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435 p. ; Tabl as, Gráficos, ; Libro Electrónico ; Over the last decade, worldwide initiatives from the private sector have turned the legal and regulatory environment for food businesses upside down. Litigation is no longer solely framed by legislative requirements, but ever more by private standards such as GlobalGAP, BRC, IFS, SQF and ISO. Private standards incorporate public law requirements, thus embedding them in contractual relations and exporting them beyond the jurisdiction of public legislators. Private standards are used to remedy shortcomings in legislation, to reach higher levels of consumer protection than the ones chosen by the EU legislature, to impose new obligations on contracting parties, to manage risks and liability beyond the traditional limits of food businesses and inally to give substance to corporate social responsibility. Private standards also play a role in deining speciic markets of growing importance and in self-regulating the commercial communication/advertising for foods and beverages. Organic standards have found an interesting symbioses with public law. Halal standards express the demands of some two billion consumers worldwide. Food businesses are inspected more often by private auditors than by public inspectors. Effects in terms of receiving or being denied certiication often far outweigh public law sanctions. In short, based on private law, an entire legal infrastructure for the food sector emerges, in parallel to, and sometimes complementing, the public law regulatory infrastructure. ; Durante la última década, las iniciativas a nivel mundial en el sector privado se han convertido el entorno jurídico y reglamentario para las empresas de alimentos al revés. Litigio ya no es el único enmarcado por los requisitos legales, pero cada vez más por las normas privadas como GlobalGAP, BRC, IFS, SQF y la ISO. Las normas privadas incorporar los requisitos de derecho público, lo que les inserción en las relaciones contractuales y su exportación fuera de la jurisdicción de los legisladores públicos. Las normas privadas se utilizan para corregir las deficiencias en la legislación, para alcanzar mayores niveles de protección al consumidor que los elegidos por el poder legislativo de la UE, a imponer nuevas obligaciones a las partes contratantes, para gestionar los riesgos y responsabilidades más allá de los límites tradicionales de las empresas alimentarias y inalmente dar a sustancia a la responsabilidad social corporativa. Las normas privadas también juegan un papel importante en los mercados Deining speciic de creciente importancia y en la auto-regulación de la comunicación comercial / publicidad de alimentos y bebidas. Los estándares orgánicos han encontrado una simbiosis interesante con el derecho público. Las normas Halal expresar las demandas de unos dos mil millones de consumidores en todo el mundo. Las empresas alimentarias son inspeccionados con mayor frecuencia por los auditores privados que por los inspectores públicos. Efectos en términos de recibir o ser certiication les negaba a menudo son muy superiores a las sanciones de derecho público. En resumen, basado en el derecho privado, toda una infraestructura legal para el sector de la alimentación surge, de forma paralela a, y algunas veces complementar, la infraestructura de ley de regulación pública. ; About the authors 15 Foreword 21 Abbreviations 23 1. Private food law 29 The emergence of a concept Bernd van der Meulen 1.1 The irst book on private food law 29 1.2 Private food law 30 1.3 Cover 32 1.4 Food law 32 1.5 Classiications in private food law 37 1.6 Topics covered in this book 38 1.7 Law and governance 48 1.8 Last but not least 49 Acknowledgements 49 References 50 2. Quasi-states? The unexpected rise of private food law 51 Lawrence Busch 2.1 Introduction 51 2.2 Building neoliberalism 51 2.3 Transformation of the global economy 55 2.4 Rise of the Tripartite Standards Regime (TSR) 59 2.5 Can governance be plural? Legitimacy and markets revisited 62 2.6 Conclusions 68 Acknowledgements 70 References 70 3. The anatomy of private food law 75 Bernd van der Meulen 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 The history of private standards 77 3.3 Chain orchestration 78 3.4 Owning a standard 78 3.5 Enforcement 79 3.6 Adjudication 79 8 Private food law Table of contents 3.7 Audits 79 3.8 Certiication mark 80 3.9 Accreditation 80 3.10 Beyond accreditation 82 3.11 Standard setting 83 3.12 Structure of private food law 83 3.13 Interconnected private schemes 84 3.14 Public – private interconnections 85 3.15 Motives 88 3.16 Examples 89 3.17 Underlying concepts 92 3.18 EurepGAP/GlobalGAP 93 3.19 BRC 97 3.20 IFS 98 3.21 SQF 99 3.22 FS22000 102 3.23 GFSI 103 3.24 Public law on private food law 105 3.25 WTO 106 3.26 Conclusions 108 References 109 4. Inventory of private food law 113 Theo Appelhof and Ronald van den Heuvel 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Controlling food safety by quality management system/standard 119 4.3 Description of commonly used Standards 124 4.4 To conclude 147 References 147 5. Codex Alimentarius and private standards 149 Spencer Henson and John Humphrey 5.1 Background 149 5.2 Nature of private food safety standards 151 5.3 Trends in the development and functions of private food safety standards 157 5.4 Role of Codex in the context of private standards 162 5.5 Do private standards jeopardise the work of Codex? 165 5.6 Challenges and opportunities for Codex 168 5.7 Conclusions 170 References 171 Private food law 9 Table of contents 6. Private retail standards and the law of the World Trade Organisation 175 Marinus Huige 6.1 Introduction 175 6.2 What are private standards? 176 6.3 Private standards, what drives them? 177 6.4 Private standards and the WTO SPS Committee 178 6.5 The current discussion on applicability of the SPS Agreement 181 6.6 Food for thought 184 References 185 7. Private law making at the round table on sustainable palm oil 187 Otto Hospes 7.1 Introduction 187 7.2 The normative content of the RSPO 189 7.3 Principle(d) actors 192 7.4 Compliance and complaints 195 7.5 How voluntary are the RSPO principles and criteria? 196 7.6 Governments as consultative cheerleaders or competitive law makers 198 7.7 Conclusion 199 References 201 8. GlobalGAP smallholder group certiication 203 Challenge and opportunity for smallholder inclusion into global value chains Margret Will 8.1 Challenge or opportunity? An introduction to GlobalGAP option 2 smallholder certiication 203 8.2 Challenge and opportunity! The GlobalGAP smallholder pilot project 208 8.3 Turning challenges into opportunities: conclusions from the GlobalGAP smallholder pilot project 213 8.4 GlobalGAP: challenge and opportunity! Conclusions and recommendations 221 References 226 9. Towards the self-regulation code on beer advertising in Italy 229 Steps on the long lasting path of competition/co-operation of public and private food law Ferdinando Albisinni 9.1 The peculiar relation between innovation and food law 229 9.2 Private regulatory law 230 9.3 The IAP – Institute of self-regulation in Marketing Communication (1963) 231 9.4 Legislative reforms in the 1990's: cooperative competition between public and private law 233 9.5 The Beer Advertising Code: private regulation as tool to expand and anticipate consumer protection 236 9.6 Some open questions 238 References 239 10. Self-regulation code on beer advertising 241 Alessandro Artom 10.1 Introduction 241 10.2 Underlying principles 242 10.3 The Code 246 10.4 The Code as Private Food Law 253 References 254 11. Franchising strengthens the use of private food standards 255 Esther Brons-Stikkelbroeck 11.1 Introduction 255 11.2 Private food standards 255 11.3 Vertical agreements and franchising 257 11.4 Conclusion 264 References 264 12. On the borderline between state law and religious law 265 Regulatory arrangements connected to kosher and halal foods in the Netherlands and the United States Tetty Havinga 12.1 The developing supply of halal foods 265 12.2 Regulating halal and kosher food 266 12.3 Kosher certiication in the Netherlands 269 12.4 Halal certiication in the Netherlands 270 Private food law 11 Table of contents 12.5 Religious slaughter in the Netherlands 271 12.6 Regulation of kosher food in the United States 273 12.7 Religious slaughter in the United States 276 12.8 Comparative conclusions 277 12.9 Explaining the different position of the government 282 References 285 13. Organic food 289 A private concept's take-over by government and the continued leading role of the private sector Hanspeter Schmidt 13.1 Introduction 289 13.2 'Bio' and 'Eco' and 'Regular'? 289 13.3 Comprehensive protection of organic terminology 290 13.4 The friendly take-over by government in the 1990s 290 13.5 Contaminants 291 13.6 2011: still the same concept 291 13.7 Positive lists for farming and processing 292 13.8 The friendliness of the take-over 293 13.9 Take-over of norms, but not of controls 293 13.10 Toxins from non-regulated sources 295 13.11 BNN orientation values 295 13.12 Pesticide traces as misleading labelling 297 13.13 The statutory role of doubt 298 13.14 Conclusion on the role of private organic food regulation 298 References 299 14. Food online 301 Reconnaissance into a consumer protection no-man's land between food law and the Civil Code Lomme van der Veer 14.1 Introduction 301 14.2 The distance contract, buying food online 302 14.3 Information and expectations about the product 308 14.4 Conformity 309 14.5 Conformity requirement and distance contracts 313 14.6 Conclusions 317 References 318 12 Private food law Table of contents 15. National public sector and private standards 319 Cases in the Netherlands Irene Scholten-Verheijen 15.1 Public law and private standards 319 15.2 Public procurement and private standards 323 15.3 Public enforcement and private standards 326 15.4 Conclusions 328 Postscript 328 References 329 16. The outside of private food law 331 The case of braided private regulation in Dutch dairy viewed in the light of competition law Maria Litjens, Bernd van der Meulen and Harry Bremmers 16.1 Introduction 331 16.2 Background 332 16.3 Private regulation structured in the food chain 336 16.4 The big picture 342 16.5 Developments in competition law 345 16.6 Conclusions and discussion 349 Acknowledgements 351 References 351 17. The limit of private food law 353 Competition law in the food sector Fabian Stancke 17.1 Introduction 353 17.2 The requirements of competition law compliance 354 17.3 Addressees of competition law in the food sector 354 17.4 The restrictions on anticompetitive conduct 355 17.5 The restrictions on non-collusive / unilateral conduct by market dominant companies 357 17.6 Groups of cases relevant under competition law in the food sector 358 17.7 Concluding remarks 376 References 377 18. EU 'new approach' also for food law? 381 Nicole Coutrelis 18.1 What is the 'new approach' 381 18.2 Is the 'new approach' unknown in EU Food Law? 383 Private food law 13 Table of contents 18.3 Public/private – regulation/standards: present situation and questions 384 18.4 Is the 'new approach' now possible/desirable in EU Food Law? 386 References 388 Appendix 1. Commission Communication – EU best practice guidelines for voluntary certiication schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs 391 Appendix 2. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee 401 Keyword index 423

