Abstract: The disease of the COVID 19 has produced diverse and negative impacts in the society and economy of all the nations of the world. This global pandemic has been a serious challenge for international organizations and governments and has brought back into debate the importance of social policies and the role of the State in facing extreme situations such as those posed by this disease. The purpose of this article is to analyses aspects of the debate about life between the economy and politics in the scenario generated by COVID-19 with focus in the Latin-American context. The paper reflects on the various ways in which the health crisis affecting the various phases of social development, fundamentally the economy and life. In this research, the paradigm of qualitative research is applied, based on observation and documentary analysis, which allows the identification of the variety of criteria on the subject and induces ways to solve the problems found. The fundamental conclusion of this research is that, if governments at the national and local levels do not manage the attention of the pandemic in a balanced way, based on a new way of thinking, in which the first thing is human life, then the impacts of this and other pandemics will lead to an increase in the danger of extinction of the human species. A possible management proposal will have to consider new socio-economic policies and put an end to the indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources.
Health Economics is recognized since Mushkin (1958) and Arrow (1963). Intellectual production has grown dramatically. In Colombia, the health system reform of 1993 implied a higher demand for economic analysis applied to health, which was reflected in a publication boom especially between 1995 and 2005. This article analyzes the development of Health Economics in Colombia, through an inventory of national and international publications up to 2015 and the crucial moments in the development of the academic community and its incidence in public politics. Also, it is considered a consultation of experts about recognition and perspectives of the area. ; La Economía de la Salud se inició con Mushkin (1958) y Arrow (1963) y ha tenido un crecimiento espectacular su producción intelectual. En Colombia, la reforma a la salud de 1993 implicó una mayor demanda por el análisis económico en salud, reflejado en un auge de publicaciones entre 1995 y 2005. Este artículo analiza la evolución del área, principalmente mediante un inventario de publicaciones hasta 2015 y el recuento de momentos clave de la comunidad académica y su incidencia en políticas públicas. Se tiene en cuenta, además, una consulta entre expertos acerca del reconocimiento y las perspectivas del área. ; A Economia da Saúde se iniciou com Mushkin (1958) e Arrow (1963) e sua produção intelectual tem tido um crescimento espetacular. Na Colômbia, a reforma à saúde de 1993 implicou uma maior demanda pela análise econômica em saúde, refletida em um auge de publicações entre 1995 e 2005. Este artigo analisa a evolução da área, principalmente mediante um inventário de publicações até 2015 e a contagem de momentos chave da comunidade acadêmica e sua incidência em políticas públicas. Tem-se em conta, também, uma consulta entre especialistas sobre o reconhecimento e as perspectivas da área
Resumen: El presente artículo efectúa un recorrido por distintas de las problemáticas entrelazadas que, en las investigaciones foucaultianas, atraviesan la historia de la medicina y la configuración de la gubernamentalidad biopolítica. En el momento en que la gestión de la población y el paradigma de la seguridad se hibridan con un "pensamiento médico que, más allá de los límites de la propia disciplina, constituye un razonamiento en base a lo normal y lo patológico, este va a funcionar en el seno de todo un conjunto de políticas que, desde la constitución y crisis del Estado del Bienestar a las problemáticas relaciones con las ciencias jurídicas, sitúan la cuestión de la salud, el cuerpo y la enfermedad en el centro de la gestión de la vida. Extendiendo esos análisis a algunos fenómenos recientes trataremos de explorar cuáles son los desafíos a los que nos confronta el neoliberalismo contemporáneo. Palabras clave: biopolítica, historia de la medicina, gubernamentalidad, liberalismo, neoliberalismo Abstract: The present article carries out a re-examination of several of the interlaced axes that Foucauldian research develops across the history of medicine and the configuration of the biopolitical governmentality. When the management of the population in terms of security is intersected with a "medical thought" that, beyond the limits of the discipline, constitutes a reasoning on the basis of the normal and the pathological, a set of policies appear that - from the constitution and crisis of the Welfare State to the problematic relations with the juridical sciences and the question of the health - place health, the body and the disease at the center of the management of life. By extending such analyses to some recent phenomena we will try to explore the challenges that contemporary neoliberalism leads us to face up to. Keywords: biopolitics, history of medicine, governmentality, liberalism, neoliberalism
