized, marked by a reduction in work time and by new technologies of lighting and communication. The last three decades have witnessed an ongoing colonization of the night by human activity. As time expands, beyond the limits of the day, so the night imposes itself upon the reality of the day, for better (through parties and festive events) or for worse (through urban violence, conflict, insecurity).After pioneering work at the end of the 1990s, a new field of research has emerged – "Night Studies," bringing together historians, urbanists, sociologists, economists, anthropologists, ethnologists, philosophers, biologists, specialists in culture and communication, political scientists, architects, artists and practitioners of all kinds. Around the world, conferences, seminars, research projects, theses and exhibitions focussing on the night have proliferated. In interdisciplinary fashion, these have explored the boundaries of the urban night, its colonization by the day, and its connections to colonization, insecurity, governance, public policy and planning, quality of life, cohabitation, lighting plans, landscapes, mobility, representation, mapping, innovation and marketing. ; Les pressions s'accentuent sur la nuit qui cristallise des enjeux écono-miques, politiques, environnementaux et sociaux fondamentaux. La société redéfinit en profondeur ses nycthémères. Progressivement les activités humaines se déploient vers la nuit et recomposent un nou-vel espace de travail et de loisirs. S'émancipant des contraintes natu-relles, nos métropoles ...