Suchergebnisse

The recent discoveries of natural gas in Tanzania, estimated at about fifty-seven trillion cubic feet (tcf), have sparked tremendous hopes for socio-economic development in the country. While this optimism seems to be supported by conventional wisdom and economic insights, evidence from other oil-rich African countries shows that in spite of the ongoing oil and gas extraction, they are floundering in poverty, corruption and political instability. This phenomenal dichotomy between oil and gas wealth and socioeconomic development is referred to as the "resource curse". As this study demonstrates, the "curse" is partly a result of under-taxation. This study uses the resource curse study to analyze and evaluate tax-related challenges in the Tanzanian upstream oil and gas industry. In doing so, the study identifies three factors that may cause loss of potential tax revenues - referred to as "tax revenue leakage". First, the discretionary tax incentives, such as tax exemptions, lowering tax rates and special tax treatment, result in non-payment of taxes that would have otherwise been payable. Second, the International Oil Companies (IOCs) adopt a variety of techniques, such as transfer pricing, thin capitalization, corporate re-organization tax evasion and treaty shopping to exploit the loopholes or gaps in the tax laws to minimize, reduce or eliminate their tax obligations without being detected or punished. Third, corrupt Government officials willfully fail to collect taxes due, short levy taxes, grant undeserving tax incentives to the IOCs or divert revenues collected for their own account. All these factors demonstrate the close connection between under-taxation, corruption and tax avoidance. As this study argues, in the absence of counteractive measures, the Government will collect only a fraction of potential taxes, thus losing revenues required to finance development projects. The study establishes that Tanzania counteracts tax avoidance and tax evasion through anti-avoidance legislation. Tanzania also has accountability measures, which impose restraints on the exercise of public power and prevent corruption. The study concludes that although Tanzania has a competitive fiscal regime, anti-avoidance legislation and systems of accountability, the level of Government's tax revenue nevertheless depends on institutional capacity to detect, prevent and penalize tax avoidance schemes and corruption.

Using examples from Brazil & China, it is demonstrated that while typical productivity indicators in developing countries might suggest that metropolitan location of heavy industry is desirable, theory & econometric evidence suggest that it is not. In fact, sustaining heavy industry location in metropolitan areas can be expected to involve explicit & implicit subsidies, representing welfare losses. Decentralization of production of standardized heavy industry products into smaller & medium-size cities is generally more efficient. This different locational pattern will affect the rate of internal migration, & urbanization, population growth, & economic development. 12 References. Modified HA

Assistance legislation in Germany is not effective. Imports are less important as a cause of displacement than productivity change & are not therefore the prime reason for adjustment difficulties. Programs aimed at specific individual industries are not warranted because: they delay necessary restructuring, can easily turn into disguised or open protectionism, discriminate against the rest of the economy, & provoke retaliatory measures abroad. Intensification of trade with developing countries entails restructuring, & this hits hardest at low-skilled, F labor, backward regions, & industries in which small- & medium-size firms predominate. Two basic methods for coping with restructuring in a free economy are available: (1) adequate advance signals should tell entrants into the job market to look for jobs in industries that are not in import competition; (2) the macroperformance of the economy should be improved, avoiding rigidity & declining investment. 6 Tables. Modified HA.