Inhaltsangabe: Introduction: 1.1 Motivation and objective of thesis: According to the German government the future German energy mix shall be mainly based on renewable energy sources. Offshore wind energy plays a key role in this new energy strategy and is expected to provide the major share of renewable energy to be produced in Germany in the future. Nevertheless, the German offshore wind energy sector has developed much slower than expected, despite considerable supporting efforts taken by the government. Compared to other European countries, there is only little installed offshore wind energy capacity available in Germany today, but the German legislator's medium-term growth targets for this industry are enormous. In this context, the following two questions are to be asked: Does the German government turn a blind eye to the contradictory development just mentioned and/or is there reason for hope that the German offshore wind energy sector will accelerate and grow much stronger in the future? The purpose of this thesis is to describe the general conditions applicable in Germany, which a project developer or potential investor has to consider when planning an offshore wind park (OWP) in the German exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Furthermore, it analyses specific challenges related to the realisation of such kind of projects, identifies existing problems, and outlines possible solutions where appropriate. In doing so, the following chapters will mainly focus on the political environment for the offshore wind energy industry in Germany, the relevant legal framework applicable when realising an OWP, as well as on the bankability challenges a project developer might be exposed to when trying to secure a debt financing for an OWP project in Germany. Apart from giving a theoretical overview about the main subjects referred to above, this thesis also tries to address recent developments one can observe in practice. Hence, personal interviews have been conducted with experienced practitioners to get a better picture of the current market situation in general and possible future developments, as well as to get a practical insight into the mandatory OWP approval process and the recent perceptions and sentiments of banks involved in the financing of OWP in Germany. 1.2 Structure of thesis: The following Section 2 contains definitions of some key terms used throughout this thesis. Subsequently, a brief illustration of the European and German offshore wind energy market is given to get a better idea of how Germany is currently positioned in this field among its peers. From an OWP investors' point of view, a stable and supporting political environment considerably reduces the political risks related to such kind of projects, which is usually an important pre-condition for major investments in this field. Section 3 deals with the political environment OWP project developers or investors are exposed to in Germany and particularly focuses on Germany's offshore wind energy strategy as well as on the German government's recently introduced new energy concept, which is mainly based on renewable energy sources. In addition, a wise OWP project developer should also be familiar with all relevant legal statutes when planning an OWP and consider all important legal aspects in his project plan accordingly. Section 4 discusses the legal framework applicable in Germany when intending to realise an OWP in the German EEZ. The main focus is laid on the Renewable Energies Act, RE-Act (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz, EEG) and the wind energy priority areas in both the North and the Baltic Sea, which have been defined by the legislator in the course of its spatial planning. Subsequently, this section outlines the mandatory approval process necessary for the realisation of an OWP project, containing, inter alia, references to the relevant legal statutes and a detailed description of each individual approval phase. The investment volume for a German OWP can easily amount to EUR 1 billion (bn) or more and thus normally requires also a sufficient amount of debt to be injected into the project. Hence, it is also of utmost relevance for an OWP project developer to be very well aware what has to be done to arrange for a project structure which is bankable at the end, in order to be able to secure the debt financing needed. Section 5 addresses bankability issues related to the realisation of an OWP in the German EEZ and contains an evaluation of the banks' main financing challenges, an outline of applicable banking standards for OWP projects to be considered by the project developer to secure a successful project placement, as well as a brief description of some peculiarities one should be aware of when it comes to granting or taking collateral over assets located in the German EEZ. Finally, Section 6 concludes with a summary of the main outcomes and results developed throughout this work.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: AbstractI AcknowledgementsII List of FiguresVI List of AbbreviationsVII 1.Introduction1 1.1 Motivation and objective of thesis1 1.2 Structure of thesis2 2.Offshore wind energy in Germany - a pioneer industry in the renewable energy sector3 2.1 Definitions4 2.1.1Renewable energy and wind energy4 2.1.2Offshore wind generator and offshore wind park4 2.1.3Territorial Sea4 2.1.4Exclusive Economic Zone4 2.2The European and German (offshore) wind energy market5 2.2.1(Offshore) wind energy in Europe5 2.2.2(Offshore) wind energy in Germany7 3.The political environment for offshore wind energy in Germany10 3.1Influence of international and European climate policy12 3.1.1Kyoto Protocol12 3.1.2Relevant EU legislation13 3.2Government policy and support in Germany13 3.2.1Germany's offshore wind energy strategy13 3.2.2Germany's overall energy concept before Fukushima14 3.2.3Germany's overall energy concept after Fukushima17 3.3 Chapter summary and outlook20 4.Legal framework and approval process for the construction of OWP in the German EEZ21 4.1Legal framework21 4.1.1Renewable Energies Act21 4.1.2Energy Industry Act29 4.2 Getting approval for the construction of an OWP33 4.2.1Legal basis and main applicable statutes34 4.2.2Phases of the OWP approval process44 4.3Outlook49 4.4Chapter summary53 5.The bankability of OWP projects in Germany54 5.1OWP (project) financing in Germany: major challenges andbankability issues56 5.1.1Wind prognosis56 5.1.2Technology57 5.1.3Installation59 5.1.4Insurance60 5.1.5Grid connection61 5.1.6Operation Maintenance (OM)63 5.1.7Overview of results65 5.2Financing OWP in Germany66 5.2.1Typical banking standards in OWP financings67 5.2.2Project placement68 5.3 Security package69 5.3.1Usual elements of security in OWP project finance70 5.3.2Taking collateral in the German EEZ70 5.4Chapter summary and outlook72 6.Summary74 BibliographyIX AppendixXVITextprobe:Text Sample: Chapter 3., The political environment for offshore wind energy in Germany: An unexperienced investor might wonder what politics have to do with the successful realisation of an OWP, which seems to be a purely commercial project at first glance. However, in practice a positive political environment, i.e. one which is supportive and reliable, is very important for the success of such kind of projects. This is even more so when technologies in their early development stage, such as the offshore wind energy sector, shall be financed with no recourse to the project sponsors (i.e. by the use of a project finance structure). Hence, a positive attitude of politicians towards the subject matter is essential for many reasons: They can put issues on the political agenda which are important for the offshore wind industry or refrain from doing that, they can be supportive when it comes to the identification of new marine offshore wind energy sites or not, they can arrange for an efficient and fast OWP approval process with less bureaucracy or fail to do that, they can pass encouraging legal reforms (e.g. implement adequate fixed feed-in tariffs) or not, and introduce other supplemental measures supporting the development of the industry or just leave it. Therefore, it should be worthwhile for an OWP investor or project developer to spend at least some time to make himself familiar and comfortable with the respective political environment in the course of his project due diligence. With its overall energy policy, the German government aims to secure an affordable and reliable energy supply for the industry and private consumers in Germany, strengthen the economy by the development and use of state-of-the-art renewable energy technologies and consequently implement its climate protection targets (Klimaschutzziele). However, apart from its own national political goals, the German legislator needs also to consider the requirements of applicable existing international and European agreements as a factor in its policy making, such as the Kyoto Protocol or relevant EU legislation, which are briefly introduced in the following Section 3.1. The subsequent Section 3.2 describes in more detail the national strategies and policy measures set by the German government. The development and use of renewable energy technologies in general has been promoted by the legislator already since 1990. However, having been a highly risky and unproven technology, for long time the offshore wind energy sector played only a marginal role despite its huge potential. To specifically push the developments in this field, the German government introduced an offshore wind energy strategy in 2002 (Section 3.2.1). Since then further policy measures have been implemented, which, inter alia, had (significant) influence on the offshore wind industry too. The main cornerstones have been the new energy concept of the German government introduced in September 2010 (Section 3.2.2) as well as the additional governmental measures (Maßnahmenpaket) passed after the disastrous nuclear accident at the Fukushima power plant in Japan in March 2011 (Section 3.2.3). 3.1, Influence of international and European climate policy: 3.1.1, Kyoto Protocol: With the ratification of the internationally applicable Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ('Kyoto Protocol") passed in 1997, the EU gave a joint binding commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 8% compared to 1990 levels until 2012, which was later distributed between the EU member states by a burden sharing agreement setting the individual reduction target for Germany at 21%. Thus, every EU member state was required to implement adequate measures to be able to comply with its respective emission reduction target. Germany was successful in this respect, by promoting, for example, renewable energy technologies (including the wind energy sector). By the end of 2009, German greenhouse gas emissions had already been reduced by approximately 29% compared to 1990 levels. 3.1.2, Relevant EU legislation, In addition, the EU determined for each member state an individual national target for its respective share of energy from renewable energy sources in gross final energy consumption (Endenergieverbrauch) to be reached until 2020. The individual target for Germany was set at 18%. By the end of 2010, Germany reached a share of about 11%. In order to meet the aforementioned target at the end of this decade, Germany has to continue with taking supportive measures and additional efforts. As we will see in the following section, the constant promotion of renewable energies, and the offshore wind energy sector in particular, is one of the main cornerstones of the German government's energy policy to achieve both compliance with its climate protection and emission reduction goals and a successful implementation of its new energy policy (i.e. the transformation of the existing energy mix mainly based on fossil and nuclear sources into an energy mix with its main focus on renewable sources).

