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The rapid increase in international trade and financial integration over the past decade and the growing importance of emerging markets in world trade and GDP have inspired the IMF to place stronger emphasis on multilateral surveillance, macro-financial linkages, and the implications of globalization. The IMF's Consultative Group on Exchange Rate Issues (CGER)--formed in the mid-1990s to provide exchange rate assessments for a number of advanced economies from a multilateral perspective--has therefore broadened its mandate to cover both key advanced economies and major emerging market economie

The transition of the global financial governance system is a history of the rise and fall of the Western advanced countries in the post-war international political and economic system. Since the end of the Second World War, the International Monetary Foundation and the World Bank have always taken the dominant role in the field of global financial governance. However, after the beginning of the global financial crisis in 2008, many drawbacks have become apparent concerning these two significant institutions, such as the lack of representatives, the slow and ineffective response to the crisis, etc. Following a strong appeal from the developing countries (with the emerging powers as their representatives), the global financial governance system has experienced several rounds of reforms which have yet to yield acceptable results. Therefore, it is highly necessary to create a new institution which can play a complementary role in the existing financial governance system rather than overthrow it. Complying with the tide of history, the official establishment of the BRICS Bank can be of great significance to the reform of current global financial governance systems such as diversifying the global financial governance bodies, representing the interests of developing countries in a better way, enhancing the status and improving the importance of emerging economies in the international political and economic order. Admittedly, the BRICS Bank also faces great challenges and limits such as the lack of a core leadership and the absence of a unified currency, etc.

Tian Huan. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-134). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter Part I: --- Demography in Space --- p.13 ; Chapter Chapter One: --- Understanding the Data --- p.13 ; Chapter 1.1 --- Formation of the administrative structure in late Qing and its GIS representation --- p.13 ; Chapter 1.2 --- Population data reconsidered --- p.19 ; Chapter Chapter Two: --- Documenting the Demographic Patterns --- p.29 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Economic Patterns --- p.29 ; Chapter 2.1.1 --- Population density --- p.29 ; Chapter 2.1.2 --- Area of cultivated land --- p.32 ; Chapter 2.1.3 --- Ratio of urban dwellers to rural dwellers --- p.36 ; Chapter 2.1.4 --- " Ratio of commercial (industry, agricultural) population" --- p.40 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Ethnic Patterns --- p.48 ; Chapter 2.3 --- Distribution pattern of schools --- p.54 ; Chapter 2.4 --- Distribution of political elite (guan and shi) --- p.55 ; Chapter Part II: --- Markets in Space --- p.60 ; Chapter Chapter Three: --- Trade Patterns in Geographic Context --- p.60 ; Chapter 3.1 --- Trade of Grains --- p.60 ; Chapter 3.2 --- Cotton and cotton cloth --- p.69 ; Chapter 3.3 --- Trade of fur and livestock --- p.82 ; Chapter 3.4 --- Trade of Herbal Medicines --- p.88 ; Chapter 3.5 --- Trade of Oil and Wine --- p.90 ; Chapter 3.6 --- Overview of the Xinjiang markets in space --- p.93 ; Chapter Chapter Four: --- Trades within and without Xinjiang --- p.95 ; Chapter 4.1. --- Foreign commercial relations --- p.95 ; Chapter 4.2. --- Local marketing system: the relationship between the economies of South and North Xinj iang --- p.102 ; Chapter 4.3 --- Trade with the China Proper --- p.107 ; Conclusion --- p.113 ; The economy and trade of Xinjiang: issues of integration and sinicization --- p.113 ; Methodological implication: GIS for historical regional research --- p.119 ; Appendixes --- p.121 ; Glossary --- p.121 ; Place Names --- p.121 ; Personal Names and Terms --- ...

胡錦濤在二○一一年訪問美國是極其重要的中美外交事件,作為世界上兩個最大的經濟體,尤其在國際社會的共同命運和國家和國際經濟動盪的時刻,中美關係發揮顯著作用。 ; 本論文特別側重說明美國政府和新聞媒介如何建構胡錦濤訪問美國,並塑造為一個慶祝國際政治媒介事件,說明政府在建構新聞語霸權,且取得美國新聞媒體的合作。它最終引發了媒體社會學的問題,媒體民主問題和人文與經濟價值之間的鬥爭。 ; 這兩個國家之間日益增長的戰略和務實的關係,是突顯社會的政治背景,導致胡錦濤訪問美國作為一個媒介事件,形成一個變贏的和平競賽,以及慶祝和友好熱惰的表現。 ; 胡錦濤訪問美國以及美國電視新聞作為本研究的主要焦點,說明媒體往往採取在媒介事件中互相尊重,雙羸 ,和平和樂觀的態度。美國的電視新聞媒體會在臨鍵的時刻偏向政府。 ; Hu Jin Tao's U.S. visit in 2011 is an extremely important diplomatic event in U.S.-China relations in the past thirty years or so, which calls for bilateral and international attention, as the relations between the world's two biggest economies play a significant role in the common fate of the global community, at a time of national and international economic turmoil. ; This thesis specifically focusing on explicating the journalistic construction of Hu's U.S. visit as a historical and celebrative international political media event, a news discourse constructed out of hegemonic governmental influences and the cooperation of U.S. news media. It eventually raised media sociological questions upon the professionalism of U.S. news media in relations to U.S. foreign policy, media democracy and humanistic question over the struggle between economic pragmatism and individual freedom, especially in international integration. ; The growing strategic and pragmatic relationship between the two nations is the foregrounding social-political context that leads to the journalistic framing of the visit as a media event, a win-win peaceful contest, and an celebrative and friendly welcoming performance. And that the American TV news media tend to pay more reverence towards the government during critical historic political moment, in this case the U.S. visit by Hu. The U.S news media, with TV news as the main focus in this study, tend to adopt the ritualistic media event script in framing the visit in an respectful, peaceful and optimistic manner. There is a discursive news storyline of Hu's state visit as a win-win media event starts from the tension between the two states and then a ...