Il presente lavoro di tesi è il risultato di tre anni di studio realizzato in collaborazione con l'Osservatorio regionale energia della Regione Emilia-Romagna. Il progetto di ricerca è nato dalla necessità di indagare le motivazioni che hanno portato al picco dei consumi energetici, tre anni prima della crisi economica che ha colpito le economie globali. Lo studio, incentrato sull'analisi delle relazioni tra indicatori energetici ed economici, ha dapprima analizzato la principale letteratura sull'argomento. Tale analisi ha messo in luce come dai primi studi risalenti agli anni '70, le metodologie statistiche ed econometriche che tentavano di individuare una direzione di causalità tra consumi energetici e crescita economica siano diventate sempre più complesse. Tali studi però non hanno fornito risultati univoci. Sono stati quindi messi a punto gli strumenti utili per l'analisi di queste relazioni, a partire dai bilanci energetici e dalle matrici di contabilità ambientale (NAMEA) a scala regionale. I primi forniscono i principali indicatori energetici, le seconde gli indici economici integrati con diversi indicatori di sviluppo sostenibile. Dopo l'analisi delle intensità energetiche a diversa scala territoriale (europea, nazionale e regionale), ci si è concentrati sulla valutazione del disaccoppiamento tra indicatori di consumo ed indicatori economici. Infine si sono messe a punto metodologie semplificate di previsione dei consumi, focalizzandosi sul settore industriale della Regione Emilia-Romagna. I risultati delle modellistiche applicate provano come in Emilia-Romagna dopo due forti fasi recessive, il settore industriale rappresenti il motore dell'economia regionale. Le analisi per la previsione dei consumi a breve termine mostrano una ripresa dei consumi industriali ed in particolare dei consumi di gas naturale e dei consumi di elettricità. Le analisi di disaccoppiamento hanno evidenziato come il settore industriale Emiliano-Romagnolo abbia risposto in modo positivo alle politiche di efficienza energetica poste in essere dal settore manifatturiero, soprattutto dal 2007 in poi. ; This thesis is the result of a three years' research carried out in collaboration with the Regional Energy Observatory of the Emilia-Romagna Region. The idea of the research was born while investigating the reasons that led to the peak of energy consumption, three years before the economic crisis that hit global economies. The study, focusing on analyzing the relationships between energy and economic indicators, first analyzed the main literature on the subject. This analysis has highlighted that, since the first studies dating back to the '70s, the statistical and econometric methodologies that attempted to identify a causal direction between energy consumption and economic growth have become increasingly complex. However, these studies did not provide univocal results. New tools, useful for the analysis of these relationships, were then developed, starting from the energy balances and the environmental accounting matrices (NAMEA) on a regional scale. The former provide the main energy indicators, the latter the economic indicators integrated with various indicators of sustainable development. After analyzing the energy intensities at different territorial scales (European, national and regional), an assessment of the decoupling between energy consumption indicators and economic indicators were analyzed. Finally, simplified methodologies aiming at forecasting energy consumption were developed, focusing on the industrial sector of the Emilia-Romagna Region. Decoupling analysis have shown that the Emilia-Romagna industrial sector has responded positively to the energy efficiency policies implemented by the manufacturing sector, especially from 2007 onwards. The results of the applied models have proved that in Emilia-Romagna, after two strong recessionary phases, the industrial sector still represents the engine of the regional economy. Moreover, the analyzes of short-term energy consumption forecasts show a recovery in industrial consumption and in particular in the consumption of natural gas and electricity consumption.

This book is a quarterly forecast and analysis report on the Chinese economy. It is published twice a year and presents ongoing results from the "China Quarterly Macroeconomic Model (CQMM)," a research project at the Center for Macroeconomic Research (CMR) at Xiamen University. Based on the CQMM model, the research team forecast major macroeconomic indicators for the next 8 quarters, including the rate of GDP growth, the CPI, fixed-asset investment, resident consumption and foreign trade. At the same time it focuses on simulation of current macroeconomic policies in China. In addition to helping readers understand China's economic trend and policy guide, this book has three main goals: to help readers understand China's economic performance; to forecast the main macroeconomic indicators for the next 8 quarters; and to simulate the effectiveness of macroeconomic policies

There has been contentious debate surrounding the issue of undervaluation of the Chinese Renminbi. Despite continuous international political pressure to appreciate its currency, the Chinese government has resisted significant changes. A key question underlining the debate is whether a Renminbi appreciation would deliver substantial gains for exports and employment as the United States has argued or a significant slowdown of Chinese economy as feared by the Chinese government, and if so to what extent. This paper analyzes the ex-ante, short-term impacts of the Chinese Renminbi appreciation on the Chinese and world economies using the novel approach of modeling nominal exchange rate adjustment in the Global Trade Analysis Project, a global computable general equilibrium model. Scenario results show that the Chinese economy will be affected negatively, with lower real gross domestic product, lower employment rates, and a decline in the trade surplus. Chinese currency appreciation has a positive impact on the GDP of the major countries and regions, but by a small margin. With a higher Chinese exchange rate, trade balances for other trading partner countries, with the exception of the United States, improve. ; Non-PR ; GRP38; IFPRI1 ; EPTD

