Suchergebnisse

In the scientific literature the shadow economy is defined as complex phenomena. The existence of it is determined by various causes and factors and the main purpose of this paper is to describe the meaning of shadow economy and estimate the size of it in Lithuania. The main tasks of this paper are to analyze the main conception of shadow economy, to present alternative methodologies for measuring the shadow economy, to analyze the level of shadow economy in Lithuania and disclose the main causes of it. The first part of the paper analyzes the main conception of shadow economy. There are various points of view describing the definition of shadow economy and it depends on the main point of research. In this paper it is used the economical point of view. The second part of the paper presents the alternative methodologies for measuring shadow economy. There are various methods assigned to direct, indirect and factorial groups. Finally, in the third part of the paper it is presented the results of other authors' researches of Lithuanian shadow economy. According to them, the rate of Lithuanian shadow economy fluctuates between 17-33.8% of gross domestic product. The most important Lithuanian shadow economy causes are too big tax burden, gaps in legislation, distrust and dissatisfaction of government.

In the scientific literature the shadow economy is defined as complex phenomena. The existence of it is determined by various causes and factors and the main purpose of this paper is to describe the meaning of shadow economy and estimate the size of it in Lithuania. The main tasks of this paper are to analyze the main conception of shadow economy, to present alternative methodologies for measuring the shadow economy, to analyze the level of shadow economy in Lithuania and disclose the main causes of it. The first part of the paper analyzes the main conception of shadow economy. There are various points of view describing the definition of shadow economy and it depends on the main point of research. In this paper it is used the economical point of view. The second part of the paper presents the alternative methodologies for measuring shadow economy. There are various methods assigned to direct, indirect and factorial groups. Finally, in the third part of the paper it is presented the results of other authors' researches of Lithuanian shadow economy. According to them, the rate of Lithuanian shadow economy fluctuates between 17-33.8% of gross domestic product. The most important Lithuanian shadow economy causes are too big tax burden, gaps in legislation, distrust and dissatisfaction of government.

In the scientific literature the shadow economy is defined as complex phenomena. The existence of it is determined by various causes and factors and the main purpose of this paper is to describe the meaning of shadow economy and estimate the size of it in Lithuania. The main tasks of this paper are to analyze the main conception of shadow economy, to present alternative methodologies for measuring the shadow economy, to analyze the level of shadow economy in Lithuania and disclose the main causes of it. The first part of the paper analyzes the main conception of shadow economy. There are various points of view describing the definition of shadow economy and it depends on the main point of research. In this paper it is used the economical point of view. The second part of the paper presents the alternative methodologies for measuring shadow economy. There are various methods assigned to direct, indirect and factorial groups. Finally, in the third part of the paper it is presented the results of other authors' researches of Lithuanian shadow economy. According to them, the rate of Lithuanian shadow economy fluctuates between 17-33.8% of gross domestic product. The most important Lithuanian shadow economy causes are too big tax burden, gaps in legislation, distrust and dissatisfaction of government.

In the scientific literature the shadow economy is defined as complex phenomena. The existence of it is determined by various causes and factors and the main purpose of this paper is to describe the meaning of shadow economy and estimate the size of it in Lithuania. The main tasks of this paper are to analyze the main conception of shadow economy, to present alternative methodologies for measuring the shadow economy, to analyze the level of shadow economy in Lithuania and disclose the main causes of it. The first part of the paper analyzes the main conception of shadow economy. There are various points of view describing the definition of shadow economy and it depends on the main point of research. In this paper it is used the economical point of view. The second part of the paper presents the alternative methodologies for measuring shadow economy. There are various methods assigned to direct, indirect and factorial groups. Finally, in the third part of the paper it is presented the results of other authors' researches of Lithuanian shadow economy. According to them, the rate of Lithuanian shadow economy fluctuates between 17-33.8% of gross domestic product. The most important Lithuanian shadow economy causes are too big tax burden, gaps in legislation, distrust and dissatisfaction of government.

Sharing economy, as a new economic direction, has recently received a great deal of attention from legislators and fierce debates among proponents of traditional economy due to legislation and requirements for sharing economy entities. After the California Assembly Bill 5 has entered into force, a disproportionate regulatory threat to the sharing economy has been created in the State of California, which may impact further development of the sharing economy and is very closely linked to the development of the innovation and economy as a whole. The regulatory challenges imposed on the sharing economy also challenge law, lawmakers and fundamental constitutional values. Understanding the impact of law on emerging businesses is crucial for lawmakers in order to create proportionate regulation whereas this can be best achieved through the theories of the School of Economic Law. This master thesis, in particular, describes in detail the sharing economy, its uniqueness and separation from the traditional economy. Understanding of sharing economy allows to identify businesses that are using this type of economy and compare them with traditional businesses providing alternative services and/or goods, whose regulatory differences in Lithuania, certain European Union countries and the United States are discussed in the work. The main focus in this work is placed on the assessment of the existing regulation in the light of economic arguments in law. Regulatory examples, such as California Assembly Bill 5, which can have a significant impact on the sharing economy, are provided. These examples are analysed in accordance with the theories of the School of Economic Law, which are based on the publications of Richard Posner. These theories complement and, in some cases, substantiate the economic arguments used in the work and allow to identify the main principles that the legislator and/or courts should follow when making decisions regarding sharing economy based businesses. This work also outlines the criteria by which regulation can be identified as redundant.

