Suchergebnisse

The cleavages at the EU level can be defined by means of two dimensions: the first dimension is the left-right conflict & the second is the national-supranational conflict. Between the left & the supranational dimension there are political actors who advocate the policy of regulated capitalism while along the right-national dimension there are the partisans of the neoliberal approach. While the first think that the strengthening of the EU institutions is justified (the supranational level) & they champion the legislation that emphasizes the social-democratic dimension, the neoliberals promote the deregulation of economic activities at the EU level & the strengthening of the roles of national governments. Ideologically, the sympathizers of the regulated capitalism are represented by social-democratic & socialist parties, while the neoliberal model enjoyers the support of a wide array of populist, Christian-democrat, liberal & conservative political parties. Since the 1988 reform, the EU regional policy has been increasingly seen as a vehicle of the supporters of the regulated capitalism. At the same time, the regional policy facilitates a number of interactions based on the cooperation of the supranational, national & regional bodies. Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.

The implementation of the "Washington consensus" model in less developed & transitional countries, together with the neoliberal economic development, has also implied the transition from the "bad" to the "good" governance. The concept of the "good" governance centres around the governance ideology of effectiveness & the high-quality public service delivery. The increased effectiveness & capability, however, does not necessarily ensure qualifying governance for a long-term shaping of a state's future. The governance model in transition largely determines the transitional success or failure. The "bad" governance in Croatia is a consequence of low efficacy & rampant corruption as well as of a lack of strategic & creative governance. 41 References. Adapted from the source document.

The author analyzes the concept of the New Public Management, a common term for a series of public sector reforms being put into practice in the last 20 years in most OECD countries, as well as in developing & transitional countries. The role of the state is expected to be modified with these reforms & would no longer be that of the standard-bearer of progress but of an agent & catalyst of the process of development. A special place belongs to GB, which has a long tradition of a highly esteemed civil service (state administration). The New Public Management used to be linked to Margaret Thatcher's political platform, but outlived her administration. Nevertheless, with time, this "revolution" has proved to have its limits, while privatization & market competition have not boosted GB's macroeconomic indexes. Thus, it is not altogether clear why this model of reform had to be applied in underdeveloped countries. 15 References. Adapted from the source document.

U političkome trenutku kada se Europska unija percipira kao specifična politička organizacija kompleksnoga multirazinskog sustava vlasti koji prevladava nacionalne i manjinske probleme, pojavile su se tendencije unutarnjega identitetskog i političkog komešanja kod pojedinih država članica. Španjolska predstavlja izuzetan primjer recentne političke nestabilnosti proizvedene uslijed najava referendumskih izjašnjavanja građana Katalonije o potencijalnoj neovisnosti. Ekonomska kriza koja je pogodila Španjolsku zasigurno je katalizator spomenutih tendencija, ali nipošto jedini ili odlučujući faktor u političkome zahtjevu za neovisnošću ili barem povećanom autonomijom unutar Španjolske. Potonja ima dugu povijest sukobljavanja centralističkih i regionalno-federalističkih tradicija, a njezina identitetska kompleksnost nipošto ne odgovara centralističkomu sustavu vlasti i političke teritorijalizacije. Stoga su izazovnost tematike španjolskoga regionalnog modela, njegova problematika i zahtjevi za revidiranjem suviše važna tematika koja zahtijeva pažljivo proučavanje mnoštva aspekata koje ovaj model podrazumijeva. Ovaj rad nema namjeru sveobuhvatne analize španjolskoga regionalnog ustrojstva, već kratak presjek najznačajnijih elemenata koji su reaktualizirani u novijim događajima te njihovo smještanje u odgovarajuće teorijske modele radi lakšega razumijevanja i interpretacije. ; In today's political situation when the European Union is percevied as a specific political organization with a complex multilevel system of authority which overcomes national and minority problems, certain identity and political restlesness started to emerge in some member states. Spain is an excellent example of recent political instability created due to the announcement of the citizens referendum on potential self-determination in Catalonia. Economic crisis which has affected Spain is definitely a catalyst of the mentioned tendencies, but by no means the only and decisive factor in the political claims for independence or at least greater autonomy within Spain. The latter has a long history of conflict between centralist and regional-federal traditions, and the complexity of its identity in no way corresponds to the centralized system of government and political territorialization. Therefore, the challenging themes of Spanish regional model, its problems and requirements for its revisionism are extremely important issues which require careful study from multiple aspects that such model implies. This paper is not a comprehensive analysis of Spanish regional organization, but a brief overview of its most significant elements reaffirmed in the most recent events as well as their positioning within appropriate theorethical models for easier understanding and interpretation.