The purpose of this study was to describe the economic impact of agro-tourism development on PTPN XII plantation workers Sirah Kencong Blitar. The method used is qualitative. Determination of informants is using purposive sampling techniques. In this study, informants are community leaders (RT / RW), village elders or people who have lived in the Sirah Kencong tea plantation area, local government, tourism management, and several residents concerned in the management of the tourism area. Data collection techniques are done by observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Test the validity of the data using triangulation techniques. The analysis technique uses an interactive model. The theory used is the Cohen Tourism Socio-Economic Impact theory. The results showed that: 1) The development of agrotourism had economic and social impacts as a continuation for the community, namely in the financial aspect made the increase in job vacancies and increased income from various employment sectors related to tourism 2) the development of the economic sector, such as stalls, shops, souvenir merchants, etc. 3) For the social aspects of the development of Sirah Kencong agro-tourism, there are several impacts for the community, namely increasing the ability of the community in the field of tourism, in social aspects, they become more understanding of how to dress well, communicate well, and also the level education is increasing because of the development of tourism. So, based on the research results of agro-tourism development, it has a positive impact on the lives of PTPN XII plantation workers Sirah Kencong Blitar. Keywords: Economic Impact, Social Impact, Agro-tourism, Plantation Workers Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan dampak ekonomi pengembangan agrowisata terhadap pekerja perkebunan PTPN XII Sirah Kencong Blitar. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif. Penentuan informan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Dalam penelitian ini informan adalah tokoh masyarakat (RT/RW), sesepuh desa atau masyarakat yang pernah tinggal di kawasan perkebunan teh Sirah Kencong, pemerintah daerah, pengelola wisata, dan beberapa warga yang berkepentingan dalam pengelolaan kawasan wisata. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi, wawancara mendalam, dan dokumentasi. Uji validitas data menggunakan teknik triangulasi. Teknik analisis menggunakan model interaktif. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori Dampak Sosial Ekonomi Pariwisata Cohen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Pengembangan agrowisata memberikan dampak ekonomi dan sosial sebagai kelanjutan bagi masyarakat yaitu dalam aspek keuangan membuat peningkatan lapangan kerja dan peningkatan pendapatan dari berbagai sektor pekerjaan yang terkait dengan pariwisata 2) pengembangan bidang ekonomi, seperti warung, toko, pedagang cinderamata, dll 3) Untuk aspek sosial pengembangan agrowisata Sirah Kencong ada beberapa dampak bagi masyarakat yaitu peningkatan kemampuan masyarakat dalam bidang pariwisata. Dalam aspek sosial, mereka menjadi lebih memahami cara berpakaian yang baik, berkomunikasi yang baik, dan juga tingkat pendidikan yang meningkat karena perkembangan pariwisata sehingga berdasarkan hasil penelitian pengembangan agrowisata berdampak positif bagi kehidupan pekerja perkebunan PTPN XII Sirah Kencong Blitar. Kata kunci: Dampak Ekonomi, Dampak Sosial, Agrowisata, Pekerja Perkebunan

It is generally argued that open trade is crucial for economic growth and development. The economic literature also argues that growth is an important option for reducing poverty in developing countries. The paper analyzed the causality between the trade, growth and poverty for Pakistan using annual time series data from 1973-2009. Granger causality results based on Error-Correction Models have shown that in the case of Pakistan there exists two way relationship between trade and growth in the long-run but for the short-run growth enhance the trade. For the growth and poverty, there exists long-run relation from growth to poverty while for the short-run there exists no relationship. It may be concluded that international trade can play an important role towards growth and ultimately alleviation of poverty. From the policy perspective government should focus on trade.

