Suchergebnisse

Целью работы является определение основных направлений теорий пространственного развития региональной экономики и современного их положения в общей экономической теории. В работе проведен анализ основных теорий пространственного развития и их понимания экономического пространства. Отмечено, что на протяжении всего периода развития теории пространственной экономики представления классической школы политической экономии играли в нем большую роль, которая со временем уменьшалась вследствие увеличения влияния других школ экономической теории, прежде всего, институционализма. Особо выделены теории, которые внесли существенный вклад в развитие теории пространственной экономики: теория «центральных мест» В. Кристаллера, равновесная модель размещения производства А. Леша, концепция территориально-промышленных комплексов (Н. Н. Баранский, Н. Н. Колосовский), теория «полюсов роста» Ф. Перру и развивающая эту теорию теория об осях развития П. Потье, теория агломераций П. Кругмана и П. Ромера, теория кластерного развития М. Портера, диффузия инноваций Т. Хегерстранда. По результатам проведенного анализа теорий пространственного развития региональной экономики сделан ряд выводов: теории пространственного развития, развивающие теорию «полюсов роста» и связанные с исследованием агломерационных эффектов, организации сетевых структур (кластеров), осей развития, распространением инноваций не исключают, а дополняют друг друга, поэтому необходимо использовать комплексный подход при их реализации на практике; практический опыт доказал верность основных принципов теорий пространственного развития; современное течение российских исследователей, развивающих теории пространственного развития, придерживается междисциплинарного подхода, испытывая большое влияние интституционализма, что, в частности, предполагает значимую роль местного сообщества в принятии управленческих решений; недостаточно значимая роль местного сообщества в принятии управленческих решений в российских регионах накладывает ограничения на использование региональными органами власти современных разработок в области теорий пространственного развития. ; The purpose of work is definition of the main directions of theories of spatial development of regional economy and their modern situation in the general economic theory. In article the author carried out the analysis of the main theories of spatial development and their understanding of economic space, noted that throughout the entire period of development of the theory of spatial economy of representation of classical school of political economy played in him a large role which decreased owing to increase in influence of other schools of the economic theory, first of all, of institutionalism over time. The author especially selected theories which have made an essential contribution to development of the theory of spatial economy: V. Kristaller's theory of «central places», A. Lesh's equilibrium model of placement of production, concept of territorial and industrial complexes (N. N. Baransky, N. N. Kolosovsky), F. Peru's theory of «growth poles» and the theory developing this theory P. Potye's theory about axes of development, P. Krugman and P. Rohmer's theory of agglomerations, M. Porter's theory of cluster development, T. Hegerstrand's diffusion of innovations. The author made a number of conclusions by results of the carried-out analysis of theories of spatial development of regional economy: the theories of spatial development developing the theory of «growth poles» and connected with research of agglomerative effects, the organizations of network structures (clusters), development axes, distribution of innovations don't exclude, and supplement each other therefore it is necessary to use an integrated approach at their realization in practice; practical experience has proved fidelity of the basic principles of theories of spatial development; the modern trend of the Russian researchers developing theories of spatial development adheres to interdisciplinary approach, coming under influence of an institutionalism that, in particular, assumes a significant role of local community in adoption of administrative decisions; insufficiently significant role of local community in adoption of administrative decisions in the Russian regions imposes restrictions for use of modern developments by regional authorities in the field of theories of spatial development.

The present article focuses on the question of what value should be attributed to economic reasons in the rational justification for a legislative decision and what role law and economics can play in the ex ante and ex post evaluation of legislation. In particular the potential and limitations of using law and economics tools in the now obligatory regulatory impact assessment are indicated. It concludes with a detailed consideration of whether the cost of the various legislative options may be a sufficient reason for making policy decisions. ; El artículo aborda la cuestión de cuál es el valor que deben de atribuirse a las razones económicas en la justificación racional de una decisión legislativa y cuál es el papel que el análisis económico del derecho puede jugar en la evaluación ex ante y ex post de la legislación. En concreto, se señalan las potencialidades y las limitaciones del uso del instrumental del análisis económico del derecho en los hoy obligados estudios de impacto normativo. Se concluye con una reflexión de fondo sobre si el coste de las distintas opciones legislativas puede constituir una razón suficiente para la toma de decisiones políticas.

