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The analysis developed attempts to present a preliminary exploration for the development of an economic theory of political systems. Using the tools of economic theory, it tries to discover the expected differences among political systems, as well as to identify some of the necessary conditions for the emergence of a particular kind of political system. The study is restricted to the particular cases of representative democracy and dictatorship. It is assumed that any society consists of three rational behaving groups of individuals: citizens, politicians and bureaucrats. Each is assumed to have a separate preference function, as well as different constraints for utility maximization. The question then is: how do political institutions constrain individual choices, and how does the set of political constraints vary with political systems. To answer these questions some relevant constraints are identified and their variations with political systems analyzed. The identified constraints are: (a) the political constitutions, (b) the size of the dominant coalition, (c) the probability of overthrow from power and the degrees of freedom available to the head of government for implementing policies that his supporting coalition does not desire, (d) the flows of information, (e) the market behavior of the citizens, (f) the costs of migration for the individuals, and (g) the behavior of the bureaucracy. The theory developed in this study presents a coherent picture of the overall fiscal performance of political systems. It finds out that all the relevant forces considered reinforce the inference that, other things being equal, democracies should be expected to exhibit larger public sector shares in national income than dictatorships. Second, it reaches the conclusion that dictatorial regimes will tend to be more inefficient, from a productivity point of view, than democracies. These two hypotheses are considered in the Appendix, but no attempt is made to test them formally on the basis of the empirical evidence presented therein. Rather, a preliminary survey is provided of some of the data and the consistency of the results is checked against the theory. The formal empirical testing of the theory is left to subsequent research. ; Ph. D.

A theory of the dental care market is introduced which proposes that the vertically integrated (local/state/national) structure of the profession services as an organizational vehicle both for intra-professional debate and for developing provider-oriented dental care policy. We suggest that a special relationship exists between professionalism and professional regulation. Such regulation has functioned simultaneously to limit competition and to foster a prized consumption commodity for providers: professionalism and professional esteem. The organized pursuit of this commodity inherently dampens competition. Professionalism itself plays a crucial role in: 1) securing for organized dentistry a form of state regulation in which the providers themselves are the principal decision-makers; and 2) influencing provider and consumer market behavior in several significant respects, the net result being the formation of maintenance of a type of "leadership cartel" in the local market. Thus, a political-economic theory of the dental care market formally acknowledges professionalism as valued by established dentists and recent graduates as a central determining influence. Traditional models of pure competition and monopoly emerge as special, extreme cases of the general theory. Hypotheses are offered regarding consumer and provider behavior, market dynamics, and health policy and regulation.

Any economic theory of value is divided into two parts: the notion of value, and its determination. Since the latter normally depends on the former, our investigation will be directed principally to the notion of economic value in the period preceding Marx's Critique of Political Economy and Capital. Before the Classical labour theory of value, we have no complete system of economic value. Naturally, the notion of value existed from very early times, for common-sense always expressed an estimate of the utility of goods both as satisfying personal needs and for purposes of exchange. As history evolved and as exchange increased, however, economic value began to acquire a growing importance. ; N/A

"March 1984." ; Includes bibliographies. ; Pt. I. Government deficit spending and its effects on prices of financial assets.-- Pt. II. The effect of federal deficits on interest rates : a survey of the literature.-- Pt. III. Interest rates and the federal deficit : some empirical tests. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The formulation of the successive Five-Year Plans in India has led to a steady evolution of economic thinking on questions relating to planning theory and techniques. However, the interplay between plans and economic thinking has often been tenuous. At times there may even have been post-facto rationalization of investment decisions taken on political grounds by ingenious designing of suitable models. At other times, model building and analysis have inevitably gone ahead of the plans. However, it is possible to identify with each plan certain basic model-types, which have provided the intellectual backbone to that plan and were the object of extensive economic debate. It is indeed surprising that while the true cost of labor came in for a good deal of discussion, the associated concept of the true cost of capital did not figure much in the Indian discussion. It was, of course, mentioned from time to time that the market rate of interest did not reflect the true scarcity of capital but it was not quite clear what was meant by such an expression.

The formulation of the successive Five-Year Plans in India has led to a steady evolution of economic thinking on questions relating to planning theory and techniques. However, the interplay between plans and economic thinking has often been tenuous. At times there may even have been post-facto rationalization of investment decisions taken on political grounds by ingenious designing of suitable models. At other times, model building and analysis have inevitably gone ahead of the plans. However, it is possible to identify with each plan certain basic model-types, which have provided the intellectual backbone to that plan and were the object of extensive economic debate. It is indeed surprising that while the true cost of labor came in for a good deal of discussion, the associated concept of the true cost of capital did not figure much in the Indian discussion. It was, of course, mentioned from time to time that the market rate of interest did not reflect the true scarcity of capital but it was not quite clear what was meant by such an expression.