DEL I af denne afhandling omfatter 6 kapitler. Kapitel 1 beskriver de vigtigste problemstillinger omkring brug af energiressourcer. De omhandler miljømæssige, økonomiske, demografiske og socialpolitiske emner som kædes sammen og skaber baggrunden for afhandlingen. Kapitel 2 beskriver state-of-the-art fjernvarmesystemer med fokus på den aktuelle og fremtidige situation i Danmark. Afhandlingen er centreret omkring udviklingen af et nyt fjernvarmeparadigme, "lavtemperatur-fjernvarme", med særligt fokus på dets potentiale og på undersøgelser af de tekniske muligheder for at optimere denne energiløsning med henblik på energieffektivitet og socialøkonomi. Kapitel 3 beskriver hele konceptet bag lavtemperatur-fjernvarme. Kapitel 4 præsenterer afhandlingens hypoteser og sætter fokusområdet i perspektiv i forhold til andre relevante aspekter af emnet. Metoder og begrænsninger er ligeledes beskrevet. Kapitel 5 forklarer det videnskabelige indhold af artiklerne i DEL II af afhandlingen. I artikel I introduceres de tekniske og organisatoriske strategier, som danner baggrund for etableringen af succesrig energiplanlægning i et samfund. I artiklen analyseres desuden state-of-the-art indenfor energiplanlægning, kritiske problemstillinger diskuteres og fjernvarmens rolle i udviklingen af bæredygtig energitilførsel påpeges. Artikel II og III søger at give en videnskabelige baggrund for udvikling af forbedrede løsninger for fjernvarmenetværk; der fokuseres på simulerede modeller af fjernvarmerør for at kunne vurdere energiydelsen fra brug af innovative rørgeometrier, materialer og systemkonfigurationer. Modellerne blev valideret mod eksperimentelle målinger på rigtige fjernvarmerør. Artikel II omhandler detaljeret steady-state modellering og analyse af varmetab fra præisolerede fjernvarmerør. Artikel III fokuserer på modellering og udregning af transient varmeoverførsel i tilførende fjernvarmerør, som er vigtige elementer i lavtemperaturfjernvarmenetværk, især ved forsyning af bebyggede områder med lav varmetæthed. Artikel IV er baseret på simulationer og analyser af netværk med lavenergifjernvarme som forsyner energi-effektive bebyggede områder i lande – såsom Danmark – med en eksisterende veludbygget fjernvarmeinfrastruktur. Den tekniske og økonomiske gennemførlighed af disse løsninger bliver vurderet og strategier for optimering af design og funktion bliver foreslået. Artikel V diskuterer potentiale for, og barriererimod, implementering af fjernvarme i Canada, hvor markedsandelen for fjernvarme er lille. Tekniske og økonomiske gennemførlighedsanalyser blev foretaget på fjernvarmenetværk, der forsyner et tæt bebygget område i Ottawa, med særligt fokus på udvikling af potentialet for at udnytte varme udvundet fra vedvarende energiressourcer. Kapitel 6 indeholder afhandlingens konklusioner: Analyserne antyder, at man ved kommunal energiplanlægning bør overveje mulighederne for implementering af fjernvarme, da det udgør en vigtig infrastruktur for fremtidige bæredygtige energiløsninger. Energipolitik bør have til formål at organisere og skabe synergien mellem energibesparende tiltag og varmeforsyning fra vedvarende energiressourcer og herved minimere konkurrence mellem de to sektorer. Det anbefales at Finite Element Method (FEM) modeller og simulationer bruges ved design af nye rørgeometrier og systemer. Driftsikkerheden af FEM modeller af fjernvarmerør blev valideret ved hjælp af eksperimentelle data og sammenligning med udregninger og formler fra litteraturen. Udregningerne tager hensyn til temperaturafhængigheden af isoleringsmaterialets varmeledningsevne. Det er blevet vist, at asymmetrisk isolering af dobbeltrør i lavtemperatursystemer fører til 4-8% mindre varmetab fra tilførende varmerør end med symmetrisk isolering. Samtidig kan varmetab fra fraførende varmerør holdes tæt på nul. Ved brug af optimerede dobbeltrørsystemer (et par rør af forskellig størrelse indpakket i samme isolering og yderrør) er det muligt at reducere varmetabet med 6-12% sammenlignet med almindelige dobbeltrør, uden at øge investeringsomkostningerne. Endelig beskrives en løsning med et optimeret tredobbelt rørsystem. Modelleringen af transient varmeoverførsel i fjernvarmeservicerør har vist sig at være nøjagtig, da den giver resultater som stemmer overens med tilbageløbstemperaturprofilen målt eksperimentelt med en afvigelse på mindre end 0.5°C. Der er desuden god overensstemmelse med detaljerede finite-volume simulationer for både trinvise og sinusformede grænsebetingelser mht. fremløbs-temperaturprofilen. Den foreslåede integrerede løsning som omfatter servicerør og varmevekslerenhed med en boosterpumpe opfylder kravene om fjernvarmeforsyning indenfor 10 sekunder og opnår varmebesparelser på 200 kWhth/år med ekstra elektricitetsforbrug på 58 kWhel/år. I Danmark kan optimerede lavtemperatur-fjernvarme netværk være omkostningseffektive i områder med lineær varmetæthed så lav som 0.20 MWh/(m.år). For de scenarier som er analyseret her, er de tilsvarende omkostninger for energiforbruget i intervallet 13.9–19.3 c€/kWh (ekskl. moms), hvilket er ca. 20% lavere end scenariet baseret på jordvarme. Netværksløsninger baseret på drift med lav temperatur er bedre end systemer baseret på drift med lavt flow. Det totale primære energiforbrug i det mest energi-effektive design er 14.3% lavere end forbruget i standardnetværk og varmetabet er halveret. Disse resultater antyder, at lavtemperaturfjernvarme konceptet passer ind i visionen for en fremtidig bæredygtig varmesektor. I undersøgelserne foretaget i Canada fandt man, at fjernvarmeforsyning af bebyggede områder med lineær varmetæthed højere end 3.0 MWh/(m.år) er konkurrencedygtig i forhold til den alternative naturgasforsyning, og det giver mulighed for implementering af brugen af vedvarende energi ressourcer og ringe varmeressourcer. I områder med lineær varmetæthed under 1.5 MWh/(m.år) er det dog ikke økonomisk rentabelt i den aktuelle situation på energimarkedet i Canada, men kunne overvejes ved fremtidige netværksudvidelser sammen med implementering af optimerede design- og planlægningskoncepter. Desuden kan middeltemperatur-fjernvarme netværk tilpasses de aktuelle varmebehov, imens fremadrettede muligheder for lavtemperatur-fjernvarme overvejes. ; PART I of this doctoral thesis consists of 6 chapters. Chapter 1 summarizes the main issues caused by the use of energy resources. They involve ecological, economic, demographical and socio-political topics that are linked together and define the background of the thesis. Chapter 2 describes the state-of-the-art of District Heating (DH) systems, with focus on the present and future situation in Denmark. The core of the thesis consists of the development of a new DH paradigm, the "Low- Temperature District Heating (LTDH)", the study of its potential, and investigations of technical options which improve its applicability in terms of energy performance and socio-economy. Chapter 3 describes the whole idea about LTDH. Chapter 4 presents the hypotheses of the studies, draws the boundaries between the focus area of the thesis and other relevant aspects of the subject, describes the limitations of the work and lists the methods which were used. Chapter 5 explains the results of the scientific content reported in the articles in PART II. Article I introduces the technical and organizational strategies that can facilitate the establishment of a successful energy planning in a community. It analyses the stateof- the art in community energy planning, discusses critical issues, and points at the role of DH in moving towards sustainable heat supply. The articles II and III aim at providing science-based knowledge for the development of improved solutions for the DH networks; they focus on the performance simulation of DH pipelines through models for assessing the energy performance of innovative pipe geometries, materials or system configurations. The models were validated against experimental measurements on real DH pipes. Article II considers the detailed steady-state modelling and analysis of heat losses in pre-insulated DH pipes. Article III focuses on the modelling and computation of the transient heat transfer in service pipes, which are important elements of LTDH networks, particularly when supplying low heat density building areas. The purpose of article IV was to perform simulations and analyses about low-energy DH networks supplying heat to energy-efficient building areas in countries – such as Denmark – with an extensive existing DH infrastructure, quantify their technical and economic feasibility, and suggest strategies for optimizing their design and operation. Article V deals with the potential and barriers of implementing DH in Canada, where the DH market share is low. Technical-economic feasibility studies for DH networks supplying an urban area in the city of Ottawa were carried out, with particular attention to developing the potential for supplying heat derived from Renewable Energy (RE). Chapter 6 summarises the conclusions. First of all, analysis of the case studies suggests that local authority energy plans should take the opportunities for DH implementation into account, because DH is an essential infrastructure for future, sustainable energy systems. Energy policy should aim at organizing and facilitating the synergy between energy conservation measures and the supply of heat based on RE energy and overcome the traditional competition between the two sectors. It is recommended that Finite Element Method (FEM) models and simulation should be used when designing new pipe geometries and systems. The reliability of the FEM models of DH pipes was validated by means of experimental data and comparison with analytical formulas and data from literature. The calculation method takes into account the temperature-dependency of the thermal conductivity of the insulation foam. It was demonstrated that the asymmetrical insulation of twin pipes in lowtemperature operations leads to 4% to 8% lower heat loss from the supply media pipe than a symmetrical configuration, and at the same time the heat loss from the return media pipe can be kept close to zero. With the use of optimized double-pipe systems (a pair of differently-sized media pipes, embedded in the same insulation and casing pipe), it is possible to cut heat losses by 6% to 12% in comparison to twin pipes without increasing investment costs. Finally, the development of an optimized triple pipe solution