В роботі доведено, що сталий розвиток держави неможливо забезпечити без створення умов сталого розвитку її адміністративно-територіальних одиниць на основі моделі, складовими якої є економічна, соціальна та екологічна складові. Обґрунтована необхідність зосередження уваги на екологічній складовій. Показано, що одними із найважливіших еколого-економічних інструментів природоохоронної діяльності в Україні є екологічний податок та збір за забруднення довкілля. За результатами аналізу динаміки збору за забруднення навколишнього середовища встановлено, що останніми роками знизились обсяги викидів забруднюючих речовин. Встановлено, що зростання обсягів екологічного податку у доходах місцевих бюджетів у 2015 році пов'язано із початком децентралізації та здійсненими змінами у Податковому кодексі. Доведено, що уповільнення темпів зростання надходження екологічного податку до місцевих бюджетів є наслідком неефективної системи наповнення бюджетів об'єднаних територіальних громад (ОТГ) та місцевих бюджетів. Проведена оцінка рівень розвитку економічного механізму регулювання і стимулювання раціонального природокористування на основі показників природоохоронного фінансування. Здійснений аналіз динаміки зміни обсягів видатків на охорону навколишнього середовища. Встановлено, що видатки зведеного бюджету України на охорону навколишнього природного середовища щорічно зростають, але темпи цього зростання нівелюються інфляційними чинниками. Встановлено, що наявне уповільнення темпів фінансування з державного бюджету з одночасним збільшенням фінансування з місцевих бюджетів. Це дало підстави стверджувати, що створені ОТГ більш виважено ставляться до екологічної політики та необхідності фінансування природоохоронних заходів. Досліджено взаємозв'язок між надходженням екологічного податку до бюджетів та динамікою видатків на природоохоронні заходи. Встановлено, що динаміка надходження екологічного податку до бюджету не співпадає з динамікою видатків бюджету на охорону навколишнього середовища. Це свідчить про недосконалість регуляторних механізмів екологічної політики як на рівні держави, так і на рівні окремих територій. Доведена необхідність розроблення методологічних підходів до обґрунтування ефективних напрямів реалізації державної політики у сфері охорони довкілля на рівні ОТГ, рекомендацій з їх наукового супроводу, опрацювання комплексу заходів щодо їх упровадження та вдосконалення чинної організаційно-правової бази. Проведений аналіз динаміки та джерел фінансування капітальних та поточних інвестицій у охорону навколишнього середовища. Показано, що динаміка темпів зростання капітальних інвестицій є нестабільною, внаслідок чого відсутні кардинальні зміни екологічної ситуації у країні. Показано, що темпи зростання поточних інвестицій є несуттєвими, на рівні офіційного рівня інфляції, що знижує їх економічну ефективність. Проведений аналіз структури джерел фінансування капітальних та поточних інвестицій у природоохоронну діяльність. Отримані результати підтвердили зроблені висновки щодо нефективність державної політики здійснення капітальних інвестицій у природоохоронні заходи. ; In work is proved, that it is impossible to ensure sustainability development of the state without creation of conditions of sustainability development of administrative - territorial units on the basis of model, which components is to economic, social and ecological structure by. The proved necessity of a concentration of attention on an ecological component. Is shown, that one of major ecological-economic tools of nature protection activity in Ukraine are the ecological tax and tax for pollution of an environment. By results of the analysis of dynamics of the tax for pollution of an environment is established, that last years the volumes of emissions of polluting substances have decreased. Is established, that the increase of volumes of the ecological tax in the incomes of the local budgets in 2015 is connected to the beginning of decentralization and brought in changes in the Tax code. Is proved, that the delay of rates of growth of receipt of the ecological tax in the local budgets is by a consequence of inefficient system of filling of the budgets of the incorporated territorial communities (ITC) and local budgets. The estimation a level of development of the economic mechanism of regulation and stimulation rational nature usage is carried out on the basis of parameters of nature protection financing. The analysis of dynamics of change of volumes of the charges on protection of an environment is carried out. Is established, that the charges of the budget of Ukraine grow by protection of environmental natural environment annually, but rates of this growth reduce meaning by the inflationary factors. Is established, that there is a delay of rates of financing from the state budget with simultaneous increase of financing from the local budgets. It has given the bases to assert, that created IТC more is weighed concern to ecological politics and necessity of financing of nature protection measures. The interrelation between receipt of the ecological tax in the budgets and dynamics of the charges on nature protection measures is investigated. Is established, that dynamics of receipt of the ecological tax in the budget does not coincide with dynamics of the charges of the budget on protection of an environment. It testifies to imperfection regulating mechanisms of ecological politics, both on the equal states, and at a level of separate territories. The necessity of development of the methodological approaches to a substantiation of effective directions of realization of state politics in sphere of protection an environment at a level IТC, recommendations for their scientific support, development of a complex of measures on their introduction and improvement of working organization-legal base is proved. The analysis of dynamics both sources financing of the capital and current investments in protection of an environment is carried out. Is shown, that dynamics of rates of growth of the capital investments is astable, owing to what there are no cardinal changes of an ecological situation in the country. Is shown, that the rates of growth of the current investments are insignificant, at a level of an official rate of inflation, which reduces their economic efficiency. The analysis of structure of sources financing of the capital and current investments in nature protection activity is carried out. The received results have confirmed the made conclusions concerning an inefficiency of state politics of realization of the capital investments in nature protection measures.

