Suchergebnisse

This paper examines the impact of colonial rule on a region of India that was very partially integrated into external trade markets. In particular, it suggests that while, as in other parts of India, imports of manufactured goods from the metropolitan country undermined local, artisanal and proto-industrial production, in the agricultural sector considerable growth in output occurred. In addition, as a result of state land revenue policy and the structure of local product markets, the proportion of output marketed also rose. This process of commercialization was accelerated by investment in social overhead capital, particularly in railways. However, with a high degree of skewedness in land holding and asset endowments, in a context of substantial agricultural population growth, commercialization led to a very uneven distribution of rewards. The longer term consequence was that the North Indian regional economy achieved major growth in output but without establishing the preconditions for a more sustained process of development.

Des similitudes expliquent la diffusion du processus révolutionnaire arabe : une polarisation sectorielle des économies, une gestion rentière des ressources, des taux d'emplois faibles et des taux d'expatriation de qualifiés anormalement élevés. Enfin, un même pacte externe avec les puissances occidentales et interne entre les élites. Ces pactes ont implosé. Cet article propose de nouvelles directions pour ces économies, combinant intégration régionale et stratégie de rattrapage par les services.

it is clear, also in the eyes of non-lawyers, that the law cannot be kept out of the promotion of the circular economy. On the contrary, it is a tool, a valuable instrument, even if the concept of 'circular economy' has just been legally enshrined in French law. But is the law in line with such an economic objective? It seems indisputable that it needs to be adapted in order to promote the implementation of circular economy principles. Some countries have already put in place national policies to this end and have, of course, used the legislative tool. This is the case in Europe, the Netherlands and Germany. In Asia, Japan and China did the same. In China, for example, the 'Circular Economy Promotion Law' entered into force on 1 January 2009. The aim was to experiment in a number of cities, districts, areas and parks with a strategy to protect natural resources and turn waste into resources, but above all to generate territorial policies for the protection and overall development of ecosystems. 3 a circular of 4 September 2013 extended these local and experimental initiatives to the whole of China. A new action plan is due to be finalised by the end of 2015. In France, where are we going? This contribution is intended to provide some answers to this question. As a preliminary point, it is necessary to make a twofold finding: a law has not yet been developed as part of a comprehensive strategy for the development of the circular economy. However, there are ad hoc and targeted provisions that have been tightened very recently, while a less fragmented approach has been initiated. In order to assess the progress made, it is first necessary to consider the need to adapt the standards. ; Il est évident, y compris aux yeux des non-juristes, que le droit ne peut être tenu à l'écart de la promotion de l'économie circulaire. Au contraire, il en est un outil, un instrument précieux, même si la notion d' « économie circulaire » vient tout juste de recevoir sa consécration juridique dans le droit français . Mais le droit ...

Note Terra Nova ; Contrairement à la stratégie de relance adoptée en 2008, qui se concentrait exclusivement sur les bénéfices économiques directement observables, chaque euro public investi pour la sortie de crise devra valoriser les co-bénéfices environnementaux et sanitaires. Tel est le parti pris de cette note d'I4CE et de Terra Nova. Avec l'augmentation de la dette publique française et la réduction à terme des marges de manœuvre budgétaires, valoriser tous les co-bénéfices de l'action publique n'est plus une simple option mais un impératif; permettant, entre autres gains collectifs, de réduire les 50 milliards d'euros/an de coûts de la pollution de l'air en France.

Note Terra Nova ; Contrairement à la stratégie de relance adoptée en 2008, qui se concentrait exclusivement sur les bénéfices économiques directement observables, chaque euro public investi pour la sortie de crise devra valoriser les co-bénéfices environnementaux et sanitaires. Tel est le parti pris de cette note d'I4CE et de Terra Nova. Avec l'augmentation de la dette publique française et la réduction à terme des marges de manœuvre budgétaires, valoriser tous les co-bénéfices de l'action publique n'est plus une simple option mais un impératif; permettant, entre autres gains collectifs, de réduire les 50 milliards d'euros/an de coûts de la pollution de l'air en France.