The author analyzes fundamental concepts of the school of rational expectation (RATEX, an offspring of the Chicago school of economics). Theoretical foundations of the neoclassical macroeconomy are set out: the hypothesis of rational expectations in the circumstances of perfect competition & the principle of strategic interdependence. Central to these are the hypotheses of variants, misallocation of resources, & neutrality of economic policy. Outlined are rent-seeking & direct unproductive profit-seeking as well as alternative models in the new theoretical economy: economic constitutionalism, deficitarians, the theory of political business cycles, & supply-side economics. 22 References. Adapted from the source document.

The paper examines the influence of neoclassical economics on the sociological approach to individual & collective behavior. The first part discusses the limitations of the Beckerian "hardcore" rationality model (homo economicus), leading to a dead-end street crowded with blinded economists & misled sociologists, as well as the virtues of the Simonesque "softcore" (or "contextual") rationality model, embracing the necessary sociocultural extensions. The second part of the paper confronts the "contextual," rational choice model with the "homo socioeconomicus" model of "embedded" rationality. Rejecting the "exogenous" (cynical) treatment of various effects of social interaction, displayed through the notion of refraction of rationality, the latter approach offers a more complex view of human motives partially molded by evolutionary (institutional) imperatives. 79 References. Adapted from the source document.

This article reconstructs and interprets Bakaric's views on the causes of reproduction of extensive economic development in Yugoslavia in the historical context. Emphasis is put on Bakaric's political-economic criticism of the ideology and practice of Yugoslav socialism. His research into the causes of the economic structure's lack of balance and the consequences thereof starts from the etatist relations of production, which were the basic framework and an insurmountable obstacle to the possibility of their liberalization. He found the causes of imbalance in the bureaucratic relations and in the basic motives of the governing stratum to ensure -- through incessant new big investments -- mass employment, improvement of the standard of living, additional influx to the budget and preservation of the monopoly of party power. A long process of gradual, slow and uneven development of self-government in an unequally developed multiethnic community did not make it possible to break out of the vicious circle. Frequent normative and organizational changes concealed constant political debates and conflicts regarding budget distribution and fiscal solidarity among the republics and regions. Bakaric was critical towards the governing stratum, which focused on distribution instead of fulfilling prerequisites for far-reaching changes of the economic and social system, and this resulted in a general crisis and in the collapse of the Yugoslav model of socialism. Adapted from the source document.

Konkurentnost željezničkog prijevoza u usporedbi s cestovnim se smanjuje, naročito na regionalnim željezničkim prugama. Kako bi se poboljšala ta situacija, EU je donijela razne direktive i pravila u svrhu povećanja učinkovitosti željezničkih poduzeća. U ovom radu predstavljamo organizacijski i ekonomski model koji se zasniva na europskoj politici vođenja lokalnog željezničkog sustava. Organizacijski model se temelji na analizi odluke o više kriterija. Za ekonomski smo model primijenili ekonometrijski pristup u procjeni funkcije troškova i marginalnih troškova na regionalnim prugama, koji predstavljaju osnovu troškova na željeznici. Primjenom takvog organizacijskog modela, poboljšat će se funkcioniranje željezničke mreže. Istraživanjem se ustanovilo da bi promjena postojećeg modela izračuna troškova korištenja infrastrukture donijela ekonomske koristi rukovodiocu željezničke infrastrukture i onima koji su zaduženi za promet. Primjenom predloženog modela također smo ustanovili da ima smisla povećati protok robe na nekorištenim željezničkim linijama jer su troškovi održavanja željezničke infrastrukture neelastični u odnosu na prevezene bruto tone. ; Competitiveness of rail transport compared to road transport has been reducing, especially on regional railway lines. To improve this situation, the EU adopted various directives and regulations to increase efficiency of railway undertakings. In this paper we present an organizational and economic model based on European policies for local railway system. The organizational model is based on multi-criteria decision analysis. For the economic model we used an econometric approach to estimate the cost function and marginal costs in regional lines, which constitute the basis for railway charges. By implementing such an organizational model, the functioning of the railway network will improve. The research found that a change in the existing model of calculating costs of infrastructure use would bring economic effects for the railway infrastructure manager and the providers of transport. Using the proposed model we also found that it is reasonable to increase the flow of goods on unused regional railway lines because the railway infrastructure maintenance costs are inelastic with regard to transported gross tons.