В роботі доведено, що сталий розвиток держави неможливо забезпечити без створення умов сталого розвитку її адміністративно-територіальних одиниць на основі моделі, складовими якої є економічна, соціальна та екологічна складові. Обґрунтована необхідність зосередження уваги на екологічній складовій. Показано, що одними із найважливіших еколого-економічних інструментів природоохоронної діяльності в Україні є екологічний податок та збір за забруднення довкілля. За результатами аналізу динаміки збору за забруднення навколишнього середовища встановлено, що останніми роками знизились обсяги викидів забруднюючих речовин. Встановлено, що зростання обсягів екологічного податку у доходах місцевих бюджетів у 2015 році пов'язано із початком децентралізації та здійсненими змінами у Податковому кодексі. Доведено, що уповільнення темпів зростання надходження екологічного податку до місцевих бюджетів є наслідком неефективної системи наповнення бюджетів об'єднаних територіальних громад (ОТГ) та місцевих бюджетів. Проведена оцінка рівень розвитку економічного механізму регулювання і стимулювання раціонального природокористування на основі показників природоохоронного фінансування. Здійснений аналіз динаміки зміни обсягів видатків на охорону навколишнього середовища. Встановлено, що видатки зведеного бюджету України на охорону навколишнього природного середовища щорічно зростають, але темпи цього зростання нівелюються інфляційними чинниками. Встановлено, що наявне уповільнення темпів фінансування з державного бюджету з одночасним збільшенням фінансування з місцевих бюджетів. Це дало підстави стверджувати, що створені ОТГ більш виважено ставляться до екологічної політики та необхідності фінансування природоохоронних заходів. Досліджено взаємозв'язок між надходженням екологічного податку до бюджетів та динамікою видатків на природоохоронні заходи. Встановлено, що динаміка надходження екологічного податку до бюджету не співпадає з динамікою видатків бюджету на охорону навколишнього середовища. Це свідчить про недосконалість регуляторних механізмів екологічної політики як на рівні держави, так і на рівні окремих територій. Доведена необхідність розроблення методологічних підходів до обґрунтування ефективних напрямів реалізації державної політики у сфері охорони довкілля на рівні ОТГ, рекомендацій з їх наукового супроводу, опрацювання комплексу заходів щодо їх упровадження та вдосконалення чинної організаційно-правової бази. Проведений аналіз динаміки та джерел фінансування капітальних та поточних інвестицій у охорону навколишнього середовища. Показано, що динаміка темпів зростання капітальних інвестицій є нестабільною, внаслідок чого відсутні кардинальні зміни екологічної ситуації у країні. Показано, що темпи зростання поточних інвестицій є несуттєвими, на рівні офіційного рівня інфляції, що знижує їх економічну ефективність. Проведений аналіз структури джерел фінансування капітальних та поточних інвестицій у природоохоронну діяльність. Отримані результати підтвердили зроблені висновки щодо нефективність державної політики здійснення капітальних інвестицій у природоохоронні заходи. ; In work is proved, that it is impossible to ensure sustainability development of the state without creation of conditions of sustainability development of administrative - territorial units on the basis of model, which components is to economic, social and ecological structure by. The proved necessity of a concentration of attention on an ecological component. Is shown, that one of major ecological-economic tools of nature protection activity in Ukraine are the ecological tax and tax for pollution of an environment. By results of the analysis of dynamics of the tax for pollution of an environment is established, that last years the volumes of emissions of polluting substances have decreased. Is established, that the increase of volumes of the ecological tax in the incomes of the local budgets in 2015 is connected to the beginning of decentralization and brought in changes in the Tax code. Is proved, that the delay of rates of growth of receipt of the ecological tax in the local budgets is by a consequence of inefficient system of filling of the budgets of the incorporated territorial communities (ITC) and local budgets. The estimation a level of development of the economic mechanism of regulation and stimulation rational nature usage is carried out on the basis of parameters of nature protection financing. The analysis of dynamics of change of volumes of the charges on protection of an environment is carried out. Is established, that the charges of the budget of Ukraine grow by protection of environmental natural environment annually, but rates of this growth reduce meaning by the inflationary factors. Is established, that there is a delay of rates of financing from the state budget with simultaneous increase of financing from the local budgets. It has given the bases to assert, that created IТC more is weighed concern to ecological politics and necessity of financing of nature protection measures. The interrelation between receipt of the ecological tax in the budgets and dynamics of the charges on nature protection measures is investigated. Is established, that dynamics of receipt of the ecological tax in the budget does not coincide with dynamics of the charges of the budget on protection of an environment. It testifies to imperfection regulating mechanisms of ecological politics, both on the equal states, and at a level of separate territories. The necessity of development of the methodological approaches to a substantiation of effective directions of realization of state politics in sphere of protection an environment at a level IТC, recommendations for their scientific support, development of a complex of measures on their introduction and improvement of working organization-legal base is proved. The analysis of dynamics both sources financing of the capital and current investments in protection of an environment is carried out. Is shown, that dynamics of rates of growth of the capital investments is astable, owing to what there are no cardinal changes of an ecological situation in the country. Is shown, that the rates of growth of the current investments are insignificant, at a level of an official rate of inflation, which reduces their economic efficiency. The analysis of structure of sources financing of the capital and current investments in nature protection activity is carried out. The received results have confirmed the made conclusions concerning an inefficiency of state politics of realization of the capital investments in nature protection measures.