Robert Lucas is known among economists as one of the most influential macroeconomists of recent times – a reputation founded in no small part on the critical thinking skills displayed in his seminal 1990 paper 'Why Doesn't Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries?' Lucas's paper tackles a puzzle in economic theory that has since come to be known as the 'Lucas paradox,' and it deploys the author's brilliant problem solving skills to explain why such an apparent paradox in fact makes sense. Classical economic theory makes a simple prediction of how capital flows between countries: it should, it states, flow from rich to poor countries, because of the law of diminishing returns on capital. Since poor countries have so little capital invested in them, the returns on new investment should be proportionally far better than investment in rich countries. This should mean that investors seeking new opportunities will invest in poorer countries, making capital consistently flow from rich nations to poorer ones. But, problematically, this is not in fact the case. Having defined the problem, Lucas did what any good problem solver would: he looked critically at the criteria involved, and offered a series of possible solutions. Indeed, in just six pages, he puts forward four hypotheses to explain the paradox's existence. The popularity of his paper, and the influence it has had, are also greatly magnified by careful reasoning embodied in Lucas's marshalling of evidence and his explanations of the judgements he has made

"Robert E. Lane is one of the most prominent and distinguished critics of both the human impact of market economies and economic theory, arguing from much research that happiness is more likely to flow from companionship, enjoyment of work, contribution to society, and the opportunity to develop as a person, than from the pursuit of wealth and the accumulation of material goods in market economies. This latest work playfully personalizes the contrast through a dialogue between a humanistic social scientist, Dessi, and a market economist, Adam. It is all too rare to have the two sides talking to each other. Moreover, in Lane's witty and literate hands, it is an open-minded and balanced conversation, in which neither side has all the answers. His unparalleled grasp of interdisciplinary social scientific knowledge is brought to bear on the largest questions of human life: What genuinely makes people happy? How should human society be organized to maximize the quality of human lives?"--David O. Sears, Professor of Psychology and Political Science, UCLA"Lane's deep knowledge of the sources of human happiness enables him to develop a powerful critique of economic theory."--Robert A. Dahl, Sterling Professor Emeritus of Political Science, Yale UniversityRobert E. Lane is the Eugene Meyer Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Yale University. His previous publications include The Loss of Happiness in Market Democracies (2000) and The Market Experience (1991)

