Suchergebnisse

A great deal of research and comments have been made about African urban male migrants who leave the villages because of economic insecurities, which most often include unemployment, under employment and under productiveness of land. Little is known about the female migrants, except that they are prostitutes. This study is a contribution t o the research vacuum that exists with regards to African female migrants: and the efforts have been concentrated on the Namuwongo-Wabigalo area. An attempt has been made to find out what women do when they come to urban areas. Economic insecurity seems t o be a dominant factor behind almost every reason that the women give for leaving the rural areas. It has been observed that women discover that hard work and self-reliance are useful assets to have in the urban environment as well, where life is based on a money economy. The material in this study is arranged around the question of how women support themselves. The women that have been studied are largely uneducated and therefore possess hardly any to warrant their employment in the industries or in government created jobs; they have no alternative but to be self-employed. They are overlooked by planners and other people, particularly men, competing for formal j obs. This makes the informal sector invisible, and it is not surprising that people operating in this sector are usually labelled lazy and apathetic. Namuwonga-Wabigalo area is one of those called low income areas of Kampala. This is misleading because it implies that the residents are poor or unemployed. Yet the area is categorized so because the migrants who are in formal jobs receive a salary of not more than 500/-. The data suggests that residents of the so called low income areas are not necessarily of the bottom of the income scale. It has been observed that women are playing an important role in nation building or economic development, by for example feeding the workers and building lodging houses. Women are striving t o be socially and economically independent of men; and the findings indicate that they are very much concerned about their individuality as persons and

In a time of economic anxiety, fear of terrorism, and marital uncertainty, insecurity has become a big part of life for many American mothers. With bases of security far from guaranteed, mothers are often seeking something they can count on. In this beautifully written and accessible book, Ana Villalobos shows how mothers frequently rely on the one thing that seems sure to them: the mother-child relationship. Based on over one hundred interviews with and observations of mothers-single or married, but all experiencing varying forms of insecurity in their lives-Villalobos finds that mothers over

The growth of solo self-employed workers in the Netherlands (zzp'ers) has not yet triggered a debate on how to combine their income security and business autonomy. The extent to which the social protection system and interest groups promote zzp'ers to take up collective arrangements mitigating income insecurity due to work incapacity and preventing income insecurity due to poor employability is investigated using the social risk management framework. Correcting economic obstacles and irrational risk perceptions, collective arrangements are found to encourage the take-up of work incapacity insurance and training among zzp'ers.

Does government involvement in the economy promote ethnic peace, or does it contribute to ethnic violence? Two theories, grievances and opportunity, suggest that government involvement in the economy reduces ethnic violence. We present an alternative security-based logic that focuses on the role of economic rents in political competition. Our theory of insecurity predicts that free market economies reduce violent ethnic conflict by reducing fear and insecurity. We present statistical analyses, using data from the Minorities at Risk project and the Index of Economic Freedom, showing that government involvement in the economy increases ethnic rebellion. Our results suggest that the overall size of the public sector is less important than government interference with the market allocation mechanism. We conclude by discussing the policy implications of our findings.

As of June 7, 2015, Sierra Leone had reported more than 12,900 cases of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), and over 3,900 deaths since the outbreak began. In recent months, substantial progress has been made, with a maximum of 15 new cases per week reported following a nationwide lockdown and information campaign at the end of March. The Government of Sierra Leone, with support from the World Bank Group, has been conducting mobile phone surveys with the aim of capturing the key socio-economic effects of the virus. Three rounds of data collection have been conducted, in November 2014, January-February 2015, and May 2015. The survey was given to household heads for whom cell phone numbers were recorded during the nationally-representative Labor Force Survey conducted in July and August 2014. Overall, 66 percent of the 4,199 households sampled in that survey had cell phones, although this coverage was uneven across the country, with higher levels in urban areas (82 percent) than rural areas (43 percent). Of those with cell phones, 51 percent were surveyed in all three rounds, and 79 percent were reached in at least one round. The results for the third round of the survey, which contacted 1,715 households, focus mainly on employment, agriculture, food security and prices, and health service utilization, covering predominantly urban areas where cell phone coverage is highest, but including rural areas as much as possible given the sample available.

