Suchergebnisse

I. Survey Papers -- "A Critique of Project Planning with Constrained Resources" -- "Sequencing Research and the Industrial Scheduling Problem" -- II. Applications -- "The Engine Scheduling Problem in a Railway Network" — Abstract -- "Detail Scheduling Models and Systems" -- "A Naval Air Rework Facility Scheduling Problem" -- "Some Scheduling Applications in Chemical Industry" -- "A Solution to a Special Class of Flow Shop Scheduling Problem" -- "Two Recent Developments in Scheduling Applications" -- "Toward a Man-Machine Interactive System for Project Scheduling" -- III. Theory -- "Efficient Solution Procedures for Certain Scheduling and Sequencing Problems" -- "On the Set Representation and the Set Covering Problem" -- Discussion of Murty's paper -- "Selected Comments Concerning Optimization Techniques for Functions of Permutations" -- Discussion of Rau's paper -- IV. Models of Processes -- "An Out-of-Kilter Approach for Machine Sequencing Problems" -- "Trading Rules for a Decentralized Exchange Economy" -- "Scheduling with Early Start and Due Date Constraints" — Abstract -- "The Scheduling of a Multi-Product Facility" -- "The Two-Machine Job Shop with Exponential Processing Times" -- "Optimal Solutions of Scheduling Problems Using Lagrange Multipliers, Part II" -- Discussion of Fisher's paper -- "On Project Cost-Duration Analysis Problem with Quadratic and Convex Cost Functions" -- "A Problem in Single Facility Scheduling with Sequence Independent Change-Over Costs" -- "Random Patrol Scheduling Under Operational Constraints" -- "Interaction Between Aggregate and Detailed Scheduling in a Job Shop" — Abstract -- "An Extension of Moore's Due Date Algorithm" -- "Solving Scheduling Problems by Applying Cost Operators to Assignment Models" -- "Some Extensions of Akers-Friedman Production Scheduling Problem" -- "On a Feasibility Approach to Optimal Schedules".

Frontmatter -- PARTICIPANTS IN THE CONFERENCE -- Preface -- Contents -- The Problem of Totalitarianism - An Introduction -- PART ONE Totalitarianism and Freedom -- 1. Totalitarianism in the Modern World / Kennan, George F. -- PART TWO The Nature of Totalitarianism -- 2. Totalitarianism, Despotism, Dictatorship / Timasheff, N. S. -- 3. The Unique Character of Totalitarian Society / Friedrich, Carl J. -- 4. Social Prophylaxis as a Form of Soviet Terror / Gliksman, Jerzy G. -- PART THREE Totalitarianism and Ideology -- 5. The Totalitarian Mystique: Some Impressions of the Dynamics of Totalitarian Society / Inkeles, Alex -- 6. The Protestant Churches and Totalitarianism (Germany 1933-1945) / Littell, Franklin H. -- 7. Totalitarianism as Political Religion / Gurian, Waldemar -- PART FOUR Psychological Aspects of Totalitarianism -- 8. The Bolshevik Attitude Toward Science / Bauer, Raymond -- 9. Wholeness and Totality - A Psychiatric Contribution / Erikson, Erik H. -- 10. Environmental Controls and the Impoverishment of Thought / Frenkel-Bruνswik, Else -- 11. Ideological Compliance as a Social-Psychological Process / Jahoda, Marie / Cook, Stuart W. -- PART FIVE Totalitarianism and Intellectual Life -- 12. Science under Soviet Totalitarianism / Muller, H. J. -- 13. Phases of the Conflict Between Totalitarianism and Science / De Santillana, George -- 14. Totalitarianism and History / Wolfe, Bertram D. -- PART SIX Totalitarian Social and Economic Organization -- 15. Totalitarian Appeal and Economic Reform / Lauterbach, Albert -- 16. The Economy of the Soviet Zone of Germany / Nettl, J. P. -- 17. Cracks in the Monolith: Possibilities and Patterns of Disintegration in Totalitarian Systems / Deutsch, Karl W. -- PART SEVEN TOTALITARIANISM AND THE FUTURE -- 18. Totalitarianism and the Future / Kecskemeti, Paul -- 19. The World Revolutionary Situation / Lasswell, Harold D.