is described. The code modelling the transient heat transfer in DH service pipes is proven to be accurate, since it gives results that well represent the outlet temperature profile measured in the experiments with deviations of less than 0.5°C, and it is in good accordance with detailed, finite-volume simulations, for both stepwise and sinusoidal boundary conditions with regard to the inlet temperature profile. The proposed integrated solution consisting of service pipe and heat exchanger unit with a booster pump satisfies the requirement for DHW supply within l0 seconds and achieves heat savings for 200 kWhth/yr with an additional electricity use of approximately 58 kWhel/yr. In Denmark, optimally-designed LTDH networks can be cost-effective in areas with a linear heat density as low as 0.20 MWh/(m.yr). For the cases considered, the levelized cost of energy is between 13.9–19.3 c€/kWh (excl. VAT) and this is approximately 20% lower than the scenario based on ground-source heat pumps. The network designs based on low-temperature operation are superior to the design based on lowflow operation. The total primary energy use in the most energy-efficient design is 14.3% lower than in standard networks and the distribution heat losses are halved. The results indicate that the LTDH concept fits the vision of the future energysustainable heating sector in Denmark. In the investigations of the case studies in Canada, it was found that DH supply to building areas with linear heat density greater than 3.0 MWh/(m.yr) is competitive with the natural gas supply alternative and offers the opportunity to implement the use of RE and low-grade heat sources. The areas with linear heat density below 1.5 MWh/(m.yr) are not economically feasible with the current situation of the energy market in Canada, but could be considered for future network extensions together with the implementation of improved design and planning concepts. Moreover, medium-temperature DH networks can be designed for current heating loads while envisaging low-temperature operation in the future.

From the introduction: As the foreign exchange rate market operates twenty-four hours a day and seven days a week it can be described as a global marketplace trading in continuous time. The importance of this market place on weal and woe of economies and agents cannot be overestimated. Long lasting disputes about exchange rate over- and under-evaluation between countries (as most prominently the case between China and the USA) and its implications for international trade, growth rates of economies, unemployment levels, financial money flows, and so forth illustrate this point. As reported by the Bank of International Settlement in its triennial Central Bank Survey 2007, covering 54 countries and jurisdictions, the daily average foreign exchange turnover as of April 2007 has reached a mind-staggering $3.21 trillion. This amount marks an increase of 69 percent compared to the $1.97 trillion three years earlier and highlights the still increasing importance of the exchange rate markets. The U.S. dollar is by far the most important currency as it is involved in 86 percent of all transactions amounting to some $2.7 trillion per day. This is by far bigger than the volume of U.S. international trade in goods and services which for the month April 2007 amounted to (imports + exports) $317.5 billion.1 Indeed, only 17 percent of exchange market turnover has been reported to occur with non-financial customer counterparties, while 43 percent of transactions occur between reporting dealers (i.e. the interbank market) and 40 percent occur between reporting and non-reporting financial institutions (e.g. hedge funds, mutual funds, pension funds, insurance companies). Accordingly, more than 2/3 of the turnover was traded as derivatives such as foreign exchange swaps, outright forwards, or options, while only 1/3 constituted spot rate transactions. These are important facts to consider when talking about forces of exchange rate determination. On ground of these figures one may reasonably explain why old-fashion standard models like the monetary model or purchasing power parity may only hold in the very long run and exchange rate movements may be much more subject to trades based on heterogeneous expectations incurred by investors, speculators and market makers. Particularly at the short-run exchange rates exhibit considerably greater volatility than macroeconomic time series leaving an impression of noisy and chaotic behavior. Throughout this work it will become evident that heterogeneous beliefs and actions of market participants are the key to understand short-run exchange rate dynamics from daily to monthly horizons. Over longer horizons of one month and longer standard fundamentals like money, inflation, productivity, interest rates and output will shimmer through and push the exchange rate towards a fair equilibrium value. This thesis is structured as to firstly looking at exchange rate driving forces over longer periods. Afterwards in chapter 3 it will start by examining the low predictive power of standard macroeconomic exchange rate models and present more recent successes in forecasting and explaining exchange rates. It continues with analyses of chart-technique, impact of news, and order flow which all constitute important building blocks of exchange rate determination and prediction over shorter horizons. Part 4 presents some more evidence on the non-linear behavior of exchange rates and the relationships between today's exchange rate and its historical movements as well as fundamentals (particularly interest rates) at different frequencies. Chapter 5 concludes.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: 1.Introduction3 2.Long-Run Exchange Rate Behavior4 2.1Purchasing Power Parity4 2.2The Simple Monetary Exchange Rate Model9 2.3Long-Term Cycles13 2.4The Macroeconomic-Balance Approach17 3.Short-Run Exchange Rate Dynamics19 3.1Only Random Dynamics?19 3.2Technical Traders and Speculators26 3.2.1Evidence of the Role of Chartists and Modeling Their Behavior26 3.2.2Views of Practitioners30 3.2.3Chart-Technique Predicting Future Movements?32 3.3The Impact of News36 3.3.1Immediate Response36 3.3.2Delayed Response41 3.4Order Flow and Investor Heterogeneity45 3.4.1Empirical Evidence45 3.4.2Modeling Order Flow51 3.4.3Uncovered Equity Parity53 4.Spectral Analysis58 4.1The Approach and Numerical Analysis58 4.2Graphical Analysis63 5.Conclusion 69 Appendix73 References110 Auxiliary Means and Declaration of Honor115Textprobe:Text Sample: Chapter 3.4.1, Empirical Evidence: It has become clear in the previous chapter that not all information is publicly available. Apart from the macroeconomic-related news there exists microeconomic-related information only available to some agents. Institutional portfolio rebalancing, hedging and liquidity demands, as well as shifts in risk appetite and expectations are examples and consequences of such private information which leaks out to the market via order flow and can, therefore, only be observed indirectly and delayed by all agents on the market. Generally, order flow is defined as the net difference between buyer-initiated trades and seller-initiated trades during some interval. Consequently, it can indicate a direction of trade for a currency. In fact, it is not even necessary that private agents possess superior information. If they only trade out of allocational motives like export transactions or earnings repatriation, the resulting cumulated transaction flow will convey information about the economy and cause agents to revise their expectations about fundamentals. A survey among professional traders and fund managers conducted by Gehrig and Menkhoff provides evidence that after technical analysis (attached weight of importance: 40.2%) and fundamental analysis (36.3%), the analysis of order flow (23.5%) is a third type of information widely used.In addition, more than 62 percent of participants believe that order flow delivers useful information for exchange rate movement from intraday to a few days only, while 15 percent do so for horizons longer than 2 months. Lately, various order flow data sets have been examined and overwhelmingly contributed to the understanding of short-run exchange rate behavior. For example, Evans and Lyons (2002) analyze a four-month sample between May 1st and August 31st, 1996 which covers worldwide direct interdealer trades on Reuters Dealing 2000-1 trading system2 for DM/USD and JPY/USD. For each 24 hours order flow is expressed as a cumulated unit value. For instance, if a purchase (sale) for the DM/USD ask (bid) quote is initiated, then order flow is +1 (-1). Specifically they regress where is the change of interdealer order flows between yesterday and today. The results can be seen in table 28. Indeed, order flow is able to explain 64 percent of daily changes in log mark/dollar and 46 percent of log yen/dollar exchange rate movement. The positiveindicates that net dollar purchases lead to a higher exchange rate, i.e. a dollar appreciation. Alsois significant and positively signed and, therefore, in line with UIP. The magnitude of 2.14 forof the DM/USD exchange rate means that if on any particular day there occur 1,000 more dollar purchases than sales, the dollar will on average appreciate by 2.14 percent. In absolute terms, considering an average trading size of $3.9 million, this means that a $1 billion excess of dollar purchases leads to an exchange rate appreciation of 0.54 percent (=2.1/3.9). Different versions of equation 34 (as also shown in table 28) show that order flow really is a driving force of short run exchange rate dynamics, and that, generally, the absolute nominal interest rate differential (but not its change) turns out to be insignificant. The finding that prices increase with buying pressure is a seemingly natural and causal relationship. However, for exchange rates it has conceptual implications since traditional macro models do not necessarily or sufficiently demand actual trades for exchange rate movement! Evans and Lyons present research work over an extended period of time and a different data set. It spans from 1993:1 to 1999:6 and comprehends all of Citibank's end-user order flow, meaning nonfinancial corporations, investors, and leveraged traders (such as hedge funds or proprietary trading desks) in the USD/EUR exchange rate spot and forward market. Citibank's market