Monetary union restored profitability but produced slow growth, mass unemployment, and insecurity and came under challenge, most dramatically in France, by working people from below. This book presents a radical reinterpretation of the European Community or Union as a neo-liberal construction

Th is study examines the ways in which enrollment in the food stamp program affects the mental health status of enrollees. The results find that the negative mental health effects associated with food insufficiency are higher among food stamp participants than nonparticipants. It is estimated that 35.1 million people lived in food-insecure households (Nord, Andrews, and Carlson, 2006) in 2005. Th is means that at some point in the previous year, due to scarce household resources, these families were unable to acquire enough food or were uncertain of having enough food to meet their basic needs. Food insuffi ciency is defined as not having enough to eat periodically over the previous 12 months and is a more severe level of food insecurity. This study examines food insufficiency, rather than food insecurity, due to its relation to food expenditures, and nutritional intake (Basiotis, 1992; Cristofar and Basiotis, 1992). ; Includes bibliographical references

Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- A Note on the Name of Rivers in this Volume -- Introduction: China as an Environmental Rogue State -- 1. The ""China Price"": Police-State Capitalism and the Great Acceleration of Global Consumption -- 2. ""Blind Growth"": Scenes of Planetary Destruction from the Twelfth Five-Year Plan -- 3. The Damage Done: The Poisoning of China's Water, Soil and Foods -- 4. Cooking the Planet for What End? -- 5. China's Engine of Environmental Collapse -- 6. Guanxi and the Game of Thrones: Wealth, Property, and Insecurity in a Lawless System

AbstractClimate change and energy price fluctuations in Iran have considerable economic, social, and environmental consequences. Thus, in this study, the effects of climate change and energy shock on food security in Iran from 2004 to 2018 were investigated using a panel‐VAR model. The results indicate that climate change has a major contribution to the volatility of food prices. Also, among the climatic variables, the effect of temperature on food price volatilities is greater than that of precipitation. Furthermore, the results showed that any shock from energy price fluctuations has a positive effect on the price of agricultural commodities. Therefore, any attempt to decrease food insecurity in Iran's provinces should consider climate change. According to the above results, it is essential to identify regions vulnerable to food insecurity and adopt appropriate strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change on food insecurity.

Despite economic development and social improvements, millions of family farmers in Ethiopia are still struggling with food insecurity. Lack of technology adoption by family farmers is often considered as the root cause for low agricultural productivity and persistence of food insecurity. Based on a study of family farms in southwestern Ethiopia, we show the complex nexus between family farming, food insecurity, and agricultural productivity. We collected qualitative and quantitative data through 300 sample household interviews ; expert interviews with elders and village chairmen, agricultural extension agents, farmers' cooperative heads, as well as experts in NGOs, research institutes, and state agencies ; and on-farm observations with in-depth interviews and discussions with individual farmers. Our findings illustrate that everyday experiences, culture, knowledge, and priorities of farmers coupled with ecological and political factors play crucial roles—and need more consideration than the classic 'lack of technology' theorem.

As a consequence of disasters such as pandemics and severe weather events, Australian communities often face 'food shortages' resulting from the reduced availability of food and reduced access to available food. These food shortages can be acutely felt by vulnerable populations, comprising people in communities who are already dealing with social or economic disadvantages. Despite growing calls to ensure food access for everyone during and following disasters, efforts are still largely ad hoc, champion based and highly variable in their reliability and quality of supply. There is also a disconnect between disaster-related food relief and improving business continuity towards local economic resilience. This study sought to tackle these challenges by exploring how 'local food access' could be integrated within disaster management mechanisms, to support the most vulnerable and also contribute to local economic resilience. This paper discusses the findings of a study undertaken in Cairns, a north-eastern Australian regional authority, and involves a review of disaster management planning and policy artifacts, an online survey, and semi-structured interviews with stakeholders providing care and advocacy for vulnerable populations. Synthesizing the findings, we present a disaster-management-focused 'Local Food Access Model' that connects shorter food supply chains to improved disaster response, resilience and contingency-planning agendas. Applying this model to Cairns, we conclude the multiple benefits and immediate stakeholder readiness for a virtual (online) food resilience and contingency hub, to enable the connection of local food availability and access information within existing disaster management processes. The research method used, the model, and the case-specific findings provide government decision makers with a useful process, a local food-access schematic and a case study example to support immediate improvements in disaster resilience for vulnerable populations.