"Responding to the challenges of fostering regional growth and employment in an increasingly competitive global economy, many U.S. states and regions have developed programs to attract and grow companies as well as attract the talent and resources necessary to develop regional innovation clusters. These state and regionally based initiatives have a broad range of goals and increasingly include larger resources commitments, often with a sectoral focus and often in partnership with foundations and universities. Recent studies, however, have pointed out that many of these efforts lack the scale and the steady commitment needed for success. This has prompted new initiatives to coordinate and concentrate investments from a variety of federal agencies to develop research parks, business incubators, and other strategies to encourage entrepreneurships and high-tech development in the nation's regions. Understanding the nature of innovation clusters and public policies associated with successful cluster development is therefore of current relevance. Clustering for 21st Century Prosperity identifies best practices with regard to goals, structures, instruments, modes of operation, synergies across private and public programs, funding mechanisms and levels, and evaluation efforts. The committee, under the Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) is reviewing selected state and regional efforts to capitalize on federal and state investments in areas of critical national needs. This review includes both efforts to strengthen existing industries as well as specific technology focus areas such as nanotechnology, stem cells, and advanced energy in order to better understand program goals, challenges, and accomplishments."--Publisher's description.

Cities and Their Vital Systems -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Cities and Infrastructure: Synthesis and Perspectives -- REFERENCES -- 2 The Dynamic Characterization of Cities -- EVOLUTION OF A CITY -- COMPARISON OF CITIES -- DATA COLLECTION AND INTERPRETATION -- Statistical Analysis -- Data Presentation and Results -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX A SELECTED STUDY VARIABLES: EXPLANATORY NOTES -- APPENDIX B CHARACTERISTICS OF EIGHT U.S. CITIES (ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES) -- 3 How Cities Grew in the Western World: A Systems Approach -- A DUAL MODEL OF URBAN SYSTEMS: ECONOMIC EXCHANGE AND SPATIAL CONFIGURATIONS -- THE DYNAMICS OF GROWTH AND CHANGE -- IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURES -- REFERENCES -- 4 Urban Systems and Historical Path Dependence -- THE EVOLUTION OF LOCATIONAL PATTERNS: THREE MODELS -- Model I. Pure Necessity: Location under Independent Preferences -- Model 2. Pure Chance: Location by Spin-Off -- Model 3. Chance and Necessity: Location under Agglomeration Economies -- PATH-DEPENDENCE AND CONVEXITY -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 An Economic Model of Urban Growth -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX -- 6 Growth of U.S. Cities and Recent Trends in Urban Real Estate Values -- DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL METROPOLITAN INFRASTRUCTURE -- INFRASTRUCTURE LESSONS FROM GEOGRAPHIC HISTORY -- PAYING FOR INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE NEW SERVICE ECONOMY -- INFRASTRUCTURE AT THE LOCAL SCALE -- HOUSEHOLDS AND HOUSING UNITS IN THE LARGEST CITIES -- Socioeconomic Status of Households -- Stage in the Household Life Cycle -- Race and Ethnicity -- SOCIAL STATUS AND HOUSING VALUE OF NEIGHBORHOODS -- Chicago -- Los Angeles -- New York City -- COMPARING CENTRAL CITY AND METROPOLITAN AREA HOUSING VALUES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Infrastructures for Movement: Past and Future -- METHODOLOGY -- Case 1: The Malthusian Population.

