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Meta-Economics suggests a new approach to the study of economies. Having run the gauntlet from political to mathematical, statistical, and pictorial economy, the science seems to have exhausted the available .media ofexpresion. Moreover, the further it has advanced themore It seems to have removed itsclf from the possibility of comprehensive presentation. To convey once more a complete picture, it is suggested that .economics return to the source from which it carnephilosophy, integrating the subject not with itself but with its philosophic hinterland. A trend to this effect is indicated by the renewed attention paid by scholars to elementary concepts, and their analysis of these concepts not so much on an elementary as an advanced level. But this seems not enough. For concepts may be elementary in economics, and yet be themselves nothing but derivations oí more fundamental laws. As a result, deeper undérstandíng of economic concepts can only be gained if we go beyond economics-hence the term JHeta-Economicsinto the realm where its laws link up with those of physics, chemistry, or biology. In this manner it will not only be possible for the economist to discern the basic unity underlying all disciplines but he will also be able to return into his own field with principies which were previously hidden, but whose existence in economics may now be revealed as a result of analogous laws in other areas. Though no university seems as yet ready to offer Meta-Economics either as a special subjeet or as a special approach, the more the field is disintegrated under the impact of zoth Century specialization, the more imperative it becomes as a general approach. This is particularly so because, as in other areas of scientific endeavor, the greatest advanees at all times have also been accomplished by those whose search for likenesses transcending all differences has led them beyond the limiting -confines of their original subjects. Thus, men such as Aristotle, Leonardo da Vinci, Keppler, Goethe or Einstein, made their tremendous contributions to scientific advance as a result of their conviction that the laws governing different disciplines were fundamenta'lly nothing but variations of a single theme; and that recognition of the universal law would automaticaUy reveal the nature of all special laws. But even in economics, the greatest contributions have come not so much from economists laboriously accumulating evidence or translating it into mathematics, as from speculative philosophers whose creative intuition was stimulated by their interdisciplinary knowledge and led to those famous hunches and guesses which were destined to transform their field. Meta-Economics proposes to resurrect this approach in a time when conventional economícs. seems to have come to the end of the lineo ; Resumen en inglés.

The aim of this paper is based on analyzing the Costa Rican economy in the face of covid-19 pandemic. For that purpose, it starts from the fact that the health measures imposed by governments produce effects on the economy. Faced with this, some relevant indicators are set out, made by institutions like Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos or Costa Rica's Central Bank; and some measures implemented on Costa Rica and the United States. The paper uses secondary information available about national or international authors and institutions. Positions of Joseph Stiglitz, Amartya Sen and Mariana Mazzucato are briefly presented as well as some economic policy measures with a sustainable and equitable vision as an opportunity to improve the current conditions. ; El objetivo de este artículo se basa en analizar la economía costarricense ante la pandemia por covid-19. Para dicho propósito se parte de que las medidas sanitarias impuestas por los gobiernos tienen afectaciones en la economía. Ante esto, se exponen algunos indicadores relevantes, elaborados por instituciones como el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos o el Banco Central, y algunas medidas implementadas en Costa Rica y en Estados Unidos. El artículo utiliza información secundaria disponible de autores o instituciones nacionales e internacionales. Se presentan brevemente las posiciones de Joseph Stiglitz, Amartya Sen y Mariana Mazzucato, y algunas medidas de política económica con una visión sostenible y equitativa como oportunidad para mejorar las condiciones actuales.

Investigadors de l'Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA) de la UAB han publicat a la revista Ecological Economics un dossier especial -Social Metabolism, Ecological Distribution Conflicts, and Valuation Languages- que analitza les relacions entre l'economia ecològica i l'ecologia política, fruit de recerques realitzades a indrets on l'extracció de recursos naturals i la contaminació produeixen conflictes econòmics, ecològics, culturals i socials importants. ; Investigadors de l'Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA) de la UAB han publicat a la revista Ecological Economics un dossier especial - Social Metabolism, Ecological Distribution Conflicts, and Valuation Languages- que analitza les relacions entre l'economia ecològica i l'ecologia política, fruit de recerques realitzades a indrets on l'extracció de recursos naturals i la contaminació produeixen conflictes econòmics, ecològics, culturals i socials importants. ; Researchers from the UAB Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA) and other universities have published a special section in the journal Ecological Economics analysing the link between ecological economics and political ecology. This issue stems from the institute's research on impacts and resistance at "commodity frontiers", where extraction of natural resources and disposal of toxic wastes produce a range of economic, environmental, cultural and social conflicts.

We present an overview of the field of conflict economics. We begin by explaining important distinctions between standard textbook economics and conflict economics regarding assumptions, subject matter, and interrelations between economics and conflict. We then provide summaries of selected economic theories and empirical evidence that together help reveal important aspects of conflict – and peace – through an economics lens. Among the topics covered in the theoretical and empirical overview are why violence is sometimes chosen over peaceful approaches to address intergroup disputes, why it is "rational" for political leaders to sometimes mass kill civilians (and what can be done to prevent this), how social norms of committing harm against outgroups can propagate (or be stopped), why it can be difficult to develop laws and institutions to promote stable peace, and how third-party efforts to promote peace can sometimes make things worse. Lastly, we provide samples of data resources, working paper archives and journals, and readings consisting of major textbooks, handbooks, and edited books in the field of conflict economics. ; Apresentamos uma visão geral do campo da economia de conflito. Começamos explicando distinções importantes entre a economia padrão de livros didáticos e economia de conflito em relação a suposições, assunto e inter-relações entre economia e conflito. Em seguida, fornecemos resumos de teorias econômicas selecionadas e evidências empíricas que, juntos, ajudam a revelar aspectos importantes do conflito - e da paz - por meio de uma lente econômica. Entre os tópicos abordados na visão teórica e empíricau, por que é "racional" que líderes políticos às vezes matem civis em massa (e o que pode ser feito para evitar isso), como normas sociais de cometer danos contra grupos externos podem se propagar (ou ser interrompido), por que pode ser difícil desenvolver leis e instituições para promover a paz estável e como os esforços de terceiros para promover a paz podem às vezes piorar as coisas. Por último, fornecemos amostras de recursos de dados, arquivos e periódicos de trabalho, e leituras que consistem em grandes livros-texto, manuais e livros editados no campo da economia de conflito.

In this article of theoretical reflection, the following hypothesis is defended: conventional economists seek to control rational behaviors and expected behaviors of individuals with predictable, routine choices devoid of tragic and radical choices. They are concerned with studying monotonous and probable fluctuations and omit the great turbulences (tragic and unlikely phenomena, that is, black swans) and focus on normalized individuals, that is, devoid of freedom, passions and morality. Addressing this discussion may have positive repercussion for economics teaching and research. ; En este artículo de reflexión teórica se defiende la siguiente hipótesis: los economistas convencionales buscan controlar las conductas racionales y los comportamientos esperados de individuos con escogencias previsibles, rutinarias y desprovistas de escogencias trágicas y radicales. Se ocupan de estudiar monótonas y probables fluctuaciones y omiten las grandes turbulencias (fenómenos trágicos y poco probables, es decir, cisnes negros) y se enfocan en individuos normalizados, esto es, desprovistos de libertad, de pasiones y de moralidad. El abordaje de esta discusión podrá tener repercusiones positivas para la enseñanza y la investigación de la economía.