share is in the 10-15 percent range. Before attempting to forecast exchange rates over one to twenty trading days based on order flow, Evans and Lyons basically confirm the results of Meese and Rogoff over their considered time horizon. They find that forecasting with help of the interest rate differential produces larger MSE than the naïve random walk. However, they clearly beat the random walk with help of two different order flow based microstructure models. The first model is based on aggregated order flow from the six end-user segments of U.S. and non-U.S. market transactions by the three end-users mentioned earlier: The second microstructure model is based on disaggregated order flow from each segment : The results, as shown in table 29, show that the aggregated model beats the random walk at forecast horizons of 10 trading days or longer at the one percent significance level with a minimum MSE-ratio of 0.90 at 20 days. The disaggregated model even beats the random walk from one day forecast horizon onwards with a minimum MSE-ratio of 0.81 at 20 days. Generally, (as always) the predictability accuracy increases as the horizon rises. At 20 days, the disaggregated model accounts for almost 16 percent of the sample variance. Rime et al. (2007) contribute further evidence in line with Evans and Lyons. They analyze a data set which is obtained from the Reuters trading platform (D2000-2) but which covers a whole year from 2004:02:13 to 2005:02:14 for the USD versus the three major currencies EUR, JPY, and GBP during the main trading hours between 07:00 and 17:00 GMT. In a regression equal to equation (34), they find highly significant and positivefor the contemporaneous order flow of all currencies, among which the impact is highest for the JPY with a coefficient of 12.4 and smallest for GBP with a coefficient of 1.36. A detailed overview can be found in table 30. Further on, they show that innovative shocks to fundamentals (as calculated from the Money Market Survey, MMS) have mostly significant (at ten percent) effects on order flow, explaining up to 18 percent of its daily variance. Also, this news has significant effects on the exchange rate itself, confirming earlier presented evidence in chapter 3.3.1. Interestingly, regressing both news and order flow onto the daily change of the exchange rate significantly enhances the explanatory value by up to 7.7 times (as in case of the JPY) as opposed to regressing them individually. Precise results can be found in table 31. Once again, this indicates that macroeconomic news influence exchange rates not only directly but also indirectly because order flow gradually conveys information on heterogeneous beliefs about these fundamentals. Noticeably, order flow and exchange rates also show high cross-correlation across currencies. As table 32 shows, daily exchange rate returns correlate positively with changes of other currency pairs in a range between 0.20 (for ) and 0.53 (for ). Partly, of course, this is due to the same denomination in U.S.-dollars. In further analysis, Rime et al. test if three different micro forecast models can outperform the random walk and if positive out-of-sample returns could have been generated after correcting for transaction cost and risk aversion.

En 1989 John Williamson utilizó por primera vez la expresión "Consenso de Washington" para referirse a una serie de pautas que el modelo económico occidental (los Estados Unidos, el FMI, el Banco Mundial) proponía como receta para el desarrollo. Se trataba de 10 principios asociados al liberalismo económico: disciplina presupuestaria, reorientación del gasto público (de subsidios ineficientes e indiscriminados a inversiones productivas en enseñanza, salud e infraestructura), reforma fiscal, liberalización financiera, tipo de cambio competitivo, apertura comercial, liberalización de la inversión extranjera directa, privatización de empresas públicas, desregulación (principalmente eliminación de trabas no arancelarias), y seguridad jurídica para los derechos de propiedad intelectual.Los países en vías de desarrollo han interpretado en algunas ocasiones tales principios como una nueva forma de dominación de los países desarrollados. En parte debido a que las grandes instituciones del orden internacional han exigido a los países del sur aplicar políticas económicas guiadas por estas pautas y los resultados, en muchos casos, no han sido los esperados.En cambio, quien sí ha obtenido resultados impresionantes con sus lineamientos económicos ha sido China. Desde finales de la década de los 70, cuando su economía comenzó el proceso de reforma, y mucho más intensamente en la última década, su espectacular crecimiento ha logrado que el resto del mundo se detenga a intentar comprender y analizar los aciertos y errores de su modelo de desarrollo. Su evolución económica, manteniendo un crecimiento de dos cifras por un período tan prolongado (algo inimaginable por estos tiempos en las economías occidentales), combinado con una política exterior por momentos desafiante y desconcertante, lleva a los analistas internacionales a observar con atención su estrategia de crecimiento y a examinar los motivos por los cuales, en varias ocasiones, China no suele aceptar las reglas del orden internacional creado por las potencias occidentales –principalmente, Estados Unidos. En el año 2004, Joshua Cooper Ramo popularizó el término "Consenso de Beijing" (en contraste con el "Consenso de Washington") procurando explicar el modelo chino de desarrollo. La comparación entre los resultados de ambos casos ha provocado en el análisis internacional la siguiente interrogante: "¿Es el Consenso de Beijing una alternativa viable para los países en vías de desarrollo?" Este cuestionamiento ha cobrado especial relevancia a partir de la última gran crisis económica internacional que impactó profundamente en las principales economías mundiales.Para poder responder esta pregunta es necesario entender cuáles son los conceptos que están por detrás del Consenso de Beijing y que han permitido, en última instancia, que China se convierta en la segunda economía más grande del mundo.Si bien el Consenso de Beijing no tiene pautas específicas como el Consenso de Washington, existen ciertas características que los analistas destacan como diferenciales del modelo chino de desarrollo.En primer lugar, se destaca la innovación y la experimentación constante. Según Andrés Oppenheimer: "Deng Xiaoping diría que no importa el color del gato, sino que atrape ratones: esa frase es la que te repiten los chinos cada dos minutos, y es de un pragmatismo absoluto" (1). Sin lugar a dudas, es este pragmatismo y capacidad de adaptarse a las situaciones lo que ha permitido que hoy China siga teniendo un régimen comunista de partido único, y a la vez sea el paraíso de las grandes empresas multinacionales. En este sentido, se puede destacar el modo en que China ha gestionado la última crisis mundial reestructurando parte de su economía, potenciando sectores tecnológicamente avanzados, de forma que la economía se mueva hacia segmentos de valor añadido en la cadena productiva.Otra característica muy importante es la autodeterminación: el gigante asiático ha logrado conjugar su nuevo protagonismo internacional con una constante independencia en todos los órdenes del funcionamiento del orden global. A diferencia de lo que sucedía en el pasado con los países en vías de desarrollo, China se ha parado ante el mundo como un actor preparado para participar en las discusiones de igual a igual, sin acatar las órdenes de ningún otro estado y poniendo sus intereses en primer plano.Sin embargo, esta característica ha dado lugar a ciertos reparos del resto de los principales actores del orden internacional ya que por momentos la actitud de China parece desconcertarlos. Un claro ejemplo de este tipo de escenario es la inserción china en el continente africano. Desde el comienzo de la última década, África ha tenido para China una importancia estratégica y económica fundamental (facilitándole ayuda económica, asistencia financiera y militar). Esta estrategia en el manejo de su política exterior desafía las expectativas occidentales de un continente africano gobernado por Estados de Derecho, democracias basadas en el respeto a los derechos humanos, y una estrategia económica de libre mercado. Estados Unidos se encuentra entonces con un poder que no lo enfrenta directamente sino que lo eclipsa; legitima y asiste sin condiciones ni exigencias a regímenes autoritarios africanos lo que hace que la influencia o ayuda que pueda ofrecer Estados Unidos o Europa hacia esa región (fuente de recursos y energía) no despierte interés.Esta situación, no sólo se ve favorecida por la crisis internacional sino que además para Occidente se hace difícil promocionar un proceso de democratización a escala global que se encuentra, luego de esta última década, bastante deslucido: las guerras en Irak o Afganistán en buena medida se han llevado a cabo en nombre de la democracia. China por su parte alega que está jugando con unas reglas que no creó, realizadas en otro tiempo y para otra estructura de poder mundial. Mejorar la sociedad era uno de los objetivos de los países en desarrollo hasta que en los años noventa fue dejado de lado por el Consenso de Washington; el Consenso de Beijing lo toma como uno de sus principios fundamentales. Esta sería la única manera de evitar el caos en una sociedad tan compleja que está viviendo un crecimiento tan vertiginoso. En contraste, muchos países de Latinoamérica que durante fines del siglo XX también aumentaron su PBI, agrandaron la brecha social. Hace un tiempo las tapas del People's Daily solían mostrar a los líderes locales inaugurando grandes y ostentosas obras. En cambio, hoy en día es normal ver a esos mismos líderes reclamando ayuda para algún área rural pobre: las autoridades Chinas saben que mejorar el nivel de vida de sus gobernados es esencial para que la situación no se vaya de las manos. China tiene una historia milenaria y conoce a la perfección las consecuencias nefastas que un levantamiento popular puede tener para las autoridades.Ahora bien, el Consenso de Beijing no puede ser comparado con el Consenso de Washington como diseños del mismo tipo. Mientras que el segundo presenta diez principios puntuales que pueden ser adoptados o no por las autoridades, la principal característica del Consenso de Beijing es justamente la falta de reglas