Front Matter -- Preface -- Contents -- Nuclear Cities Initiative: Interests of the Program -- Analysis of the Results of the Targeted Program for Promoting Employment for the Population of Minatom Closed Administrative-Territorial Zones for 1998-2000 -- Technobusiness in Russia's Atomic Cities -- Innovation Activity in Russian Higher Education -- Challenges at the Zelenograd Technopark -- States' Efforts in Small Business Development: Two Models -- Development of Small Innovative Companies in Sarov to Serve the Russian Market -- Development of Small Innovative Companies in Snezhinsk to Serve the Russian Market -- Development of Small Innovative Companies in Zarechny to Serve the Russian Market -- Development of Small Innovative Companies in Obninsk to Serve the Russian Market -- Companies Based on Technologies Developed at U.S. National Laboratories -- The Creation of Sustainable Business in Russia's Nuclear Cities -- Russian and American Business Practices and Laws: Advice to Businesses in Russian Nuclear Cities -- Support for Innovation Activities by the City Administration: Review of Innovative Firms in Zheleznogorsk -- Steps Taken by the Zarechny City Administration to Support Small Innovative Companies -- The Role of Foreign Partners as Investors or Customers in the Development of Small Innovative Businesses in Snezhinsk -- Steps Taken by the Sarov City Administration and Most Important Organizations in Support of Small Innovative Businesses -- Activities of the Obninsk City Administration Aimed at Supporting Small Innovative Firms -- Small Business and the Macro Economy: Some Observations -- Steps Being Undertaken by the Snezhinsk City Administration to Support Small Innovative Companies -- The Role of Foreign Partners as Investors or Customers in the Development of Small Innovative Firms.

This is Who We Were: In The 1910s -- Table of Contents -- Essays on the 1910s -- Introduction -- Section One: Profiles -- Russian American Steelworker in 1910 -- Medical Education Reformer in 1910 -- Ohio Inventor in 1911 -- Filmmaker and Inventor in 1911 -- High School Football Player in 1911 -- Hand-Cigar Maker in 1912 -- Engineer for a Textile Manufacturing Company in 1913 -- Retired Automobile Company Executive in 1913 -- Young Swedish Immigrant in 1913 -- Professional Golfer in 1913 -- Young Singer of Spirituals in 1913 -- Aspiring Young Tennis Player in 1914 -- Chief Surgeon and Scion of the Virginia Artistocracy in 1915 -- African American U.S. Army Major in 1916 -- Teacher and Americanization Advocate in 1916 -- Star of the New York Metropolitan Opera in 1916 -- Farm Family's First High-School Student in 1916 -- Creator of the Campbell Kids in 1917 -- Civilian Relief Worker in War-Torn France in 1918 -- Polish War Refugee in 1918 -- Young Popular Song Composer in 1918 -- First-Generation Russian American Millworker in 1919 -- Dress Manufacturing Company Owner in 1919 -- Heiress and Minister's Wife in 1919 -- Non-Commissioned Officer Serving in Russia in 1919 -- Wartime Secretary for the YMCA in France in 1919 -- African American Entrepreneur in 1919 -- Home Builder for Out-of-Town Teachers in 1919 -- Section Two: Historical Snapshots -- Early 1910s -- Mid 1910s -- Late 1910s -- Section Three: Economy of The Times -- Consumer Expenditures -- Annual Income, Standard Jobs -- Selected Prices -- Value of a Dollar Index 1860-2013 -- Section Four: All Around Us -- All Around Us-1910s -- Section Five: Census Data -- State-by-State Comparative Tables: 1910, 1920, and 2010 -- Total Population -- White Population -- Black Population -- American Indian/Alaska Native Population -- Asian Population -- Foreign-Born Population -- Urban Population.

