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Traditional economic theory assumes that individuals are self-interested. They only care about their own well-being and disregard the impact of their actions on the others. However, the assumption of selfish individuals is unable to explain a number of important phenomena and puzzles. Individuals frequently engage in actions that are costly to themselves with no apparent reward. Behavioural economics provides plausible explanations for these actions. Individuals can be "boundedly rational" (Simon, 1955, and Kahneman et al. 1982) and/or can be driven by altruistic, equity and reciprocity considerations (see for an overview Fehr and Schmidt, 2006). Over the past decade, researchers have applied behavioural economics models to the study of organisations and how contracts should be designed in the presence of non-standard preferences and asymmetric information or incomplete contracts (see for an overview of the literature Köszegi, 2014). In my current research, I try to be at the forefront of these new behavioural economics applications into traditional industrial organisation and contract theory themes. The usual prescriptions of standard models can be misleading if potential differences in the agents' preferences are overlooked. Behavioural economics can make great progress if it takes into proper accountmarket and organisational features. ; Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion ; info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Meta-Economics suggests a new approach to the study of economies. Having run the gauntlet from political to mathematical, statistical, and pictorial economy, the science seems to have exhausted the available .media ofexpresion. Moreover, the further it has advanced themore It seems to have removed itsclf from the possibility of comprehensive presentation. To convey once more a complete picture, it is suggested that .economics return to the source from which it carnephilosophy, integrating the subject not with itself but with its philosophic hinterland. A trend to this effect is indicated by the renewed attention paid by scholars to elementary concepts, and their analysis of these concepts not so much on an elementary as an advanced level. But this seems not enough. For concepts may be elementary in economics, and yet be themselves nothing but derivations oí more fundamental laws. As a result, deeper undérstandíng of economic concepts can only be gained if we go beyond economics-hence the term JHeta-Economicsinto the realm where its laws link up with those of physics, chemistry, or biology. In this manner it will not only be possible for the economist to discern the basic unity underlying all disciplines but he will also be able to return into his own field with principies which were previously hidden, but whose existence in economics may now be revealed as a result of analogous laws in other areas. Though no university seems as yet ready to offer Meta-Economics either as a special subjeet or as a special approach, the more the field is disintegrated under the impact of zoth Century specialization, the more imperative it becomes as a general approach. This is particularly so because, as in other areas of scientific endeavor, the greatest advanees at all times have also been accomplished by those whose search for likenesses transcending all differences has led them beyond the limiting -confines of their original subjects. Thus, men such as Aristotle, Leonardo da Vinci, Keppler, Goethe or Einstein, made their tremendous contributions to scientific advance as a result of their conviction that the laws governing different disciplines were fundamenta'lly nothing but variations of a single theme; and that recognition of the universal law would automaticaUy reveal the nature of all special laws. But even in economics, the greatest contributions have come not so much from economists laboriously accumulating evidence or translating it into mathematics, as from speculative philosophers whose creative intuition was stimulated by their interdisciplinary knowledge and led to those famous hunches and guesses which were destined to transform their field. Meta-Economics proposes to resurrect this approach in a time when conventional economícs. seems to have come to the end of the lineo ; Resumen en inglés.

L'évolution de la société ainsi que la crise économique actuelle ont conduit à des interrogations portant sur la probité des économistes. Dans le cadre de son objectif de promotion du développement de la science économique, l'AFSE a élaboré une liste de bonnes pratiques en matière d'éthique scientifique afin d'y répondre. Nous revenons sur ces recommandations dans le but d'en démontrer la pertinence mais aussi certaines limites liées a l'absence d'une définition légale de ce qu'est un économiste, aux conflits inter-déontologiques et aux statuts de l'AFSE.

The aim of this paper is based on analyzing the Costa Rican economy in the face of covid-19 pandemic. For that purpose, it starts from the fact that the health measures imposed by governments produce effects on the economy. Faced with this, some relevant indicators are set out, made by institutions like Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos or Costa Rica's Central Bank; and some measures implemented on Costa Rica and the United States. The paper uses secondary information available about national or international authors and institutions. Positions of Joseph Stiglitz, Amartya Sen and Mariana Mazzucato are briefly presented as well as some economic policy measures with a sustainable and equitable vision as an opportunity to improve the current conditions. ; El objetivo de este artículo se basa en analizar la economía costarricense ante la pandemia por covid-19. Para dicho propósito se parte de que las medidas sanitarias impuestas por los gobiernos tienen afectaciones en la economía. Ante esto, se exponen algunos indicadores relevantes, elaborados por instituciones como el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos o el Banco Central, y algunas medidas implementadas en Costa Rica y en Estados Unidos. El artículo utiliza información secundaria disponible de autores o instituciones nacionales e internacionales. Se presentan brevemente las posiciones de Joseph Stiglitz, Amartya Sen y Mariana Mazzucato, y algunas medidas de política económica con una visión sostenible y equitativa como oportunidad para mejorar las condiciones actuales.

L'édition de The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo et surtout l'Introduction de Piero Sraffa au Volume I, contenant les Principes de Ricardo (Sraffa, 1951), ainsi que son ouvrage Production de marchandises par des marchandises (Sraffa, 1960), eurent un impact majeur sur la façon dont les économistes classiques et surtout Ricardo sont vus aujourd'hui. L'article montre tout d'abord comment les contributions de Sraffa apportent un nouvel éclairage sur la pièce maîtresse de l'économie classique—la théorie de la valeur et de la répartition. Cette dernière constitue la base de toutes les autres analyses économiques, telles que les problèmes d'accumulation du capital et de développement économique, du commerce extérieur et de la fiscalité. À Sraffa revient le mérite d'avoir libéré cette approche d'épaisses couches de mauvaise interprétation et d'avoir montré qu'elle avait été abandonnée à tort—"submerged and forgotten"— prématurément. En particulier, l'approche classique n'était pas viciée sans remède, ce que sa reformulation et son élaboration par Sraffa ont démontré. Deuxièmement, l'article illustre la fécondité de cette approche classique reformulée en évoquant le travail fait sur sa base dans plusieurs domaines de recherche, tels que la production, les ressources naturelles rares, la répartition des revenus, la croissance économique et le commerce extérieur. Troisièmement, l'approche classique s'est avérée non seulement capable de fournir une base solide pour la poursuite des recherches, mais elle a également fourni un point de vue à partir duquel des lacunes importantes de la théorie marginaliste peuvent être repérées, ce qui était auparavant passé inaperçu. Apparemment, le développement de la science économique ne suit pas une trajectoire façonnée par un mécanisme de sélection parfaite qui abandonne tout ce qui est erroné et faible et conserve tout ce qui est vrai et utile. Après Sraffa la science économique n'est plus ce qu'elle était auparavant