Sharing economy, as a new economic direction, has recently received a great deal of attention from legislators and fierce debates among proponents of traditional economy due to legislation and requirements for sharing economy entities. After the California Assembly Bill 5 has entered into force, a disproportionate regulatory threat to the sharing economy has been created in the State of California, which may impact further development of the sharing economy and is very closely linked to the development of the innovation and economy as a whole. The regulatory challenges imposed on the sharing economy also challenge law, lawmakers and fundamental constitutional values. Understanding the impact of law on emerging businesses is crucial for lawmakers in order to create proportionate regulation whereas this can be best achieved through the theories of the School of Economic Law. This master thesis, in particular, describes in detail the sharing economy, its uniqueness and separation from the traditional economy. Understanding of sharing economy allows to identify businesses that are using this type of economy and compare them with traditional businesses providing alternative services and/or goods, whose regulatory differences in Lithuania, certain European Union countries and the United States are discussed in the work. The main focus in this work is placed on the assessment of the existing regulation in the light of economic arguments in law. Regulatory examples, such as California Assembly Bill 5, which can have a significant impact on the sharing economy, are provided. These examples are analysed in accordance with the theories of the School of Economic Law, which are based on the publications of Richard Posner. These theories complement and, in some cases, substantiate the economic arguments used in the work and allow to identify the main principles that the legislator and/or courts should follow when making decisions regarding sharing economy based businesses. This work also outlines the criteria by which regulation can be identified as redundant.

Sharing economy, as a new economic direction, has recently received a great deal of attention from legislators and fierce debates among proponents of traditional economy due to legislation and requirements for sharing economy entities. After the California Assembly Bill 5 has entered into force, a disproportionate regulatory threat to the sharing economy has been created in the State of California, which may impact further development of the sharing economy and is very closely linked to the development of the innovation and economy as a whole. The regulatory challenges imposed on the sharing economy also challenge law, lawmakers and fundamental constitutional values. Understanding the impact of law on emerging businesses is crucial for lawmakers in order to create proportionate regulation whereas this can be best achieved through the theories of the School of Economic Law. This master thesis, in particular, describes in detail the sharing economy, its uniqueness and separation from the traditional economy. Understanding of sharing economy allows to identify businesses that are using this type of economy and compare them with traditional businesses providing alternative services and/or goods, whose regulatory differences in Lithuania, certain European Union countries and the United States are discussed in the work. The main focus in this work is placed on the assessment of the existing regulation in the light of economic arguments in law. Regulatory examples, such as California Assembly Bill 5, which can have a significant impact on the sharing economy, are provided. These examples are analysed in accordance with the theories of the School of Economic Law, which are based on the publications of Richard Posner. These theories complement and, in some cases, substantiate the economic arguments used in the work and allow to identify the main principles that the legislator and/or courts should follow when making decisions regarding sharing economy based businesses. This work also outlines the criteria by which regulation can be identified as redundant.

Sharing economy, as a new economic direction, has recently received a great deal of attention from legislators and fierce debates among proponents of traditional economy due to legislation and requirements for sharing economy entities. After the California Assembly Bill 5 has entered into force, a disproportionate regulatory threat to the sharing economy has been created in the State of California, which may impact further development of the sharing economy and is very closely linked to the development of the innovation and economy as a whole. The regulatory challenges imposed on the sharing economy also challenge law, lawmakers and fundamental constitutional values. Understanding the impact of law on emerging businesses is crucial for lawmakers in order to create proportionate regulation whereas this can be best achieved through the theories of the School of Economic Law. This master thesis, in particular, describes in detail the sharing economy, its uniqueness and separation from the traditional economy. Understanding of sharing economy allows to identify businesses that are using this type of economy and compare them with traditional businesses providing alternative services and/or goods, whose regulatory differences in Lithuania, certain European Union countries and the United States are discussed in the work. The main focus in this work is placed on the assessment of the existing regulation in the light of economic arguments in law. Regulatory examples, such as California Assembly Bill 5, which can have a significant impact on the sharing economy, are provided. These examples are analysed in accordance with the theories of the School of Economic Law, which are based on the publications of Richard Posner. These theories complement and, in some cases, substantiate the economic arguments used in the work and allow to identify the main principles that the legislator and/or courts should follow when making decisions regarding sharing economy based businesses. This work also outlines the criteria by which regulation can be identified as redundant.