A crucial question to anyone engaged in analysing the inflationary process in a country, is how much has the Government contributed to the generation and maintenance of the high demand pressures. The creation of demand in the economy by fiscal expansionary policies (deficit spending), which promotes the objectives of a rapid growth in income and increase in employment, may create inflationary pressures, depending upon how this deficit is financed and on the initial condition of the economy. In the framework of the conventional IS-LM analysis the effect of a shift of the IS curve on income (deficit spending), depends on the slope of the LM curve, and on whether or not this will shift or remain unchanged, i.e. whether or not the deficit is covered by an increase in the money supply.

A RJE article on the Rand Monetary Zone of Southern Africa in the 1970's. ; At the present moment, the Rand Currency area (composed of Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa) is under serious review by its members. The fact that the present arrangements are being re-examined suggests that improvements of one kind or another are being sought. In fact, there have been two commissions of enquiry on behalf of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland into the pros and cons of maintenance of the status quo. Since Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland are politically independent, it is quite normal for these countries to wish to have their own currencies instead of the Rand. Indeed, monetary-fiscal independence (though it may be limited) is an important attribute and parameter of national sovereignty. The purpose of this short paper is to examine the Rand Currency arrangements in terms of the "Theory of Optimum Currency Areas". My hope is that this exercise will throw additional light on the functioning of the present currency and monetary arrangements. It is also hoped that this paper will help in the shaping of future relationships.

"April 1984." ; Bibliography: p. 129-132. ; Mode of access: Internet.

During the 1970's unionization among professional employees in Canada has increased and this trend has been evident among university faculty members. The case study of unionization of faculty at "Eastview University" shows that the literature of voluntary associations and consideration of the historical, political and economic environment of unionization is relevant to the study of unionization in Canada. The literature of labour relations has emphasized economic considerations and been dominated by practitioners. The case study shows that the university's faculty association was an expressive type of voluntary association. Changes in the university's environment led to increased pressures on faculty members and they experienced a sense of powerlessness. The faculty association became a faculty union, an instrumental association. Both faculty association and faculty union performed functions common to voluntary associations, conferring status and integrating the group. Economic factors were not the major factors for unionization at Eastview and the socio-psychological factors of insecurity and lack of full status as professionals were more influential. Further consideration of socio-psychological factors, following the model given in the article, will lead to fuller understanding of unionization and the role of professionals in bureaucracies. ; Tel qu'indiqué dans le tableau n° 1 qui suit, au cours de la période entre 1965 et 1975, le nombre de demandes reçues par la Ontario Labour Relations Board et venant des corps de métier dont les membres cherchent à se syndiquer a dramatiquement augmenté. Tandis que la totalité de syndicats immatriculés restait assez stable, le nombre de corps de métier syndiqués grimpa de 2 en 1965 à 52 en 1975. L'augmentation est même plus importante quand nous nous rendons compte qu 'en 1965 les demandes acceptées de ces groupes ne représentaient que 83 sur 20,500 employés ou .01% de ceux couverts par les demandes. Par contre, en 1975-76, les 52 demandes acceptées pour immatriculation venant des corps de métier ont couvert 6,949 (approximativement 21 %) sur la totalité de 26,100 employés qui cherchaient à se syndiquer au cours de l'année en question. Tout indique que la tendance à se syndiquer continuera, en particulier parmi les corps de métier qui travaillent dans le cadre d'une grande bureaucratie telle que l'université ou une agence de services sociaux et communautaires. L'exposition du cas qui suit tente de nous éclairer les démarches entreprises par les enseignants universitaires pour se syndiquer - un phénomène social plutôt récent mais croissant. Avant 1970, les enseignants des universités anglophones partout au Canada ne s'étaient pas syndiqués. En se syndiquant, les enseignants universitaires ont ménagé une occasion aux chercheurs, spécialistes dans la sociologie des organisations et des professions libérales, de mieux appro-fondir leur compréhension de la nature changeante des corps de métier qui oeuvrent dans le cadre de grandes organisations complexes et conventionnelles. Les sociologues s'intéres-seront aux rapports changeants des corps de métier tels que ceux entre les professeurs universitaires et les institutions ou les bureaucraties au sein desquelles ils s'acquittent de leurs fonctions. L'élaboration d'une compréhension sociologique satisfaisante ne peut progresser d'une façon appréciable avant que les sociologues accumulent tout un éventail de documentation basée sur des expositions des cas existants. Cette étude s'avère une première contribution à cette documentation requise.