Cet article présente et commente les apports récents de la macroéconomie internationale à l'analyse de la politique budgétaire face à trois évolutions économiques de ces dernières années : l'intégration internationale croissante des marchés, la crise de la dette publique et l'émergence d'une union monétaire, comme celle de l'Europe. Ces apports se placent dans le cadre de modèles d'équilibre général à deux pays. Le processus d'intégration internationale croissante des marchés financiers et des marchés de biens a suscité des travaux qui reconsidèrent l'impact de ce processus sur les incidences économiques de la politique budgétaire. En second lieu, la crise de la dette publique qui se manifeste dans la plupart des pays développés a conduit à une analyse de la politique budgétaire fondée sur une meilleure gestion des dépenses publiques et à la spécification d'une expansion budgétaire qui internalise la nécessité de préserver le caractère soutenable du déficit et de l'endettement public. En troisième lieu, la création de l'Union monétaire européenne et la récente crise économique globale ont suscité l'intérêt pour les gains potentiels que peuvent générer la stabilisation et la coopération budgétaires et stimulé les recherches sur la combinaison optimale des politiques budgétaires et monétaires dans un cadre dynamique et stochastique.

Membres du jury : Olivier Cadot, Per Fredriksson, Olivier Godard (président), Gilles Rotillon ; This thesis is a positive analysis of emissions trading systems' implementation. We explain why allowances are generally granted for free even though normative economic analysis recommends their sale. We show empirically that free tradable permits, source of windfall profit, motivate rent seeking behaviours. The study focuses on the US market for SO2 emissions allowances. The initial allocation rule resulted from parliamentary discussions that looked like a zero sum game. We formalize it as an endogenous sharing rule, function of lobbying effort, and we test it using political (money) contributions.We analyse theoretically the behaviour of an influenced regulator that has chosen to organize a market for permits and that must still decide on two policy variables: the whole quantity of permits and the way to allocate them initially. We formalize this decisions making process with the common agency model of politics.We show that the choice of an initial allocation rule is not neutral in presence of political market failures (lobbying). The decision to sell the permits or to grant them for free modifies the shareholders' incentive, in a polluting industry, to pressure for or against the reduction of legal emissions.Then, we analyse the public arbitrage between the two policy variables when several industrial lobbies play a partially cooperative game for the free permits. The regulator chooses in priority to grant the rights for free rather than to manipulate their quantity, and this constitutes an efficient answer to the political influence. ; Cette thèse est une analyse positive de la mise en œuvre des marchés de permis d'émission. Nous expliquons pourquoi les droits sont généralement offerts quand l'analyse économique normative recommande de les vendre.Nous montrons empiriquement que les permis négociables gratuits, source de profit exceptionnel, motivent des comportements de recherche de la rente. L'étude porte sur le ...

Membres du jury : Olivier Cadot, Per Fredriksson, Olivier Godard (président), Gilles Rotillon ; This thesis is a positive analysis of emissions trading systems' implementation. We explain why allowances are generally granted for free even though normative economic analysis recommends their sale. We show empirically that free tradable permits, source of windfall profit, motivate rent seeking behaviours. The study focuses on the US market for SO2 emissions allowances. The initial allocation rule resulted from parliamentary discussions that looked like a zero sum game. We formalize it as an endogenous sharing rule, function of lobbying effort, and we test it using political (money) contributions.We analyse theoretically the behaviour of an influenced regulator that has chosen to organize a market for permits and that must still decide on two policy variables: the whole quantity of permits and the way to allocate them initially. We formalize this decisions making process with the common agency model of politics.We show that the choice of an initial allocation rule is not neutral in presence of political market failures (lobbying). The decision to sell the permits or to grant them for free modifies the shareholders' incentive, in a polluting industry, to pressure for or against the reduction of legal emissions.Then, we analyse the public arbitrage between the two policy variables when several industrial lobbies play a partially cooperative game for the free permits. The regulator chooses in priority to grant the rights for free rather than to manipulate their quantity, and this constitutes an efficient answer to the political influence. ; Cette thèse est une analyse positive de la mise en œuvre des marchés de permis d'émission. Nous expliquons pourquoi les droits sont généralement offerts quand l'analyse économique normative recommande de les vendre.Nous montrons empiriquement que les permis négociables gratuits, source de profit exceptionnel, motivent des comportements de recherche de la rente. L'étude porte sur le marché américain de droits d'émission de SO2. La règle d'allocation initiale a été établie à l'issue de discussions parlementaires similaires à un jeu à somme nulle. Nous la formalisons comme une règle endogène de partage, fonction de l'effort de lobbying et nous la testons à l'aide des contributions politiques (monétaires).Nous analysons théoriquement le comportement d'un régulateur influencé ayant choisi d'organiser un marché de permis et qui doit encore décider sur deux variables politiques : la quantité globale de droits et la manière de les allouer au départ. Nous formalisons ce processus de décisions à l'aide du modèle d'agence commune.Nous montrons que le choix d'un mode d'allocation initiale n'est pas neutre en présence de défaillances du marché politique (lobbying). La décision de vendre les permis ou de les offrir gratuitement modifie l'incitation d'actionnaires d'une industrie polluante à faire pression pour ou contre la réduction des émissions.Nous analysons ensuite l'arbitrage public entre les deux variables lorsque plusieurs lobbies industriels jouent un jeu partiellement coopératif pour obtenir des permis gratuits. Le régulateur choisit en priorité d'offrir gratuitement les droits avant d'en manipuler la quantité totale, répondant ainsi efficacement à l'influence politique.