Intro -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- The Division of Knowledge -- The Public and the Private -- Domesticity -- Form and Spatial Representability -- Questions of Method -- Part One: The Age of Separations -- Chapter 1. The Devolution of Absolutism -- State and Civil Society -- From Tacit to Explicit -- Polis and Oikos -- The State and the Family -- Absolute Private Property -- Interest and the Public Interest -- Civic Humanism or Capitalist Ideology? -- From the Marketplace to the Market -- The Protestant Separation -- Conscientious Privacy and the Closet of Devotion -- What Is the Public Sphere? -- Chapter 2. Publishing the Private -- The Plasticity of Print -- Scribal Publication -- Print, Property, and the Public Interest -- Print Legislation and Copyright -- Knowledge and Secrecy -- Public Opinion -- What Was the Public Sphere? -- Publicness through Virtuality -- Publication and Personality -- Anonymity and Responsibility -- Libel versus Satire -- Characters, Authors, Readers -- Particulars and Generals -- Actual and Concrete Particularity -- Chapter 3. From State as Family to Family as State -- State as Family -- Family as State -- Coming Together -- Being Together -- Putting Asunder -- Tory Feminism and the Devolution of Absolutism -- Privacy and Pastoral -- Chapter 4. Outside and Inside Work -- The Domestic Economy and Cottage Industry -- The Economic Basis of Separate Spheres -- Housewife as Governor -- The Whore's Labor -- The Whores Rhetorick -- Chapter 5. Subdividing Inside Spaces -- Separating Out "Science" -- The Royal Household -- Cabinet and Closet -- Secrets and the Secretary -- Noble and Gentle Households -- The Curtain Lecture -- Households of the Middling Sort -- Where the Poor Should Live -- Chapter 6. Sex and Book Sex -- Sex -- Aristotle's Master-piece -- Onania -- Book Sex.

Technology and Health Care in an Era of Limits -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- Part I Setting the Stage -- 1 Introduction -- References -- 2 Innovation and the Policies of Limits in a Changing Health Care Economy -- THE SHAPE OF MEDICINE'S BENEFIT-UTILIZATION CURVE -- WHICH RATE IS RIGHT? -- REFORM OF THE DOCTOR-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP -- LINKAGE BETWEEN THE SUPPLY OF RESOURCES AND MEDICINE'S IMPLICIT THEORIES OF EFFICACY -- SEEKING LIMITS -- INNOVATION AND THE POLICIES OF LIMITS -- References -- Part II Managing Care in the United States -- 3 The Growth of Managed Care in the Private Sector -- EMPLOYER-PROVIDED HEALTH CARE BENEFITS IN THE UNITED STATES -- MANAGED CARE AND ITS GROWTH IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR -- IMPLICATIONS OF MANAGED CARE FOR TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND DISSEMINATION -- References -- 4 Managing Medical Practice: The Potential of HMOs -- MANAGING CARE AT GHC -- BREAST CANCER SCREENING -- THE HMO AS EFFECTIVENESS LABORATORY -- CONCLUSION -- References -- 5 Cost Containment Efforts in the Public Sector: Oregon's Priority List -- RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND -- RANKING METHODOLOGY -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Part III Managing Care in the United Kingdom and Canada -- 6 Priority Setting in a Needs-based System -- PROBLEMS OF THE BRITISH HEALTH CARE SYSTEM -- THE "REFORMED" BRITISH HEALTH CARE SYSTEM -- IMPLICATIONS FOR TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE IN MEDICINE -- RATIONING HEALTH CARE: IS IT ETHICAL? -- 7 The Meeting of the Twain: Managing Health Care Capital, Capacity, and Costs in Canada -- WHAT MAKES CANADIAN HEALTH CARE DIFFERENT? -- SO HOW DOES CANADA DO IT? -- Managing Operations -- Managing Capital -- FROM MACRO- TO MICROMANAGEMENT AND BACK AGAIN? -- THE FUTURE OF HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT IN CANADA -- References -- Part IV Implications for Providers.