cerradas. Indudablemente, las pautas que propone pueden ser de utilidad para los países en vías de desarrollo, pero no pueden ser equiparadas, analíticamente, a los postulados del Consenso de Washington.Creemos que la pregunta más relevante que cabe preguntarse a partir del análisis del modelo es, ¿se convirtió China en un modelo relativamente maduro para aplicar en otro país? Si hay una lección que dejó el Consenso de Washington, es que no hay ningún modelo de desarrollo universalmente aplicable, pues los países tienen diferentes situaciones económicas y sociales y es imposible crear un modelo que de antemano que pueda asegurar su éxito. China tiene una serie de particularidades que serían imposibles de reproducir y que son base de su modelo: población, territorio, e historia milenaria. Asimismo, China cuenta con la ventaja de ser un miembro permanente del Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU y de contar con un sexto de la población mundial, lo que le permite defender sus intereses con más poder que el resto de los países subdesarrollados.Cuando comenzó su proceso de apertura económica, se pensaba que el modelo era imposible de mantener sin cambios a largo plazo. No se podría avanzar por un proceso de reformas económicas, decían los analistas, sin avanzar por un proceso de cambios políticos. Hasta hoy los fundamentos del sistema político no han cambiado, por lo que hay analistas que cuestionan hasta que punto podrá continuar la prosperidad mientras se censuran y controlan los medios de comunicación y continúa el monopolio del poder político. Thomas Friedman, en su análisis acerca del mensaje que se había enviado hacia Beijing con el otorgamiento del premio Nobel de la Paz (obtenido por Liu Xiaobo) comenta que sin libertad los individuos no pueden desarrollar su potencial total y, en sí misma, la libertad es un ingrediente esencial para el progreso de la sociedad.La historia enseña que una vez que los hombres asimilan la libertad, ya sea económica o política, procuran obtenerla en todos los ámbitos de la vida. El régimen por lo tanto deberá estar preparado para enfrentar la posibilidad de que su población más tarde o más temprano, comprenda el verdadero valor de la libertad y exija la flexibilización del actual régimen político. Sin dudas, de ocurrir, este será éste uno de los principales desafíos que le toque enfrentar en los próximos tiempos al gobierno chino. *Estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Estudios InternacionalesUniversidad ORT-FACS Bibliografía recomendada sobre el "Consenso de Beijing":-BUSTELO, Pablo. Desarrollo económico: del Consenso al Post-Consenso de Washington y más allá. En: Universidad Complutense de Madrid [on line] 2003.Disponible en internet: -CHIN, Gregory & RAMESH Thakur. Will China Change the rules of Global Order. En: The Washington Quarterly [on line] October 2010.Disponible en internet: -COHEN, Roger. Democracy still matters. En: The New York Times [on line] 20/09/10.Disponible en internet: -COOPER RAMO, Joshua. 2004. The Beijing Consensus. En: The Foreign Policy Centre [on line] 05/11/04.Disponible en internet: - ECONOMIST DEBATES. China model. En: The Economist [on line] 04/08/10.Disponible en internet: http://www.economist.com/debate/overview/179- FANJUL, Enrique. El Consenso de Pekín: ¿un nuevo modelo para los países en desarrollo? En: Real Instituto Elcano [ on line] 31/07/09. Disponible en internet: -FRIEDMAN, Thomas. Going long liberty in China. En: The New York Times [on line] 16/10/10. Disponible en internet: -HALPER, Stefan. 2010. The Beijing Consensus. Perseus Books Group: Basic Books.- KALETSKY, Anatole. We need a new capitalism to take on China .En: The Times [on line] 04/02/10.Disponible en internet: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/anatole_kaletsky/article7014090.ece>- KALETSKY, Anatole. Blaming China won´t help the economy. En: The New York Times [on line] 26/09/10.Disponible en internet: -KRUGMAN, Paul. Chinese New Year. En: The New York Times [on line] 31/12/09.Disponible en internet: -LIU, Henry C.K. In currency struggle, China is victim, not offender. En: Global Times [on line] 06/01/10.Disponible en internet: (1) Letras Libres, Entrevista con Andrés Oppenheimer, Enero de 2006. Disponible online: http://letraslibres.com/pdf/10866.pdf

Crisis Financiera mundial"El País" de Madrid:"Vía libre a la compra de Lehman por Barclays en sólo cinco días": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Via/libre/compra/Lehman/Barclays/solo/dias/elpepueco/20080921elpepieco_4/Tes"Crisis financiera mundial - La gestación del rescate: "Si el plan no se aprueba, que el cielo nos asista"":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/plan/aprueba/cielo/nos/asista/elpepueco/20080921elpepieco_3/Tes"EE UU inyectará 485.000 millones para evitar el colapso financiero": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/EE/UU/inyectara/485000/millones/evitar/colapso/financiero/elpepueco/20080921elpepieco_1/Tes "New York Times":"Shift for Goldman and Morgan Marks the End of an Era": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/22/business/22bank.html?hp "Bush Urges Democrats to Act Quickly on Bailout Plan": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/business/23paulson.html?hp"Skeptics in Washington, Sellers on Wall Street":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/24/business/24markets.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1222207347-jKdB9jkUarOxtnUq15xrDg"CNN":"Fed boosts support for Goldman and Morgan: Central bank okays change in status for last two remaining investment banks":http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/21/news/companies/fed_investmentbanks.ap/index.htm?cnn=yes"Markets fall as fears grow over bailout plan": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/23/world.markets/index.html"Bush urges Congress to rubberstamp bailout plan": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/22/world.markets/index.html"BBC":"US banks make shock status switch: The last two major investment banks in the US have changed their status to become bank holding companies, allowing them to take deposits from investors.": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7628578.stm"La Nación":"El fin de una era en Wall Street: adiós a los bancos de inversión: Goldman Sachs y Morgan Stanley se transformarán en bancos comerciales": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052652"Caen las bolsas ante las dudas por el plan: Pese a un fuerte llamado de Bush a aprobar el rescate cuanto antes, los demócratas presentaron una propuesta alternativa": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052651 "Time":"Japan to the Rescue of Ailing US Firms": http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1843534,00.html"El Universal" de México: "La ONU, más necesaria y más urgente que nunca: Bush: En su discurso ante la Asamblea General de la ONU, el último de su mandato, dijo que el organismo internacional debe aprobar más resoluciones que impidan que esos atentados se produzcan": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/540630.html"MSNBC":"Bush to address country about bailout plan: Paulson reportedly compromises, will add limits on executive compensation": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26871338/"Fed plows $30 billion in foreign money markets :Temporary 'swap' arrangements aim to tackle global credit crunch": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26862762/"The Economist":"And then there were none: What the death of the investment bank means for Wall Street": http://www.economist.com/finance/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12294688&source=features_box_main"The politics of despair: Wall Street's meltdown readjusts the race in unexpected ways": http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12262221"Wall Street's bad dream": http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12273023 AMERICA LATINA "La Nación" informa: "Fuerte crítica de Cristina Kirchner a Estados Unidos en la ONU": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052725"CNN" publica: "Russian navy ships head to Venezuela": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/22/russia.venezuela.ap/index.html"China Daily" anuncia: "Russia sends ships on exercises in US 'backyard'":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-09/22/content_7048551.htm"La Nación" publica: "Chávez inició en China una gira por Asia y Europa: El mandatario venezolano busca fortalecer la cooperación con el país asiático; "en este momento es mucho más importante estar en Pekín que en Nueva York", expresó":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052710"CNN": "Peace talks aim at easing Bolivia tension": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/20/bolivia.talks/index.html"The Economist" analiza: "Bolivia: Now put it back together": http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12260915"La Nación" informa: "Antonini Wilson aseguró que en el vuelo había otros US$ 4.200.000 y que estuvo en la Casa Rosada": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052756"La Nación" anuncia: "México, ante un nuevo drama: el narcoterrorismo: Los carteles inician la "colombianización" del país":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052618"El Tiempo" de Colombia publica: "Haití, Venezuela y Ecuador entre los más corruptos de América Latina, según un estudio": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/home/haiti-venezuela-y-ecuador-entre-los-mas-corruptos-de-america-latina-segun-un-estudio_4548631-1 ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA "New York Times" informa: "2 Candidates Urge Greater Oversight in Bailout Plan": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/22/us/politics/22campaign.html?ref=business"CNN" publica: "McCain 'deeply uncomfortable' with lack of bailout oversight": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/09/22/campaign.wrap/index.html"BBC" analiza: "The US election nightmare scenario": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7626471.stm"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Palin se reúne con varios mandatarios en apertura de la Asamblea de la ONU": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/23/internacional/_portada/noticias/1BCE1474-994A-47C6-A5FE-84CD8B379283.htm?id={1BCE1474-994A-47C6-A5FE-84CD8B379283}"The Economist" analiza: "The election campaign: Heard on the