This paper presents a "survey" of three unclear mathematical models dealing with economic choice, economic calculation and general economic equilibrium. These models together form the elements of a blurred value theory. The aim of this study is to verify the effectiveness of the application of the unclear subset theory to the analysis of the fundamentals of the economy and thus to legitimise his employment in this discipline. ; Ce papier présente un "survey" de trois modèles mathématiques flous traitant du choix économique, du calcul économique et de l'équilibre économique général. Ces modèles constituent ensemble les éléments d'une théorie de la valeur floue. Le but de cette étude est de vérifier l'efficacité de l'applicationde la théorie des sous-ensembles flous à l'analyse des fondements de l'économie et ainsi de légitimer son emploi dans cette discipline.

Given the marginal importance of exports in the French economy, as well as the stabilizing role of domestic demand, France absorbed the shock of the financial and economic crisis better than other states did. However, at the moment, some characteristics of France's economic system seem to curb recovery. Indeed, structural deficits, the insufficient competitiveness of Small and Medium sized Enterprises, as well as the weakness of French exports, herald a low production level and a high unemployment rate for the years to come. But in the long term, the outlook for France's performance is positive given its strong service sector, its population growth as well as advantages of the locations for example related to its internal infrastructure. So that France can play to its strengths in the long-term, the state budget as well as social spending must be consolidated and more investment must be brought about in the areas of research and education.

National audience The article questions the contribution of merchants and marketing to the functioning of the market economy. It shows how, at the beginning of the century, the deviating economists who formed the basis of the discipline managed to build bridges between science and market control, first by gradually separating the practical know-how of managers and then translating these knowledge into a management science geared towards understanding and mastering concrete markets. In the period between the wars, the application of industrial taylorism to market management and the anchoring of commercial science to the industrial will of the New Deal enabled the marketing to 'take' the course of economic affairs and to regain the game of a failing market in an 'invisible underhand'. The subsequent changes in marketing in the form of positive science, pure academy and even social science often hostile to the world of management have paradoxically only extended the categories and tools of discipline to other segments of society and the economy, to the point that one can now wonder whether marketing has over time become the ruse of the economy. ; The paper discusses the possible contribution of marketers and marketing to the functioning of the market economy. Through the gathering of the managers' various forms of know-how and the reformulation of them as a science of real markets, the deviant economists who pioneered the marketing field at the beginning of the century succeeded in building bridges between the science of markets and their practice. In the interwar period, the application of industrial taylorism to the management of markets and the junction between marketing and the New Deal helped marketing to get a hold on the economy and to clandestinely animate the game of a weakened market. Paradoxically enough, the later transformations of marketing as a positive science, as pure academism or even as a social science often hostile towards managerial interests have only but extended the categories and the tools ...