Housing estates were fundamentally conceived upon state socialist utopia ideas to provide standard housing for citizens. While former state socialist housing estates have been extensively researched in the field of architecture, urban and sociology studies, there is still a gap in identifying how production processes affect morphological changes during the post-socialist era. This thesis compares the processes in the production of the largest housing estates of Marzahn in GDR and Petržalka in Czechoslovakia from 1970 to 1989 through contextual analysis of primary and secondary sources, which include visual maps, diagrams from professional architecture and planning journals, government documents and textbooks, as well as academic journals, books and newspaper articles. Then it discusses how these processes inadvertently created conducive conditions affecting their development in the market economy after 1989. It then interprets the results through application of Actor-Network Theory and Historical Institutionalism, while conceptualising them through David Harvey's dialectical utopianism theory. Harvey (2000) delineates two types of utopia, one of spatial form and one of process. The former refers to materialised ideals in physical forms whereas the latter refers to the ongoing process of spatializing. The thesis aims to show how the production of Marzahn in GDR was more path dependent on policies established in 1950s and 1960s whereas Petržalka was a product of new Czechoslovakian policies in 1970s, changing aspects of the urban planning process, a manifestation of a more emphatic technocratic thinking on a wider scale. This ultimately influences the trajectories of development after 1989, showing more effects in Petržalka.

"Prior to China's entry into the United Nations (UN) in 1971, there was fierce debate about its anticipated behavior and impact. Proponents of Chinese membership argued that integration into the United Nations would ultimately change or "civilize" the People's Republic of China (PRC) while skeptics countered that the "...the UN is not going to serve as a reform school for Peking," and that China was likely to attempt to alter the international system. When Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leaders failed to challenge the existing global order and eventually adjusted their own priorities and goals to fit into it and even benefit from the prevailing international order, its behavior alleviated concerns of destructive behavior. Yet, the larger question of China's longer-term impact on and role in international regimes remains an open question. Even if the PRC has not acted as a spoiler of the international system, are there subtle yet significant ways that it has pursued change toward international regimes? This question become more pressing and salient with China's ascendance and rising weight in global politics, especially given indications that it is shedding its earlier status quo posture and shifting to a more assertive one. As scholar Elizabeth Economy noted, in a June 2018 speech PRC President Xi Jinping "put the world on notice: China has its own ideas about how the world should be run and is prepared, as he put it, to 'lead in the reform of global governance.'" Scholars have begun grappling with"--

"This book captures and examines some of the main modes of "romanticized" memories about the Chinese Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution that have appeared since the late 1980s and are drastically different from previous representations that focused on trauma. Drawing on some of the major literary, filmic and digital presentations, as well as examples from the cultural marketplace, this book devotes its attention to the memories that are eroticized, nostalgic, digitized and commodified. Situating these new mnemonic presentations against the backdrop of a persistently cautious political climate in China that has never favored open expressions about the Cultural Revolutionary past, and also against a global climate of prevailing (capitalist) modernity and nostalgic sentiments, this book examines the meanings, values and problems lying in these new mnemonic rewritings of the Cultural Revolution experience, as well as analyses some of the intricate conflicts and connections between these memories and the global influences. In its study, this book uncovers not only a strong resistance to the official suppression of critical articulations of the Cultural Revolution history, but also the ways in which such resistance is effected through Chinese intellectuals' inventive use of the market and the trends of commodification. By giving deserved credits to commodification for facilitating Chinese intellectuals in establishing channels of conversations and possibly a discourse on China's recent history and the politics of memory, this book hopes to provide some insights into history's path, especially in light of Chinese intellectuals' heated debate on the nature of the capitalist economy in China"--

"Prior to China's entry into the United Nations (UN) in 1971, there was fierce debate about its anticipated behavior and impact. Proponents of Chinese membership argued that integration into the United Nations would ultimately change or "civilize" the People's Republic of China (PRC) while skeptics countered that the "...the UN is not going to serve as a reform school for Peking," and that China was likely to attempt to alter the international system. When Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leaders failed to challenge the existing global order and eventually adjusted their own priorities and goals to fit into it and even benefit from the prevailing international order, its behavior alleviated concerns of destructive behavior. Yet, the larger question of China's longer-term impact on and role in international regimes remains an open question. Even if the PRC has not acted as a spoiler of the international system, are there subtle yet significant ways that it has pursued change toward international regimes? This question become more pressing and salient with China's ascendance and rising weight in global politics, especially given indications that it is shedding its earlier status quo posture and shifting to a more assertive one. As scholar Elizabeth Economy noted, in a June 2018 speech PRC President Xi Jinping "put the world on notice: China has its own ideas about how the world should be run and is prepared, as he put it, to 'lead in the reform of global governance.'" Scholars have begun grappling with"--