stump":http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12263226"Los Angeles Times": "Times poll shows Barack Obama has slight lead over John McCain": http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-poll25-2008sep25,0,4911734.stor"Los Angeles Times" informa: "McCain seeks to postpone debate because of financial crisis":http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-campaign25-2008sep25,0,766973.story"Time" publica sitio con links a artículos sobre las elecciones en los Estados Unidos:http://thepage.time.com/"La Nación" publica: "Bush busca tranquilizar a sus pares en la ONU: Hoy pronunciará su último discurso": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052654"El Tiempo" de Colombia anuncia: "George W. Bush afirma que la ONU es más necesaria y más urgente que nunca":http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/euycanada/home/george-w-bush-afirma-que-la-onu-es-mas-necesaria-y-mas-urgente-que-nunca_4548370-1 EUROPA "El País" de Madrid informa: "La duda es más grande que Brown: El primer ministro, agobiado por su mala imagen, es incapaz de remontar los sondeos - El laborismo debate si dejar que siga o designar otro líder para un cuarto mandato": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/duda/grande/Brown/elpepuint/20080921elpepiint_1/Tes"CNN" publica: "Car bomb in northern Spain kills soldier":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/09/22/spain.bombs.soldier/index.html"CNN" publica: "Funding crisis may ground Alitalia": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/22/alitalia.license/index.html"Time" informa: "11 Dead in FinlandSchool Shooting": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1843568,00.html"El Tiempo" de Colombia anuncia: "Estudiante asesinó a diez compañeros en un colegio profesional de Finlandia y luego se suicidó": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/home/estudiante-asesino-a-diez-companeros-en-un-colegio-profesional-de-finlandia-y-luego-se-suicido_4546222-1 Asia – Pacífico /Medio Oriente. "China Daily" informa: "China's quality chief steps down in milk scandal":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-09/22/content_7048471.htm"The Economist" analiza: "China's baby-milk scandal: Formula for disaster": http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12262271"MSNBC" anuncia: "Typhoon hits southern China, Vietnam next: Hong Kong saw 58 injuries and disruption of schools and airport":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26868696/"New York Times" informa: "Japanese Party Chooses Aso as Leader":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/world/asia/23japan.html?ref=world"Le Monde" publica: "Taro Aso va devenir le premier ministre du Japón": http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2008/09/22/taro-aso-va-devenir-le-premier-ministre-du-japon_1097905_3216.html#ens_id=1097909"BBC" anuncia: "Aso picked to become new Japan PM": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7628495.stm"La Nación" informa: "Un "halcón" será el nuevo primer ministro de Japón: Taro Aso reemplazará a Yasuo Fukuda": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052616"CNN" publica: "N. Korea seeks removal of nuke plant seals": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/22/nkorea.nuclear.seals/index.html"BBC" informa: "N Korea wants nuclear seals off": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7628955.stm"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Pakistán persigue a célula de Al Qaeda tras atentado": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/23/internacional/internacional/noticias/99E41C2A-5ED4-4AFA-BA25-4184BA2AD712.htm?id={99E41C2A-5ED4-4AFA-BA25-4184BA2AD712}"New York Times" publica: "Pakistan Leaders Barely Missed Attack": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/world/asia/23pstan.html?ref=world"New York Times" anuncia: "Olmert Quits Post, and Political Maneuvering Begins": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/22/world/middleeast/22olmert.html?ref=world"MSNBC": "Livni to form new Israeli government: Foreign minister has 42 days to form coalition": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26839166/"MSNBC" informa: "Car plows into soldiers in Jerusalem; 19 hurt: Palestinian shot dead after ramming car into crowd of soldiers in OldCity": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26841572/"El País" de Madrid publica: "Ahmadineyad vaticina el fin del "imperio americano" y el derrumbe de Israel": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Ahmadineyad/vaticina/fin/imperio/americano/derrumbe/Israel/elpepuint/20080923elpepuint_5/Tes AFRICA "El País" de Madrid informa: "Mbeki, obligado a dejar la presidencia de Suráfrica: Las luchas internas en el partido del Gobierno desembocan en una crisis": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Mbeki/obligado/dejar/presidencia/Surafrica/elpepuint/20080921elpepiint_7/Tes"New York Times" publica: "A South African of Charisma and Mystery": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/22/world/africa/22zuma.html?ref=world"CNN" anuncia: "Sudan lobbies to avoid Darfur genocide arrest": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/22/sudan.un.ap/index.html"BBC" informa: "Eleven tourists seized in Egypt": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7629171.stm"CNN" publica: "11 tourists kidnapped in Egypt desert": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/22/egypt.italians.kidnapped/index.html"CNN" analiza: "U.N.: Almost 10 million Ethiopians need food aid": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/22/ethiopia.drought.ap/index.html ECONOMIA "The Economist" analiza: "Airlines and the credit crunch: Shredding money": http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12267383"La Nación" publica: "Fuerte alza de las materias primas; récord del crudo: Tuvo la mayor suba en un día, del 17,8%; la soja aumentó 5,3%":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052656"The Economist" publica su informe semanal: "Business this week": http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12274086"MSNBC" anuncia: "Oil near $108 as investors eye U.S. bailout: Investors await details of $700 billion plan to stabilize Wall Street": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12400801/OTRAS NOTICIAS"New York Times" publica: "At U.N., Bush Reassures Leaders on Economy":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/24/world/24nations.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin "El Universal" de México informa: "Inicia hoy la Asamblea General de la ONU: El secretario general de la ONU, Ban Ki-moon, y el presidente de la Asamblea General, el ex canciller nicaragüense Miguel D' Escoto, inauguran una sesión en la que se tratarán los Objetivos del Milenio y la pobreza": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/540594.html"La Nación" informa: "Los discursos en la ONU se concentran en la crisis económica: La mayoría de los presidentes resaltaron en la apertura de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas la delicada situación de los mercados mundiales; Ban Ki-Moon pidió "acción y liderazgo colectivo"": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052733"MSNBC" anuncia: "U.N. chief: Rich nations must help Africa: Secretary-General says $72 billion a year needed to fight hunger, poverty": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26839643/"MSNBC" publica: "Russia, China block new Iran nuclear sanctions: Talks among six nations on Iranian program cancelled amid U.S.-Russia rift": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26859796/

Continua la crisis financiera global"New York Times":"Mixed Markets Reflect Hope for Bailout": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/01/business/01bailout.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin"With Wachovia Sale, the Banking Crisis Trickles Up": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/30/business/30citi.html?ref=business"El País" de Madrid:"La UE culpa a EE UU de la crisis y pide que asuma su responsabilidad": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/UE/culpa/EE/UU/crisis/pide/asuma/responsabilidad/elpepuint/20080930elpepuint_13/Tes"El pánico recorre Wall Street y la Bolsa se desploma más que en el 11/S :Los analistas auguran una ola de despidos y quiebras si no prospera el plan":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/panico/recorre/Wall/Street/Bolsa/desploma/11-S/elpepuint/20080930elpepiint_2/Tes"Le Monde":"George Bush : "les conséquences seront pires chaque jour si nous n'agissons pas"": http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2008/09/30/les-bourses-europeennes-ouvrent-sur-de-fortes-baisses_1101088_3234.html#ens_id=1089411"Rebond de Wall Street à l'ouverture": http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2008/09/30/panique-sur-les-marches-asiatiques-apres-le-rejet-du-plan-paulson_1101069_3234.html#ens_id=1089411"CNN":"U.S. stocks rebound after bailout failure": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/30/us.bailout.deal.markets/index.html"Wall Street waits on bailout vote": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/10/01/us.bailout.deal.markets/index.html"La Nación":"Estamos en emergencia", dijo Bush en un dramático llamado para destrabar el plan de salvatajeEl mandatario norteamericano, que no dio por muerto su plan de rescate, alertó que "la opción es la acción o la penuria de los estadounideses"; Obama reclamó que los legisladores vuelvan a la mesa de negociaciones":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1054864"Intentan hoy volver a votar el rescate: Tras el devastador rechazo de la Cámara de Representantes, el Senado tratará de aprobar esta noche una versión modificada del plan de salvataje; Bush advirtió sobre el peligro de un derrumbe económico "doloroso y duradero"": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1055191"Time":"A Second Chance (and Thoughts) on the House Bailout Vote":http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1846033,00.html"Surviving the Wall Street Storm":http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1846017,00.html"China Daily":"Wall Street surge; credit worries persist":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-10/01/content_7071724.htm"BBC":"House votes down bail-out package":http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7641733.stm"Citigroup to buy US