This book explores the relationship between the circular economy and the building technologies within the quintuple helix innovation model. The main question the book answers is whether and how the conversion of sustainable construction processes can be a powerful engine of innovation for the industry. The post-disaster settlements and temporary shelters are assumed as examples of what can be defined as circular buildings in regards to the technical arrangements and features, material and process reversibility, as the social and participative dimensions. Several cases of these interventions are documented and classified by three thematic axes: design, building and living. This highlighted new trajectories for innovation in building technology, consistent with the social, economic and productive dynamics that no longer allows for growing performance by increasing the resource demand. A theoretic framework is traced supporting this vision, which shows how the low technologies can respond to the transition of the economic model from linear to circular. Within this trajectory, the low-tech design for remanufacturing represents a reference framework and a promising tool applicable to the building processes. The enabling technologies and new paradigms for the transition to circular economy emerging from the European research scenario are also mapped, outlining the possible future developments in line with open technical and societal challenges

This volume focuses on the collection of waste and waste streams as an integral aspect of sustainable waste management. The authors take economic models and behavioral studies into account to go beyond just descriptions of waste collections technologies and collection route design. Models and tools for sustainable waste collection are described in detail, and the authors provide a comprehensive, integrated methodology to design waste collection systems that reduce environmental impacts, are economically viable, and achieve buy-in and participation from target populations. Part I of the book provides fundamentals and context on waste hierarchy, including waste prevention, reduction and reuse, waste collection itself, and steps such as preparation for recycling, recycling, treatment, and landfilling. Background in environmental, social, and economic concerns surrounding waste collection is also provided here. Part II addresses tools for design, operation, and maintenance of waste collection systems. Part III focuses on how the tools presented in Part II can be used to support sustainability assessments and decisions that consider the entire life cycle of waste and the role of waste collection programs in waste prevention, reduction, reuse, recycling, treatment, and disposal. Part IV addresses the challenges of developing sustainable waste management systems and addresses the role of waste collection in sustainable waste management in the future