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The changing proportion of science and education in the works of A. Smith, J. Mill, A. Marshall and P. Samuelson is considered in the article. The accent is also made on the shift of the economists' attention from "the life of things" to the life of people and to the problem of its adequate reflection in the textbooks. The author makes some assumptions on the further evolution of beginner's textbooks on the economic theory.

The economy of ancient Egypt is a difficult area of study due to the lack of preservation of much data (especially quantitative data); it is also a controversial subject on which widely divergent views have been expressed. It is certain, however, that the principal production and revenues of Egyptian society as a whole and of its individual members was agrarian, and as such, dependent on the yearly rising and receding of the Nile. Most agricultural producers were probably self-sufficient tenant farmers who worked the fields owned by wealthy individuals or state and temple estates. In addition to these, there were institutional and corvée workforces, and slaves, but the relative importance of these groups for society as a whole is difficult to assess. According to textual evidence, crafts were in the hands of institutional workforces, but indications also exist of craftsmen working for private contractors. Trade was essentially barter with reference to fixed units of textile, grain, copper, silver, and gold as measures of value. Coins were imported and produced in the Late Period, but a system close to a monetary economy is attested only from the Ptolemaic Period onward. Marketplaces were frequented by private individuals (including women) as well as professional traders, both native and foreign. Imports were secured by conquests and military control in the Levant, from which silver, oil, and wine reached Egypt, and in Nubia, rich in its deposits of gold.

The economy of ancient Egypt is a difficult area of study due to the lack of preservation of much data (especially quantitative data); it is also a controversial subject on which widely divergent views have been expressed. It is certain, however, that the principal production and revenues of Egyptian society as a whole and of its individual members was agrarian, and as such, dependent on the yearly rising and receding of the Nile. Most agricultural producers were probably self-sufficient tenant farmers who worked the fields owned by wealthy individuals or state and temple estates. In addition to these, there were institutional and corvée workforces, and slaves, but the relative importance of these groups for society as a whole is difficult to assess. According to textual evidence, crafts were in the hands of institutional workforces, but indications also exist of craftsmen working for private contractors. Trade was essentially barter with reference to fixed units of textile, grain, copper, silver, and gold as measures of value. Coins were imported and produced in the Late Period, but a system close to a monetary economy is attested only from the Ptolemaic Period onward. Marketplaces were frequented by private individuals (including women) as well as professional traders, both native and foreign. Imports were secured by conquests and military control in the Levant, from which silver, oil, and wine reached Egypt, and in Nubia, rich in its deposits of gold.

The economy of ancient Egypt is a difficult area of study due to the lack of preservation of much data (especially quantitative data); it is also a controversial subject on which widely divergent views have been expressed. It is certain, however, that the principal production and revenues of Egyptian society as a whole and of its individual members was agrarian, and as such, dependent on the yearly rising and receding of the Nile. Most agricultural producers were probably self-sufficient tenant farmers who worked the fields owned by wealthy individuals or state and temple estates. In addition to these, there were institutional and corvée workforces, and slaves, but the relative importance of these groups for society as a whole is difficult to assess. According to textual evidence, crafts were in the hands of institutional workforces, but indications also exist of craftsmen working for private contractors. Trade was essentially barter with reference to fixed units of textile, grain, copper, silver, and gold as measures of value. Coins were imported and produced in the Late Period, but a system close to a monetary economy is attested only from the Ptolemaic Period onward. Marketplaces were frequented by private individuals (including women) as well as professional traders, both native and foreign. Imports were secured by conquests and military control in the Levant, from which silver, oil, and wine reached Egypt, and in Nubia, rich in its deposits of gold.

Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 Production and Economic Relations on the Internet: Another Level of Development of Economic Science -- 1.1 Unconventional Approach to Treatment of the New Economy -- 1.2 Factors of Functioning and Development of Internet Economy -- 1.3 Comparative Analysis of Internet Economy and Classic Economy -- 2 Internet Economy: Existence from the Point of View of Micro-economic Aspect -- 2.1 Notion and Sense of the Category "Internet Product" -- 2.2 The Nature of Mutual Functioning of Demand and Offer in the Market of Internet Goods -- 2.3 Emergence of Losses and Receipt of Results from Activities of Internet Economy Participants -- 3 Perspectives of Internet Economy Creation -- 3.1 Advantages of Internet Economy -- 3.2 Threats and Problems of Creation of Internet Economy -- 3.2.1 Theoretical Models of Internet Economy -- 4 Modern Foundations of Internet Economy -- 4.1 Basic Principles of Modern Internet Economy -- 4.2 Internet Economy and Theory of Reproduction: A Newly Created Tandem -- 4.3 Crisis in the System of Internet Economy: Reasons and Consequences -- 5 Methodological Aspects of Study of Internet Economy -- 5.1 Algorithm of Creation of Internet Economy -- 5.2 Methodology of Managing Internet Economy -- 5.3 Approaches to Evaluation of Internet Economy Effectiveness -- 6 Peculiarities of Formation and Development of Internet Economy in Russia -- 6.1 Preconditions of Formation of Internet Economy in Russia -- 6.2 Main Stages of Formation and Development of Internet Economy in Russia -- 6.3 Scenarios of Internet Economy Development in Russia -- Conclusions -- References.

"Das klassische Selbstverständnis der Politischen Ökonomie als ethisch-politischer Disziplin ist längst dem methodischen Reduktionismus 'reiner' Ökonomik gewichen. Heute gilt es die 'implizite Ethik' des ökonomischen Ansatzes aufzudecken, um einem reflektierten Umgang mit den Spannungen zwischen der 'eigensinnigen' Sachlogik des marktwirtschaftlichen Systems und den ethischen Prinzipien einer wohlgeordneten Gesellschaft freier Bürger zuzuarbeiten. Ausgehend von den konzeptionellen und methodologischen Ideen Adam Smiths und John St. Mills wird ein dualistisches Konzept Politischer Ökonomie entworfen, das funktionale Systemökonomie systematisch in praktische Sozialökonomie integriert." (Autorenreferat)

Political economy has become divorced from normative political theory, resulting in an uncritical economic science and a political philosophy that has little critical purchase on actually existing economicpractices. The Foundational Economy Collective works within a framework of moral economy and uses the concepts of capabilities and use-value to radically reorient our conception of how our economy – or economies – should work.

The article presents an analysis of the main digital economy's trends from a new institutional theory's point of view. The transition to a digital economy entails significant changes in institutional environment, transaction costs and contracts. Some of these changes can be used to realize the potential of the Russian economy competitiveness.