It is now well recognized that an efficient management of scarce water resources is crucial for guaranteeing the sustainability of agriculture. Fresh water is one of the most limiting factors for agricultural production in both Israel and France. As competition with other sectors (urban, industrial and environmental) increases, the Israeli farmers find themselves relying more and more on the utilisation of recycled and saline water. In France, an increase of irrigated areas in the last two decades has led in case of drought to severe degradation of the environment and to inefficient administrative banning on water uses. Thus new policies and approaches need to be designed to improve water management strategies. Our principal objective is to formulate policy recommendations in both countries by evaluating the consequences of new alternatives for the allocation of this scarce resource, in order to guarantee economically efficient water sharing subject to several environmental constraints. Therefore the project is aimed at developing and implementing agro-economics models which describe the economic, environmental and organizational aspects involved in sharing different types of water (i.e. fresh, recycled etc.) among few potential consumers: the agricultural sector (with different types of irrigated cultures and crop mix), the environmental sector and the urban and industrial sector, at the regional or water basin levels. The models evaluate and compare several schemes of cost and profit allocation between the economic entities involved: (i) direct negotiation by utilizing a mechanism design model; (ii) allocation via an agreed upon objective/neutral middle-man by using different approaches from game theory and (iii) allocation via an adequate pricing system. We developed our agro-economic models/approaches based on the relevant state of the art literature, especially the literature that deals with water pricing practices in the world under uncertain conditions. For the Israeli part, a model determined the optimal crop mix and the optimal allocation of the limited (fresh and recycled) water and land resources among all potential water users. The selected region (the Sharon region, in central Israel) includes 4 economic entities: a city (the wastewater producer), two groups of farmers and a river authority. The objective here is to maximize the regional social welfare, which is composed of the sum of the agricultural and environmental net benefits while taking into consideration the impacts of salinity and nitrogen on the commercial yields of the various crop and the environmental damage associated with irrigation with recycled water over an aquifer. The model suggests economic and environmental improvements to the potential wastewater consumers: the farmers might be able to increase their irrigated areas and benefits and that the river authority is expected to increase its stream flow and benefits. On the practical side, the work shows that in Israel, cooperation between all the economic entities in the selected region is profitable to each entity and also improves the environmental conditions. In France, we studied an original pricing scheme aiming at the improvement of the ecological state at the river, by guaranteeing a minimum water level in the river, and an increase in farmer's profit so that they would accept to adopt such a pricing system, while a constraint was the budget equilibrium of the water user association. Our result is very encouraging, since we see that locally there is a real demand of such analytical results, obtained with a thorough analysis of the properties of such pricing systems, in order to accompany the ad hoc tentative essays of the water user association. Practically too, we show that the economic efficiency of the agricultural water may be considerably enhanced, while the environmental conditions may be improved, with a pricing system that field studies showed acceptable. The cooperation of French and Israeli teams consists in exchanging on the economic and mathematical tools (we both use mathematical programming, game theory and mechanism design approaches) when developing the models. We discussed the difficulties involved in implementing our models in our respective countries (taking into account the quality of water in Israel and the uncertainties of water supply in France) while taking into consideration the current experiences and possible solutions currently applied in both countries. These two kinds of contributions (on the theoretical part for solving the model difficulties, and on the practical applications) showed the scientific interest of the cooperation. This cooperation was concretised by the writing of a first scientific paper accepted for the 13th World Water Congress, two papers were already been submitted to ranked journals (a French economic review and the Journal of Agricultural Economics) and we expect to submit three more manuscripts to scientific reviews during the next months. Moreover, discussions on the use of waste water in Israel showed there was some interesting work to do on comparable contract design for sludge disposal in France. This cooperation was carried out through meetings with French and Israeli partners in Aix en Provence (2006), Paris (2007), Montpellier (2007), and through e-mail exchanges. Future works would be very interesting in order to 1/ extend our scientific research in the fields of irrigation and waste water agro-economics, notably in France in order to explore other possibilities of our first results displayed 2/ extend our joint research to other fields of interest such as investigating sludge allocation among competitive users both in France and in Israel, 3/ work on the links between the 'pricing' and the 'planning' approaches into a unique project such as developing pricing mechanism to wastewater in Israel, and working on the implementation on the European Union Water Framework Directive in France.