Ovaj rad ispituje uzročnu vezu između diferencijalne kamatne stope (IRD) i međunarodnog kratkoročnog tijeka kapitala (SCF) kako bi se utvrdilo podržava li takav odnos Mundell-Flemingov model u Kini. Proučavajući postojeće strukturne promjene, ustanovili smo da je dugoročni odnos koji koristi podatke iz cijelog uzorka nestabilan, što sugerira da test uzročnosti nije pouzdan. Slijedom toga, koristimo model pomičnih prosjeka vremenskih serija kako bismo preispitali dinamičku uzročnu vezu, a rezultati pokazuju da diferencijalne kamatne stope (IRD) imaju pozitivan i negativan utjecaj na kratkoročni tijek kapitala (SCF) u nekoliko pod-razdoblja, ali SCF ne utječe na IRD u Kini. Prolazeći kroz vanjske i unutarnje šokove, Kina ne bi trebala kratkoročni tijek kapitala (SCF) ograničavati samo na prilagodbu diferencijalne kamatne stope (IRD). Stoga je ključno da donositelji /kreatori politike obrate pozornost na specifične okolnosti (npr. ekonomsku situaciju, monetarnu politiku) te da i dalje primjenjuju kamatnu i fiskalnu politiku kako bi se reducirao negativni utjecaj SCF-a na kinesko gospodarstvo. ; This paper examines the causal relationship between interest rate differential (IRD) and international short-term capital flow (SCF) to determine whether such a relationship in China supports the Mundell-Fleming model. With structural changes existing, we find that long-run relationship using full-sample data is unstable, suggesting that causality test is not reliable. Consequently, we use a time-varying rolling-window approach to revisiting the dynamic causal relationship, and the results show that IRD has both positive and negative impacts on SCF in several sub-periods, but SCF has no effect on IRD in China. When China suffers external and internal shocks, SCF should not be curbed only by adjusting IRD. Therefore, it is critical for policymakers to pay attention to specific backgrounds (e.g. economic situation, monetary policies) and further employ interest rate and fiscal policies in reducing negative influence from SCF on the Chinese economy.

The paper examines the influence of neoclassical economics on the sociological approach to individual & collective behavior. The first part discusses the limitations of the Beckerian "hardcore" rationality model (homo economicus), leading to a dead-end street crowded with blinded economists & misled sociologists, as well as the virtues of the Simonesque "softcore" (or "contextual") rationality model, embracing the necessary sociocultural extensions. The second part of the paper confronts the "contextual," rational choice model with the "homo socioeconomicus" model of "embedded" rationality. Rejecting the "exogenous" (cynical) treatment of various effects of social interaction, displayed through the notion of refraction of rationality, the latter approach offers a more complex view of human motives partially molded by evolutionary (institutional) imperatives. 79 References. Adapted from the source document.

Rast turističke potražnje diljem svijeta dovela je do porasta broja metoda za prognoziranje turističke potražnje. Nove su tehnike polučile pouzdane prognoze turističkih dolazaka s ciljem boljeg ekonomskog planiranja. Ovo istraživanje ima za cilj prognozirati i usporediti djelotvornost dvaju nelinearnih pristupa umjetne inteligencije u predviđanju broja turističkih dolazaka u Singapur. Mjesečni podaci o dolasku turista u Singapur korišteni su za prognoziranje mjesec, dva, četiri i šest mjeseci unaprijed pomoću nelinearnih autoregresivnih (NAR) neuronskih mreža i neuro-fuzzy (neizrazitih) sustava. Točnost predviđanja neuronskih mreža NAR uspoređivala se s onom neuro-fuzzy sustava pomoću različitih mjerenja učinkovitosti. Studija je pokazala da su neuro-fuzzy sustavi učinkovitiji od mreže NAR u svim razdobljima prognoze i kod svih zemalja. Predložena neuro-fuzzy metoda poboljšava učinkovitost prognoziranja tehnika temeljenih na umjetnoj inteligenciji. Ova studija predstavlja doprinos literaturi u području turizma i mogu je koristiti menadžeri za učinkovito planiranje i provođenje mjera u okviru turističke politike. ; The ever increasing demand of the tourism sector worldwide has led to an increase in tourism demand forecasting methodologies. New techniques yield much reliable predictions of tourist arrivals for better economic planning. The study aims to forecast and compare the performance of two non-linear artificial intelligence approaches in predicting the number of tourist arrivals to Singapore. The Singapore inbound monthly tourism data were utilized to generate one, two, four and six month ahead forecasts with non-linear autoregressive (NAR) neural networks and neuro-fuzzy systems. The predictive accuracy of NAR neural networks and neuro-fuzzy systems were compared with various performance metrics. The study revealed that neuro-fuzzy systems outperformed NAR networks in all forecasting horizons and for all countries. The proposed neuro-fuzzy methodology helps in improving the forecasting performance of artificial intelligence based techniques. The study contributes to hospitality literature and could be utilized by managers to effectively plan and implement tourism related policy measures.