The Lebanon Economic Monitor provides an update on key economic developments and policies over the past six months. It also presents findings from recent World Bank work on Lebanon. It places them in a longer-term and global context, and assesses the implications of these developments and other changes in policy on the outlook for Lebanon. Lebanon continues to be impacted by the domestic political stalemate and regional turmoil, particularly along its border with Syria. Economic activity picked up in the second half of 2014. Stronger economic performance and lower oil prices pushed real GDP growth to an estimated 2.0 percent in 2014, compared to 0.9 percent in 2013. One-off cosmetic and unsustainable measures rather than policy actions helped improve the fiscal balance in 2014. We estimate the overall fiscal deficit to have declined by 2.3 percentage points. Declining imports lead an improvement in the current account balance. In 2014, a fall in merchandize imports induced a 4.4 pp reduction in the current account deficit to a still-elevated 22.2 percent of GDP. This trend is projected to continue in 2015 helped by falling oil prices and a depreciating euro, Headline inflation plummeted from 2.7 percent in 2013 to 1.9 percent in 2014 and is expected to remain tempered over the medium term. Lebanon s economy continues to be exposed to external shocks. The border with Syria is increasingly menacing as coordinated attacks by ISIS and Al Nusra are being launched more frequently from their bases in Syria. Inefficiencies in power generation impose sizable macroeconomic costs on Lebanon. The Lebanese electricity sector has been underperforming for decades with considerable socio-economic costs. The macroeconomic impact has been massive.

Among the designations that flourish in the economic press through the attractive name of « new business models » (in English in the text), two of them are specifically based on property sharing : « functional economy » and « sharing economy ». They both connect technological innovations with the evolution of social practices. These approaches intend to take advantage of a contemporary transformation of consumption patterns, characterized by a desecration of the role given to material goods.Our research focuses on the construction and meaning of several socio-economic models, in principle aiming to foster sustainable development. Although the multiplication of designations muddles the definitions of the models, each of them is connected to its own network of actors. Even if the French translations for « functional economy », « économie de fonctionnalité » and « économie de la fonctionnalité », are distinguished only by a definite article, they refer to two contradictory approaches. Similarly, while the term « sharing economy » firstly evokes the « peer-to-peer » (in English in the text) banner, it rapidly spreads to describe a form of connexionist capitalism.The deployment of the studied models makes it possible to capture certain transformations of contemporary representations. The relative success of the models depends on the correspondence of the ideals attached to each of them and the socio-economic facts experienced by actors. Evolution of work, changes in the outlines of property or distrust towards the political class are revealed by the analysis of discourses related to our topics. ; Parmi les désignations qui fleurissent dans la presse économique sous l'appellation attractive de « new business models », deux ont pour point commun de s'appuyer sur une logique de partage de biens : l' « économie de (la) fonctionnalité » et l' « économie collaborative ». Elles articulent l'exploitation d'innovations technologiques récentes avec l'évolution de pratiques sociales. Ces approches entendent tirer profit d'une ...

Among the designations that flourish in the economic press through the attractive name of « new business models » (in English in the text), two of them are specifically based on property sharing : « functional economy » and « sharing economy ». They both connect technological innovations with the evolution of social practices. These approaches intend to take advantage of a contemporary transformation of consumption patterns, characterized by a desecration of the role given to material goods.Our research focuses on the construction and meaning of several socio-economic models, in principle aiming to foster sustainable development. Although the multiplication of designations muddles the definitions of the models, each of them is connected to its own network of actors. Even if the French translations for « functional economy », « économie de fonctionnalité » and « économie de la fonctionnalité », are distinguished only by a definite article, they refer to two contradictory approaches. Similarly, while the term « sharing economy » firstly evokes the « peer-to-peer » (in English in the text) banner, it rapidly spreads to describe a form of connexionist capitalism.The deployment of the studied models makes it possible to capture certain transformations of contemporary representations. The relative success of the models depends on the correspondence of the ideals attached to each of them and the socio-economic facts experienced by actors. Evolution of work, changes in the outlines of property or distrust towards the political class are revealed by the analysis of discourses related to our topics. ; Parmi les désignations qui fleurissent dans la presse économique sous l'appellation attractive de « new business models », deux ont pour point commun de s'appuyer sur une logique de partage de biens : l' « économie de (la) fonctionnalité » et l' « économie collaborative ». Elles articulent l'exploitation d'innovations technologiques récentes avec l'évolution de pratiques sociales. Ces approches entendent tirer profit d'une ...