R e s u m e nEl trabajo presente explora las causas de la desigualdad del ingreso enChile, buscando ampliar el panorama de factores existentes y enfatizandoalgunos poco tratados en la actualidad –al menos en Chile–, ya sea porsesgos ideológicos o por sus significados políticos más cuestionadoresdel status quo.En una primera sección plantea la magnitud y el carácter de la desigualdadde ingresos en Chile. Luego, en las secciones 2 a 8, identificaun conjunto de factores y su presencia en el caso chileno. Ello se refiere,en forma secuencial, a las cuestiones de la concentración patrimonial yde la riqueza; a la repartición de las ganancias de la productividad y elpago a los "factores productivos"; a la posesión de capital humano; a laheterogeneidad de la estructura productiva y de empleo; a las estructurasfamiliares y sus tasas de dependencia; a las estructuras impositivas y degasto social; a las discriminaciones socio-culturales; y a los poderes delos agentes en el mercado y en la fijación de las reglas que encuadransu accionar. Finalmente, concluye en la multiplicidad de factores queintervienen para producir la desigualdad.En cuanto a los énfasis que el trabajo quiere destacar, está, primero, elde la fuerte relación entre concentración patrimonial o de la riqueza conla distribución del ingreso; segundo, la trayectoria que sigue la reparticiónde los aumentos del producto y la productividad entre ganancias yremuneraciones y su relación con las condiciones de negociación; y, porúltimo, se retoma el clásico análisis estructuralista latinoamericano delos efectos que tienen las distintas heterogeneidades de la estructuraproductiva y de empleos sobre los diferenciales de ingreso.P A L A B R A S C L AV E : Distribución de ingresos, concentración de la riqueza,desigualdad económica, heterogeneidad productiva, capital humano,discriminaciones socio-económicas, estructura tributaria, composiciónfamiliar, poder de negociación.C L A S I F I C A C I Ó N J E L : D31, D33.A b s t r a c tThis paper explore the causes of the income inequality in Chile, looking toextend the existing factors panorama emphasizing some ignored currently– at least in Chile – both by ideological bias or their politics significancemore criticals of the status quo.In a first section is suggested the magnitude and nature of the incomeinequality in Chile. After from the section 2 to 8 identifies a set of factorsand their presence for the Chilean case. It is referring, in sequential way,to the questions of the patrimonial and the wealth concentration; to theproductivity profits distribution and the production factors payments;to the human capital possession; to the structure and employmentheterogeneity; to the family structures and their dependence rates;to the tax structure and the social expenditure; to the socio-culturaldiscriminations; and the agent power market and the rules establishingthat frame their functioning. Finally, is concluded that there are multiplefactors that take part in reproducing inequality.Regarding with the paper emphasize, there is, first, the strongrelationship among patrimonial or wealth concentration with incomedistribution; second, the path that follow the output and productivityincreases distribution among profits and payments and their relationshipswith the negotiation conditions; and, finally, is taken once again the Latin-American structuralist classic analysis of the effects that the differentsproductive structure and employment heterogeneities about incomedifferentials.K E Y WO R D S : Income distribution, wealth concentration, economicinequality, productive heterogeneity, human capital, socio economic discriminations,tax structures, familiar composition, negotiation power.C L A S I F I C A T I O N J E L : D31, D33.
This paper develops several epistemological aspects of the standard Rational Choice Theory (hereafter RCT). The introduction presents some essential criteria of the RCT in a social and scientific context, where the RCT stands on an artificial formalization to support its validity. Then, the core elements of the RCT are briefly outlined. Subsequently, a historical perspective of the Western scientific tradition is given, in which the RCT locates, linking deeply to the idealist and rationalist epistemology. A critical review of the bounded rationality opposed to the TER and some elements of study in psychology applied to economics that contradict the assumptions of substantive rationality are also included. Finally, a review is made on the ambition of the RCT to be separated from any ethics, given his presumption of scientificity, turning herself into a powerful ethos in the field of economics, and hence, of politics. ; El presente trabajo desarrolla varios aspectos epistemológicos de la Teoría de la Elección Racional (TER). Se da una perspectiva histórica de la tradición científica occidental en la cual se inscribe la misma, ligándose profundamente a la epistemología idealista y racionalista. Se incluye también un repaso a la revisión crítica de la "racionalidad limitada" opuesta a la TER y de algunos elementos de estudios en psicología aplicados a la economía que contradicen los supuestos de la racionalidad sustantiva. Por último, se hace un repaso de la pretensión de la TER de separarse de cualquier ética, dada su presunción de cientificidad, convirtiéndose, ella misma, en un poderoso ethos en el ámbito de la economía y, por consiguiente, en el político.