The aim of this study is to analyze the phenomenon of Social economy in educational context. Scientific study assumption introduced: development of social economy has an impact on safe educational development and more rapid social cohesion. In order to estimate the assumption introduced there were raised seven tasks: 1) to make a theoretical literature analysis on the concept of socio-economic; 2) to explore the socio-economic development in Canada and in other States of America; 3) to explore the importance of socio-economic aspects in the European continent and describe socio-economic development of five European countries - Belgium, Poland, France and Finland; 4) to explore the concept of corporate social responsibility and its' role in the context of social economy; 5) to examine the importance of social responsibility in society; 6) to describe and give examples of a social enterprise and concession; 7) to explore the environment of public-private partnership development. Research methods chosen for this study are analysis of documents, to in deep analyze the concept of social economy and its' role in the countries, and structured and non structured experts' interviews to explore the mechanism and impact of social economy on socioeducational environment. The analysis of the results led to the conclusion that main scientific assumption: development of social economy has an impact on safe educational development and more rapid social cohesion – is confirmed. It was determined that there is no unified definition of Social economy in international environment, that leads to the absence of common continental indicators and progress measures. The analysis of five European countries indicated that the role of government is crucial for social economic development. The term of Social economy is not widely known in Lithuania, but several social economic tools already exist: social business, non for profit organisations, volunteering, private public partnerships, conssesion cooperatives, volunteer initiatives.

The aim of this study is to analyze the phenomenon of Social economy in educational context. Scientific study assumption introduced: development of social economy has an impact on safe educational development and more rapid social cohesion. In order to estimate the assumption introduced there were raised seven tasks: 1) to make a theoretical literature analysis on the concept of socio-economic; 2) to explore the socio-economic development in Canada and in other States of America; 3) to explore the importance of socio-economic aspects in the European continent and describe socio-economic development of five European countries - Belgium, Poland, France and Finland; 4) to explore the concept of corporate social responsibility and its' role in the context of social economy; 5) to examine the importance of social responsibility in society; 6) to describe and give examples of a social enterprise and concession; 7) to explore the environment of public-private partnership development. Research methods chosen for this study are analysis of documents, to in deep analyze the concept of social economy and its' role in the countries, and structured and non structured experts' interviews to explore the mechanism and impact of social economy on socioeducational environment. The analysis of the results led to the conclusion that main scientific assumption: development of social economy has an impact on safe educational development and more rapid social cohesion – is confirmed. It was determined that there is no unified definition of Social economy in international environment, that leads to the absence of common continental indicators and progress measures. The analysis of five European countries indicated that the role of government is crucial for social economic development. The term of Social economy is not widely known in Lithuania, but several social economic tools already exist: social business, non for profit organisations, volunteering, private public partnerships, conssesion cooperatives, volunteer initiatives.

Adapted from the source document.

The blue economy is becoming the basis and the policy for new maritime technologies and sustainable maritime economic activity. According to the World Bank (2017), the challenges of the sustainable use of marine resources are related to the impact of climate change on rising sea levels, more frequent extreme weather events, and rising air temperatures. There is no doubt that this will have an impact on the performance of ocean-related business sectors. However, investment is needed for the blue economy to grow successfully. Financial institutions have an important role to play in financing sustainable projects. According to M. Janicka (2016: 27), financial institutions are usually associated with a policy of maximising profits rather than pursuing environmental action. However, there has been a change in the philosophy of these institutions, not only due to the increasing pressure on public authorities to take environmental issues into account, but also due to the changing attitudes of people in charge of financial institutions towards the environment. Investment decisions made by maritime businesses depend on many factors, but there is no doubt that successful profit-making should be reconciled with reducing resource intensity, making the development of the blue economy a modern-day pursuit. This may require significant investment from the public and private sectors. The term 'the blue economy' has been recognised for almost 15 years, but it is defined differently in various sources. R.E. Boschen-Rose et al. (2020: 835) define the concept of the blue economy as the sustainable use of ocean resources to promote economic growth, improve livelihoods, and enhance the state of ocean ecosystems. A. Alempijevi and A. Kovačic (2019: 97) describe the blue economy as a combination of sustainable development and green growth. Focus of the research: opportunities for sustainable investment in the development of the blue economy. Aim of the research: to identify sustainable investment opportunities in the development of the blue economy. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, systematisation, generalisation and analysis of statistical data. The study shows that the successful development of the blue economy requires sustainable investment, and therefore needs to be given high priority. The European Union has put measures in place to finance this investment, and is creating a favourable environment to facilitate and encourage public and private investment in the blue economy. The study has revealed that the concept of sustainable investment should be understood as the concerted effort by technological progress, research, business and governments to invest in projects that include social, economic and environmental dimensions. A statistical analysis of sustainable investment trends in the development of the blue economy has shown that sustainable investment has the potential to grow in the future, but it is important to take into account the impact on the blue economy of the Covid-19 pandemic.