For decades, some governments have fiercely opposed any statute of the Societas Europaea that foresaw German-type co-determined supervisory boards. Considering firms as pools of specific investors, we ask about the conditions that are necessary to secure the interests of specific human capitalists in an efficient way, if the real capital owners' right to residual control does not solve the ex-post bargaining problems over the sharing of quasi-rents. We disregard contract-theoretic approaches as solutions to the ex-post bargaining conflicts and suggest a constitutional approach to this major problem in the theory of the firm. From a constitutional perspective, the (non-executive) board members of the German Aufsichtsrat (Supervisory Board) - unlike the Betriebsrat (Works Council) - essentially dispose only of marginal, extremely symbolic, i.e., non-enforceable rights to represent worker investors. Legally, however, these rights are to be used first in the interests of the corporation and only secondarily in the interests of partial investors. Marginal and symbolic rights as well as fiduciary duties will make a difference in distributive bargaining, if they are legally imposed. Who is to be heard and to be involved in decision-making and what is counted as a legitimate argument or action - these are basically questions of political culture that in principle leave room for efficient international diversity. Option rights in the European directive on the Societas Europaea should thus be considered as an apt and wise decision. ; Seit Jahrzehnten wehren sich einige Regierungen vehement gegen die Schaffung einer Societas Europaea, welche mitbestimmte Aufsichtsräte nach deutschem Muster für europäische Aktiengesellschaften ermöglicht. Indem wir Firmen als Zusammenschluss spezifischer Investoren betrachten, fragen wir nach notwendigen Bedingungen, um die Interessen spezifischer Humankapitalgeber effizient abzusichern, wenn das residuale Kontrollrecht der Finanzkapitalgeber Ex-post-Verhandlungsprobleme über die Aufteilung der Quasirenten nicht zu lösen vermag. Wir sehen von vertragstheoretischen Lösungsansätzen zu Ex-post-Verhandlungsproblemen ab und empfehlen vielmehr eine konstitutionelle Annäherung an dieses Hauptproblem der Unternehmenstheorie. Aus konstitutioneller Sicht verfügen Arbeitnehmervertreter im Aufsichtsrat - im Gegensatz zum Betriebsrat - lediglich über marginale und eher symbolische, d.h. nicht die Interessen der Arbeitnehmerschaft zwingend durchsetzbare Rechte. Aus juristischer Sicht wiederum sollen diese Recht in erster Linie im Interesse des Unternehmens und erst nachrangig zur Durchsetzung von Partialinteressen verschiedener Investorengruppen genutzt werden. Marginale und symbolische Rechte ebenso wie treuhänderische Pflichten verändern die Ergebnisse von Verteilungsverhandlungen, wenn diese Rechte gesetzlich verankert sind. Wer muss gehört oder in den Entscheidungsprozess mit eingebunden werden und was gilt als legitimes Argument oder legitime Handlung - dies sind im Grunde Fragen der politischen Kultur, die im Prinzip Raum für effiziente internationale Vielfalt lassen. Optionsrechte in der europäischen Direktive der Societas Europaea sollten infolgedessen als angemessene und weise Entscheidung angesehen werden.

The rational choice theory (hereafter RCT), as a way of explaining the human beings operate, has been presented to the professional community, intellectual, academic and political as an explanatory theory of human economic and political behavior. In turn, the community referred to seems to have received a naive way, i. e. without problematizing a fundamental dimension: their image of human being or revealing its invasive and dominator character. They accept it as if actually present (not represented) to humans as it is in society. This paper intends to problematize precisely this image and reveal the consequences for historicizing Latin American political activity while colonizing activity that cancels otherness and imposes an order. ; La teoría de la elección racional (en adelante TER), en tanto modo explicativo del operar de los seres humanos, se ha presentado a la comunidad profesional, intelectual, académica y política como una teoría explicativa de la conducta político-económica humana. A su vez, la comunidad referida parece haberla recibido de manera ingenua, es decir, sin problematizar una dimensión fundamental: su imagen de ser humano ni develar su carácter invasor o dominador. Se la acoge como si efectivamente presentara (y no representara) al ser humano tal y como este es en sociedad. Este trabajo se propone problematizar justamente esta imagen y develar las consecuencias que para la historización de la actividad política latinoamericana conlleva esta en tanto actividad colonizadora que anula la alteridad e impone un orden.

"Management accountants should have a key role to play in developing and executing pricing strategy and policy. However, their historical focus on costing and operations means that their potential as business partners with marketing and sales professionals is easily overlooked. This book focuses on how management accountants can help key stakeholders in the formulation and execution of pricing policy and, conversely, on showing managers responsible for pricing decisions how they could be helped by management accountants. It equips management accountants with a unique overview of pricing theory, the practical, quantitative techniques they should know and the value they can bring to the pricing function. The book analyses segmentation, value to customer, price-value maps, segmental pricing, product differentiation and dynamic pricing, with traditional economic theory, showing how these ideas have implications for management accountants and the value that they can bring to the business. Differences in customer value have been integral to economic theory for decades and price discrimination, the technique of charging different prices to different customers for the same or similar goods, is well-established. This observation provides the central core of this book. The methods of price discrimination are set out in detail, showing how management accountants can bring their analytical skills to bear in helping executives and pricing professionals take advantage of differences in customer valuation to improve profits. The book provides a thorough overview of the field and offers a good introduction for researchers and students. Equally, the book shows managers, marketers and pricing professionals how management accountants can assist them in delivering better pricing practice"--