The present article aims at offering proofs that avail the contribution made by the Protestant Reform towards both the strengthening of Capitalism and the rising of the liberal State. Historians and economists alike agree that tangible factors —localization, climate, amount of natural resources— are necessary, but not sufficient in themselves, to explain economic growth. In the long run, the philosophical and religious cosmovision of any society, attached to its institutional representation, has proved to be fundamental. In this regard, Puritanism, by making full use in many occasions of doctrinal support derived from Scolasticism, will give rise to the moral and political philosophy of liberal constitutionalism, reformulating in its case the set of relations between Church, State and civil Society. In a similar manner, it will also clear the path towards a 'scientific revolution' and Political economic, laboring in its case under the shade of the Royal Society and viewing experimentation as a quasi-religious experience. ; Este artículo ofrece argumentos que avalan la contribución de la Reforma protestante al fortalecimiento del capitalismo y a la emergencia del Estado liberal. Historiadores y economistas reconocen que los factores tangibles —localización, clima, dotación natural de recursos…— son condición necesaria pero no suficiente para explicar el crecimiento económico. En el largo plazo, la cosmovisión filosófico-religiosa de cada sociedad y su plasmación institucional han resultado determinantes. En este sentido, el puritanismo —sirviéndose en muchos casos del acervo doctrinal de la Escolástica—, al reformular las relaciones entre Iglesia, Estado y sociedad civil, alumbrará la filosofía moral y política del constitucionalismo liberal. Del mismo modo, a la sombra de la Royal Society y al dotar a la experimentación de carácter casi religioso, despejará el camino hacia la «revolución científica» y la nueva economía política.
Este artículo ofrece argumentos que avalan la contribución de la Reforma protestante al fortalecimiento del capitalismo y a la emergencia del Estado liberal. Historiadores y economistas reconocen que los factores tangibles –localización, clima, dotación natural de recursos…– son condición necesaria pero no suficiente para explicar el crecimiento económico. En el largo plazo, la cosmovisión filosófico-religiosa de cada sociedad y su plasmación institucional han resultado determinantes. En este sentido, el puritanismo –sirviéndose en muchos casos del acervo doctrinal de la Escolástica–, al reformular las relaciones entre Iglesia, Estado y sociedad civil, alumbrará la filosofía moral y política del constitucionalismo liberal. Del mismo modo, a la sombra de la Royal Society y al dotar a la experimentación de carácter casi religioso, despejará el camino hacia la «revolución científica» y la nueva economía política. ; The present article aims at offering proofs that avail the contribution made by the Protestant Reform towards both the strengthening of Capitalism and the rising of the liberal State. Historians and economists alike agree that tangible factors –localization, climate, amount of natural resources– are necessary, but not sufficient in themselves, to explain economic growth. In the long run, the philosophical and religious cosmovision of any society, attached to its institutional representation, has proved to be fundamental. In this regard, Puritanism, by making full use in many occasions of doctrinal support derived from Scolasticism, will give rise to the moral and political philosophy of liberal constitutionalism, reformulating in its case the set of relations between Church, State and civil Society. In a similar manner, it will also clear the path towards a 'scientific revolution' and Political economic, laboring in its case under the shade of the Royal Society and viewing experimentation as a quasi-religious experience.
Dr. Luis Roque Gondra died in 1947, in the city of Buenos Aires, the principal scene of his long and outstanding activity. An Argentine economist whose mathematical orientation induced him to apply the deductive method, hence his preference for the psychological and mathematical schools. This inclination dominates his lectures on Political Economy in the Faculty of Economic Science at the University of Buenos Aires and reveals itself in his works which may be considered fundamental. He also published several studies on historical and economic subjects and collaborated in specialized journals and newspapers. ; Facultad de Ciencias Económicas
Bolivia suffered a profound political and socioeconomic change withinthe period 2006– 2014, shifted from a liberal development model to amixed economy. The State has a complete control of economic resourcesand main incomes of industry. The surplus generated by commoditiescontributed to the income distribution policy and also was used for fightingagainst poverty by a better education and health. The macroeconomicmodel was successful: the Bolivian economy grew at an average rate of4.6% yearly during the period 2006–2014 and registered a fiscal surplus,a positive trade balance and an increase in the volume of international reserves.Now the country has macroeconomic stability and low inflation. ; Bolivia sufrió un profundo cambio socioeconómico y político en el periodo 2006-2014, pasó de un modelo de crecimiento liberal a uno de economía mixta, donde el Gobierno juega un papel muy relevante en la economía. El Estado tiene un control completo de los recursos económicos y principales ingresos de la industria. El excedente generado por los commodities contribuyó a la política de distribución de ingreso y además fue utilizado para la lucha contra la pobreza a través de una mejor educación y salud. El modelo macroeconómico fue exitoso: la economía boliviana creció a una tasa promedio de 4.6 % anual durante el periodo 2006–2014 y registró un superávit fiscal, un blance comercial positivpo y un aumento en el volumen de reservas internacionales. Además, el país goza de estabilidad macroeconómica y baja inflación.