Housing estates were fundamentally conceived upon state socialist utopia ideas to provide standard housing for citizens. While former state socialist housing estates have been extensively researched in the field of architecture, urban and sociology studies, there is still a gap in identifying how production processes affect morphological changes during the post-socialist era. This thesis compares the processes in the production of the largest housing estates of Marzahn in GDR and Petržalka in Czechoslovakia from 1970 to 1989 through contextual analysis of primary and secondary sources, which include visual maps, diagrams from professional architecture and planning journals, government documents and textbooks, as well as academic journals, books and newspaper articles. Then it discusses how these processes inadvertently created conducive conditions affecting their development in the market economy after 1989. It then interprets the results through application of Actor-Network Theory and Historical Institutionalism, while conceptualising them through David Harvey's dialectical utopianism theory. Harvey (2000) delineates two types of utopia, one of spatial form and one of process. The former refers to materialised ideals in physical forms whereas the latter refers to the ongoing process of spatializing. The thesis aims to show how the production of Marzahn in GDR was more path dependent on policies established in 1950s and 1960s whereas Petržalka was a product of new Czechoslovakian policies in 1970s, changing aspects of the urban planning process, a manifestation of a more emphatic technocratic thinking on a wider scale. This ultimately influences the trajectories of development after 1989, showing more effects in Petržalka.

Artisanal fisheries, Peru, fishermen livelihoods, resilience, vulnerability, El Nino, climate variability. - The warm phase of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is characterized in Peru by positive sea surface temperatures and negative sea level pressure anomalies. Biotic responses to this event range from changes in species composition, abundance and biomass, changes in reproductive success, larval dispersal and recruitment, as well as changes in food availability, competition and predation. The thesis characterized fishermen livelihoods and how they responded to El Nino events in two sites in the North (Sechura) and South (Pisco) of Peru. Additionally, it explored how institutions enable or constrain fishermen livelihoods and responses to El Nino. While both sites have different histories of ENSO related impacts, they share the fact that the artisanal fishing sector plays an important role in the local economy. Livelihood assets exhibit mixed patterns with Pisco possessing a stronger livelihood platform in terms of assets but lower incomes than in Sechura. This finding highlights the fact that income is not an accurate measure of resilient livelihoods and needs to be contextualized. Seasonal migration is a livelihood option practiced by fishermen in both sites depending on seasonality, the de facto open access facilitating fishermen mobility. The thesis also identified that fishermen are largely dependent on marine resources for their livelihoods, occupational pluralism being low at both sites. Diversification being considered a risk-reduction mechanism and a building block towards resilient livelihoods, the findings suggest that fishermen are vulnerable to external shocks due to their high reliance on fishing ...

Multinationals, Local Corporations, China, Competition, Resistance Strategy. - With the fast-paced globalization and technological revolution, today's world has become an arena that is characterized by rapid economic development and hypercompetitive business environment. In tandem with the reforms from a central-planned to a market-oriented economy, China has emerged as a global power, particularly an economic power. Meanwhile, more and more Multinationals have rushed into the Chinese consumer goods market to seek new and tremendous market development opportunities. For local Chinese companies, the numerous entries of Multinationals have seriously threatened their existing market positions. In order to survive and develop under such circumstances, local Chinese companies have no choice but to resist. The primary purpose of this dissertation is, by using case studies, to examine the options for resistance strategies of local Chinese companies against foreign competition in the CCGM at the corporate strategy level. Based on the theoretical framework of Dawar and Frost's strategy typologies, local Chinese companies have four basic strategic options: defender, dodger, extender, and contender, whereby they can fend off foreign competition and even tap into global markets. Furthermore, local Chinese companies using any of those four options to compete against the entry of Multinationals into their home markets can benefit from forming alliances. However, local Chinese companies should keep flexible, as their internal assets and the characteristics of their located industries keep evolving over time. With the help of five descriptive case studies ...