Compiled with data from the 2003 California Health Interview Survey, this study found that more than 2.9 million low-income adults in California lack sufficient resources to adequately put food on the table on a stable basis and thus are considered "food insecure." Among these food insecure adults, almost 900,000 suffer from episodes of hunger, while the remaining two million live precariously at risk for hunger month to month. In addition to the statewide findings, the report estimates food insecurity within each county and smaller-county consolidation, determining that food insecurity and hunger are found throughout California with prevalence of food insecurity varying significantly, from a low of 20.4% to a high of 45.2%. The prevalence of having experienced hunger also varied significantly across the state from a low of 3.7% to a high of 21.1%. The publication also examines food insecurity and hunger across many vulnerable populations, including ethnicity. Low-income African Americans and Latinos have higher proportions of food insecure adults (37.3% and 38.2%, respectively) than do Whites, 28.1%, while Asians, 23.8%, are least likely of all low-income groups to be food insecure. African American adults have the highest proportion reporting episodes of hunger, 13.8% compared to 12.1% of Whites and 9.7% of Latinos. Asians have the lowest proportion of low-income adults reporting food insecurity with hunger, only 3.9%. The authors also make several policy recommendations to address the growing problem of food insecurity, including increasing household incomes by increasing the minimum wage and expanding low-income housing to help reduce the competition between household economic pressures, such as affordable housing, child care, and health care, and adequate nutritious food. Recognizing tight budgets facing State government, the authors recommend expanding efforts to increase participation in Federal food assistance programs such as the Food Stamp program. Drawing down federal resources to reduce food insecurity in California should be a top priority.

Se utiliza la metodología desarrollada por Henderson, Storeygard y Weil (2012), quienes analizan fotografías satelitales para medir el desempeño económico de las principales 15 zonas turísticas de playa en México, para el periodo de 1993 a 2017, tomando en consideración que son subregiones y muchas pueden abarcar más de una entidad federativa. El análisis se basa en la existencia de una correlación directa y positiva entre la actividad económica y la luminosidad observada desde el espacio. Los resultados indican que las áreas de mayor crecimiento se ubican en la región centro-norte del país, específicamente en Baja California Sur. En el periodo de análisis, existió una gran heterogeneidad en el grado de crecimiento económico entre los distintos destinos de playa en México, en donde se destacan dos factores, los destinos de playa orientados al turismo receptivo y los niveles de inseguridad en dichas zonas.
Abstract
We use the methodology developed by Henderson, Storeygard, and Weil (2012), which analyze satellite photographs to measure the economic performance of the main 15 beach tourist areas in Mexico for the 1993-2017 period, considering that these are sub-regions and many of them spread over more than one state's boundaries. The analysis is based on the fact that there is a direct and positive correlation between economic activity and luminosity observed from space. The results indicate that the areas of higher growth rates are in the central-northern region, specifically in Baja California Sur. The analysis period exhibits significant heterogeneity in the degree of economic growth among the different beach destinations in Mexico, where two factors stand out: beach destinations oriented to receptive tourism and levels of insecurity in these areas.

Food security is one of the main pillars of developing resilient and sustainable economic development. Food security itself refers to the availability of food and one's access to it. Food autonomy at the household level, requires special attention as it forms the foundation of food autonomy of food at the national level. Food Autonomy Action Programme , is one of government interventions tailored toward achieving national economic resilient and security. The program targets directly the poor as they often experience food insecurity. The objective in overcoming food insecurity in Bantul district. The study specifically examined and identified factors which contribute to the effectiveness of the program implementation. The research used descriptive qualitative methods. The location of the research was was in two villages., Muntuk Village Dligo Sub-District and Selopamioro Village Imogiri Sub-district, which were categorized as food insecure that. Findings showed that the implementation of the Food Autonomy Action Programme in Bantul district has been effective. This is reflected by an analysis of both output indicators the implementation of program proved relevant to target population as well as outcome decrease in food insecurity of the population relative to the level of food at the society level.