The article discusses about the effects of monetary policy on real variables like output and employment. In classical monetary theory, prices are fully flexible and the future tax liabilities implied by government bonds are fully discounted. In such a world, government wending has identical effects whether it is financed by bonds or by current taxation, and an open-market purchase of bonds is equivalent to a money rain. If an explicitly dynamic, general equilibrium model in which people form rational expectations about the uncertain future is constructed, a number of irrelevance theorems about government financial policy can be established, provided that financial changes do not redistribute the tax burden. A change in the rate of inflation that is matched by a change in the nominal interest paid on government debt does not disturb equilibrium in any market. A change in the maturity structure of the government debt will require a change in the term structure of interest rates to equilibrate the demands and supplies of different types of bonds.

The ^great firm' theory of Mughal decline relies on secondary sources for its comprehensive data base; it clarifies & extends existing economic theories of imperial decline. Most writers have treated bankers & other financial & merchant groups as segmental rather than strategic elites, but they were indispensable to the functioning of Mughal government, & the great firms' diversion of resources from the Mughals to other political powers in the Indian subcontinent directly contributed to the downfall of the empire. A working definition of great firms in the Mughal period is proposed, along with lines of further research to adequately test the theory. The advantages of this theory over others are outlined, & the bankers in Mughal India are briefly contrasted with those in imperial China. Modified AA.

This dissertation investigates the question of whether political influence in the business sector is distributed disproportionately among firms in a manner which favors large economic units. The factors which are likely to be sources of variation in the market for political influence faced by economic units of different sizes are isolated and studied. Relying upon pre-existing research by scholars in the area of public choice, a production cost function for legislative political influence is developed. It is demonstrated that supply conditions are likely to vary between corporate units of different sizes favoring small firms. An analysis of the demand for political influence is then presented in which government is treated as an intermediate input in the firm's production function. It is argued that forms of influence may not only serve to alter a firm's cost and demand conditions, but that the economic unit may also enjoy a reduction in the bounded rationality problems which it faces.These internal transactions costs are not generally reduced to a significant degree when influence is produced for the large firm because of the non-durable nature of legislation created for conspicuous corporate units. Thus, the value of the marginal product of political influence is inversely related to firm size. The analysis is then subjected to empirical testing. The results suggest that political influence and regulated firm size are positive and disproportionately related. Across unregulated firms a proportional relationship appears to exist. Finally, the policy implication of the results are explored. The conclusions suggest that policy implemented to reduce the extent of special interest legislation for business by limiting the growth of firms may not only be unsuccessful, but will likely lead to serious market distortions. ; Ph. D.

The case of the Virginia Wetlands Act of 1972 is presented as a problem setting within which to explore the view that some institutions provide economic services, and that pressure for institutional change result from changes in demand for these services. A general hypothesis to be tested in the case of the Virginia Wetlands Act is that institutional change to assure protection of ecologically productive wetlands was associated with increases in demand for those goods, services, and activities dependent in some way on the ecological services of wetlands. More specifically, it is hypothesized that net social benefits from preservation of wetlands have been increasing more rapidly than net social benefits from development uses of wetlands which destroy marsh vegetation. This research used a case study approach to examine the influence on residential land prices of waterfront situation of residential sites achieved by filling or draining salt-marshland. The market value of land, as used in this study, is defined within the context of an economic theory of rent. A land value comparison technique based upon multiple regression analysis was used to identify market price differentials attributable to waterfront amenities of marshlands as residential sites. Changes in this differential over time are taken as a measure of the time rate of increase in social benefits attributed to development uses of marshes. For purposes of comparison, estimates were made of the time rate of increase in social benefits attributable to preservation of wetlands. The ecological productivity of wetlands is essential to maintenance of marine species in the Chesapeake Bay. A major source of demand for marine species is the recreation sport fishing industry. Using estimates generated by other studies of parameters for the demand for sport fisheries, and time series observations on variables which influence demand for sport fishing in the Chesapeake Bay, estimates were made of the time rate of change in social benefits attributable to ecological productivity of undeveloped wetlands. Other sources of value for undisturbed wetlands were also noted. The findings were generally consistent with the view that institutional change in the case of the Virginia Wetlands Act was associated with an increase in the net social benefits associated with wetlands preservation, relative to benefits associated with development uses of wetlands. ; Ph. D.

Humanities Open Book Program, a joint initiative of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation ; This pioneer study goes well beyond the subject of linguistics to encompass economic, sociological, political, and educational approaches to language change. In the context of the development of national resources, the book focuses on language planning--the deliberate change and promotion of language structure and language use. It outlines a theoretical approach to the study of language planning and includes selected case studies which demonstrate the possibilities of broadening and improving national planning by taking linguistic and human resources into explicit account to enhance forecasting. The contributors to this volume include highly renowned experts in their respective academic fields as well as actual language planners. They were brought together on the instigation of a study group on language-planning processes sponsored by the East-West Center, University of Hawaii, with Ford Foundation support. Can Language Be Planned? is one result of their joint studies. An on-going cross-national research project on language-planning processes at Stanford University is another.