The blue economy is becoming the basis and the policy for new maritime technologies and sustainable maritime economic activity. According to the World Bank (2017), the challenges of the sustainable use of marine resources are related to the impact of climate change on rising sea levels, more frequent extreme weather events, and rising air temperatures. There is no doubt that this will have an impact on the performance of ocean-related business sectors. However, investment is needed for the blue economy to grow successfully. Financial institutions have an important role to play in financing sustainable projects. According to M. Janicka (2016: 27), financial institutions are usually associated with a policy of maximising profits rather than pursuing environmental action. However, there has been a change in the philosophy of these institutions, not only due to the increasing pressure on public authorities to take environmental issues into account, but also due to the changing attitudes of people in charge of financial institutions towards the environment. Investment decisions made by maritime businesses depend on many factors, but there is no doubt that successful profit-making should be reconciled with reducing resource intensity, making the development of the blue economy a modern-day pursuit. This may require significant investment from the public and private sectors. The term 'the blue economy' has been recognised for almost 15 years, but it is defined differently in various sources. R.E. Boschen-Rose et al. (2020: 835) define the concept of the blue economy as the sustainable use of ocean resources to promote economic growth, improve livelihoods, and enhance the state of ocean ecosystems. A. Alempijevi and A. Kovačic (2019: 97) describe the blue economy as a combination of sustainable development and green growth. Focus of the research: opportunities for sustainable investment in the development of the blue economy. Aim of the research: to identify sustainable investment opportunities in the development of the blue economy. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, systematisation, generalisation and analysis of statistical data. The study shows that the successful development of the blue economy requires sustainable investment, and therefore needs to be given high priority. The European Union has put measures in place to finance this investment, and is creating a favourable environment to facilitate and encourage public and private investment in the blue economy. The study has revealed that the concept of sustainable investment should be understood as the concerted effort by technological progress, research, business and governments to invest in projects that include social, economic and environmental dimensions. A statistical analysis of sustainable investment trends in the development of the blue economy has shown that sustainable investment has the potential to grow in the future, but it is important to take into account the impact on the blue economy of the Covid-19 pandemic.

The blue economy is becoming the basis and the policy for new maritime technologies and sustainable maritime economic activity. According to the World Bank (2017), the challenges of the sustainable use of marine resources are related to the impact of climate change on rising sea levels, more frequent extreme weather events, and rising air temperatures. There is no doubt that this will have an impact on the performance of ocean-related business sectors. However, investment is needed for the blue economy to grow successfully. Financial institutions have an important role to play in financing sustainable projects. According to M. Janicka (2016: 27), financial institutions are usually associated with a policy of maximising profits rather than pursuing environmental action. However, there has been a change in the philosophy of these institutions, not only due to the increasing pressure on public authorities to take environmental issues into account, but also due to the changing attitudes of people in charge of financial institutions towards the environment. Investment decisions made by maritime businesses depend on many factors, but there is no doubt that successful profit-making should be reconciled with reducing resource intensity, making the development of the blue economy a modern-day pursuit. This may require significant investment from the public and private sectors. The term 'the blue economy' has been recognised for almost 15 years, but it is defined differently in various sources. R.E. Boschen-Rose et al. (2020: 835) define the concept of the blue economy as the sustainable use of ocean resources to promote economic growth, improve livelihoods, and enhance the state of ocean ecosystems. A. Alempijevi and A. Kovačic (2019: 97) describe the blue economy as a combination of sustainable development and green growth. Focus of the research: opportunities for sustainable investment in the development of the blue economy. Aim of the research: to identify sustainable investment opportunities in the development of the blue economy. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, systematisation, generalisation and analysis of statistical data. The study shows that the successful development of the blue economy requires sustainable investment, and therefore needs to be given high priority. The European Union has put measures in place to finance this investment, and is creating a favourable environment to facilitate and encourage public and private investment in the blue economy. The study has revealed that the concept of sustainable investment should be understood as the concerted effort by technological progress, research, business and governments to invest in projects that include social, economic and environmental dimensions. A statistical analysis of sustainable investment trends in the development of the blue economy has shown that sustainable investment has the potential to grow in the future, but it is important to take into account the impact on the blue economy of the Covid-19 pandemic.