Este trabajo describe los efectos sobre el rendimiento de los estudiantes y su percepción sobre la materia de una renovación curricular consistente en la introducción del libro The Economy (Curriculum in Open-access Resources in Economics [CORE] Team, 2017) en un curso inicial de Economía en el Grado en Ciencia Política y Administración Pública de la Universidad de Salamanca (USAL). Los resultados de nuestra experiencia sugieren un incremento del rendimiento académico de los estudiantes, una valoración generalmente muy positiva por parte del alumnado y un incremento del interés en la materia. Sin embargo, cabe destacar como, a pesar de estos resultados positivos, persisten barreras que limitan los resultados positivos de esta iniciativa, destacando el poco recurso a la bibliografía de parte del alumnado o las dificultades para manejar referencias en inglés en una fracción relevante de los estudiantes. ; This work describes the effects of introducing a new curriculum in an introductory course in Economics, through the book The Economy (Curriculum in Open-access Resources in Economics CORE Team, 2017), on students' academic performance and perception of the subject in the context of the bachelor's degree in Political Science and Public Administration at the University of Salamanca (USAL). We find that this action results in an increase in the academic performance of students, a positive valuation of the new approach by students and increase in the pupils' interest in the subject. Nevertheless, there remain relevant barriers limiting the potential benefits of this initiative, like the low use of suggested bibliography and the difficulties with English language reported by many students. ; peerReviewed
Summary This article analyses Panama's economy and finances from a human rights perspective. First, it presents the adverse human rights implications of illicit financial flows. It then describes Panama's legal and institutional framework, in particular the country's international obligations and commitments, as well as the country's banking and financial sector. The so-called Panama Papers are also presented, both the outbreak of the scandal, the steps taken by the government and the additional measures still needed. Issues linked to the country's economic growth, inequality and human rights are also discussed and the implications of infrastructure projects on the human rights of individuals and groups in Panama, including indigenous peoples, are critically analysed. The conclusions are followed by recommendations made by the author to the Government of Panama as an independent UN expert after his visit to the country. ; Resumen Este artículo analiza la economía y finanzas de Panamá desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos. Primero presenta las implicaciones adversas de las corrientes financieras ilícitas en materia derechos humanos. Luego describe el marco legal e institucional panameño, en particular las obligaciones y compromisos internacionales del país, así como el sector bancario y financiero del país. También se presentan los llamados "papeles de Panamá", tanto la irrupción del escándalo, las disposiciones adoptadas por el gobierno así como las medidas adicionales que aún resultan necesarias. Se discuten asimismo cuestiones vinculadas al crecimiento económico del país, la desigualdad y los derechos humanos, así como se analizan críticamente las implicaciones de proyectos de infraestructura sobre los derechos humanos de las personas y los grupos en Panamá, incluidos los pueblos indígenas. Luego de las conclusiones se presentan recomendaciones que el autor efectuó al gobierno panameño como Experto Independiente de la ONU luego de su visita al país.
The European Union is going through a difficult crisis phase. It is a crisis that affects material aspects such as its economy and finances and, very specifically, the economies and finances of some of its member states; but it is a crisis that affects also immaterial aspect such as its own identity and the future of its political project. Many are the solutions that have been proposed in order to overcome this difficult stage, but in most of the cases these are inadequate solutions since they are not adapted to the peculiar nature of the EU as a legal and political organization. Therefore, firstly, this article analyzes the nature of the EU as a political organization and the different theories that have been issued in this regard. Secondly, the present situation of the EU is analyzed, including a perspective on what it is doing in this regard, and thirdly, the solutions to overcome this critical situation which have been proposed so far are also analyzed. ; La Unión Europea atraviese por una etapa difícil de crisis. Crisis que afecta a aspectos materiales, como su economía, sus finanzas y, muy en particular, las economías y finanzas de algunos de sus Estados miembros; pero crisis que afecta también a aspectos inmateriales, como su propia identidad y el futuro de su proyecto político. Muchas son las soluciones que se aportan para tratar de superar esta difícil etapa, sin embargo, en la mayoría de los casos se trata de soluciones inadecuadas porque no se adaptan a la naturaleza peculiar de la UE como entidad jurídico-política. Así, este trabajo, analiza, en primer lugar la naturaleza de la UE como entidad jurídico-política y las diferentes teorías que se han producido al respecto. En segundo lugar se analiza la situación actual de la UE y lo que ella hace al respecto, y, en tercer lugar se analizan las posibles soluciones que se aportan para esta situación crítica.The European Union is going through a difficult crisis phase. It is a crisis that affects material aspects such as its economy and finances and, very specifically, the economies and finances of some of its member states; but it is a crisis that affects also immaterial aspect such as its own identity and the future of its political project. Many are the solutions that have been proposed in order to overcome this difficult stage, but in most of the cases these are inadequate solutions since they are not adapted to the peculiar nature of the EU as a legal and political organization. Therefore, firstly, this article analyzes the nature of the EU as a political organization and the different theories that have been issued in this regard. Secondly, the present situation of the EU is analyzed, including a perspective on what it is doing in this regard, and thirdly, the solutions to overcome this critical situation which have been proposed so far are also analyzed.