In its six episodes, the British series Years and Years (2019) calls on images that resonate in the collective imagination of the contemporary media, although some of them have their roots in visual motifs with a strong tradition in Western visual culture. In this article, we attempt to identify these images, representing the political conflicts, social tensions, ecological disasters, and economic uncertainties of the end of the 2010s and beginning of the 2020s, and analyse their transfer from the media to television fiction. Among the references and other motifs analysed are images from the realm of contemporary photography appearing in the press and, for example, at the prestigious World Press Photo event. But an earlier pictorial and cinematographic tradition shows the survival of these visual motifs in the images from Years and Years , interweaving the public sphere with television fiction. Methodologically, we draw on contemporary image theory, including the legacy of Aby Warburg and Walter Benjamin, and textual analysis rooted in semiotics. The visual motifs analysed crystallise around the social unease and humanitarian disasters unleashed by economic and migratory crises, the banalisation of politics in the media, the threat of authoritarian populism and the stylisation of images of war. They include the allegory of freedom and representations of popular revolt and hard times.

The nexus between international financial integration and economic growth continues to be one of the most debated issues among macroeconomists, and these debates often raise several issues from the theoretical and policy perspectives. Financial integration can catalyse financial development, improve governance and impose discipline on macro-policies. However, in the absence of a basic pre-existing level of supporting conditions, financial integration can aggravate instability (Khadraoui, 2010). In addition, economic theory suggests that increased financial openness intensifies macroeconomic instability. This article investigates the financial integrational effects on macroeconomic instability in terms of output, consumption and investment volatility by employing the vector error correction model (VECM) with empirically reasonably parameters for an emerging economy, India, for the period 1989–2014. From the results, it is evident that financial openness has had a significant effect on output, consumption and investment volatility. Financial development has had a statistically significant negative effect on output, consumption and investment volatility. Similarly, trade openness and terms of trade significantly influence output, consumption and investment volatility. JEL Classification: F36, F41, F43, E32

Die Gesundheitsbetriebslehre als spezielle Betriebswirtschaftslehre des Gesundheitswesens entwickelt sich rasant. Das zeigt sich nicht nur in der zunehmenden Zahl betriebswirtschaftlich orientierter Studiengänge in Gesundheitsmanagement, Gesundheitsökonomie, Public Health Management etc., sondern auch in den Ausbildungsinhalten für das Personal von Gesundheitseinrichtungen. Zudem entstehen völlig neue betriebswirtschaftliche Gesundheitsfachberufe. Zahlreiche Beispiele zeigen, dass in Forschung, Ausbildung, Lehre und Berufstätigkeit mittlerweile ein breites Spektrum der wirtschaftlichen Theorie und Praxis von Gesundheitsbetrieben abgebildet wird. Jedoch steckt die Gesundheitsbetriebslehre immer noch in ihren Anfängen, und es ist nach vielen Jahren stark volkswirtschaftlich geprägter Gesundheitsökonomie noch jede Menge wissenschaftlicher Grundlagenarbeit zu leisten.
For a long time health economy has been strongly influenced by macroeconomic theory and practice. But know health management has developed rapidly in recent years as a special business management theory. There exist now a broad spectrum of the economic theory and practice of health care companies in research, training and professional activity. However, these are still the first steps, and especially a lot of basic scientific work has to be done.
Keywords: gesundheitsökonomie, gesundheitspersonal, gesundheitsmarketing, controlling, business planning