bank Wachovia": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7642126.stm"El Tiempo" de Colombia:"Bolsas del mundo se recuperan en espera del salvavidas; Wall Street subió 4,68%": http://www.portafolio.com.co//economia/finanzas/2008-10-01/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR_PORTA-4576407.html"Los Ángeles Times":"Why the $700-billion rescue plan failed": http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-bailpr1-2008oct01,0,1703821.story"El Mercurio" de Chile:"Tasas de interés internacionales llegan a niveles máximos": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/10/01/economia_y_negocios/economia_y_negocios/noticias/BABC3E47-5587-45A6-8048-6B599A9A03D8.htm?id={BABC3E47-5587-45A6-8048-6B599A9A03D8} "El Universal" de México: "Pega crisis de EU a países emergentes: Los mercados de toda Latinoamérica también cayeron en picada, con grandes pérdidas en México, Argentina, Colombia y Chile": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/542988.html "Advierten Obama y McCain catástrofe si no se aprueba rescate financiero: Advierten los candidatos a la Casa Blanca que de no hacerlo la actual crisis financiera en Estados Unidos se convertiría en un 'desastre'": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/543085.html "Times":"Senate sweeteners aim to push Wall Street bailout Bill through House":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article4861524.ece "The Economist": "And then there were none: What the death of the investment bank means for Wall Street": http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12305537"The doctors' bill : The chairman of the Federal Reserve and the treasury secretary give Congress a gloomy prognosis for the economy, and propose a drastic remedy": http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12305746 AMERICA LATINA "El País" de Madrid informa: "Ecuador se enfrenta a un histórico referéndum para aprobar la nueva Constitución": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Ecuador/enfrenta/historico/referendum/aprobar/nueva/Constitucion/elpepuint/20080928elpepuint_4/Tes"CNN" publica: "Ecuadoran president cheers 'crushing' victory": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/29/ecuador.referendum.ap/index.html"El País": "El 'no' de Guayaquil empaña el éxito de Correa en las urnas: El 64% de los ecuatorianos apoya la nueva Constitución": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Guayaquil/empana/exito/Correa/urnas/elpepuint/20080930elpepiint_11/Tes"El País" de Madrid anuncia:"Rusia y Venezuela sellan una alianza para forjar un "contrapeso a EE UU": Moscú concede a Caracas un crédito de 680 millones para comprar armas": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Rusia/Venezuela/sellan/alianza/forjar/contrapeso/EE/UU/elpepiint/20080927elpepiint_7/Tes"Venezuela se rearma: Las compras de material militar y de defensa efectuadas por Caracas han superado los 6.700 millones de dólares en los tres últimos años":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Venezuela/rearma/elpepuint/20080930elpepuint_3/Tes"La Nación" informa: "Lula, Chávez y Morales criticaron a Washington: El presidente venezolano llamó a activar el Banco del Sur para proteger a la región de la crisis global": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1055206"El Tiempo" de Colombia publica: "Lula, Chávez y Morales critican a E.U. en cumbre de líderes suramericanos de izquierda en Brasil": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/home/index.html"BBC" anuncia: "Mexican head steps up drugs fight": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7645524.stm"Los Angeles Times" anuncia: "Mexico's President Calderon has few choices in drug war": http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexwar1-2008oct01,0,6480187.story"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "El narcotráfico causa 17 nuevas muertes en Tijuana: El asesinato se suma a la escalada de violencia que sufre México.- Se sospecha que el motivo del ataque es una venganza entre bandas de narcotraficantes": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/narcotrafico/causa/nuevas/muertes/Tijuana/elpepuint/20080930elpepuint_4/Tes"CNN" publica: "Argentina grapples with fierce drought": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/26/argentina.drought/index.html"El Tiempo" de Colombia informa: "En nuevo pulso con el Gobierno, agricultores argentinos vuelven a la huelga": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/home/en-nuevo-pulso-con-el-gobierno-agricultores-argentinos-vuelven-a-la-huelga_4577147-1 ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA "La Nación" analiza: "El desempleo y la desesperación golpean en el interior de EE.UU.: En las áreas industriales los trabajadores temen no poder mantener a sus familias":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1055173"BBC" anuncia: "US rivals clash on bail-out vote":http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7641504.stm"El País" de Madrid informa: "Obama da su apoyo al principio de acuerdo del plan de rescate de Bush: McCain aún no se ha pronunciado sobre si votará a favor del plan en el Senado": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Obama/da/apoyo/principio/acuerdo/plan/rescate/Bush/elpepuint/20080928elpepueco_1/TesTanto "Time" como "BBC" presentan sitios con artículos relacionados con las elecciones estadounidenses:http://thepage.time.com/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/americas/2008/vote_usa_2008/"The Economist" analiza: "How Europe responds":http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12331667&source=features_box_main EUROPA "El País" de Madrid informa: "La extrema derecha se dispara en las legislativas de Austria: Los ultranacionalistas de Strache y los extremistas de Haider son los vencedores en la sombra pese a la victoria de los socialdemócratas": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/extrema/derecha/dispara/legislativas/Austria/elpepuint/20080928elpepuint_6/Tes"BBC" anuncia: "EU monitors begin Georgia patrols":http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7643612.stm"CNN" publica: "Russia suspends markets as shares slide": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/30/russia.markets.close/index.html"CNN" informa: "$9.2 billion bailout for Dexia bank": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/30/belgium.bank.dexia.rescue.ap/index.html"Time": "Europe's Conservatives Sour On the Free Market": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1844919,00.html"La Nación" publica: "Duro reclamo de Europa a EE.UU.":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1055203"New York Times" anuncia: "Shaky French-Belgian Bank Gets $9 Billion Injection": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/30/business/30assess.html?ref=business Asia – Pacífico /Medio Oriente "New York Times" informa: "Karzai Seeks Saudi Help With Taliban": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/01/world/asia/01afghan.html?ref=world"Le Monde" publica: "Afghanistan : le chef de guerre Hekmatyar revendique l'embuscade du 18 août": http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2008/09/29/afghanistan-le-chef-de-guerre-hekmatyar-revendique-l-embuscade-du-18-aout_1100650_3216.html#ens_id=1049814"Times" anuncia: "Arsonist 'fed up with life' sets fire to Japanese video 'hotel', killing 15":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4860696.ece"New York Times" analiza: "China Detains 22 in Tainted-Milk Case":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/30/world/asia/30milk.html?ref=world"China Daily" publica: "China celebrates 59th founding anniversary": http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-10/01/content_7072546.htm"BBC" publica: "China lauds latest space 'heroes'":http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7641683.stm"El País" de Madrid informa: "Al menos 147 muertos en una estampida en la India: La avalancha se ha producido en un templo cerca de la ciudad de Jodhpur, donde miles de personas se habían congregado para marcar el comienzo de un festival hindú": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/147/muertos/estampida/India/elpepuint/20080930elpepuint_7/Tes"CNN" informa: "India temple stampede kills 147": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/29/india.stampede/index.html"El Universal" de México anuncia: "Deja cadena de explosiones cientos de heridos en India": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/543058.html"Times": "India to mark Gandhi anniversary with world's biggest smoking ban": http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4861298.ece"El País" de Madrid informa: "17 muertos en Damasco en el atentado más grave en 25 años":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/muertos/Damasco/atentado/grave/25/anos/elpepiint/20080928elpepiint_10/Tes AFRICA"CNN" informa:"Freed hostages return from Egypt": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/09/30/egypt.tourists.kidnapped/index.html"Hundreds arrested after Nigeria oil attacks": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/30/nigeria.oil.unrest.ap/index.html"Zimbabweans fill streets to withdraw cash from banks": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/29/Zimbabwe.banks.ap/index.html"Time" anuncia: "3 Somali Pirates May be Dead in Shoot-Out": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1845817,00.html"BBC" publica: "Deadly suicide attack in Algeria":http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7641687.stm ECONOMIA "El País" de Madrid publica: "Las cinco claves de la Operación Rescate: Pugna en Washington por la cuantía y el destino del plan de salvamento financiero": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/claves/Operacion/Rescate/elpepueco/20080928elpepieco_2/Tes"CNN" anuncia: "Alitalia flight attendants sign rescue plan": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/29/alitalia.flight.attendants/index.html"The Economist": publica su informe semanal: "Business this week": http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12306023 OTRAS NOTICIAS "CNN": informa: "U.N. Security Council reaffirms sanctions on Iran": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/09/27/un.iran/index.html"El Tiempo" de Colombia publica: "En el mundo hay cerca de 25 millones de niños refugiados y desplazados, denuncia la ONU": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/home/en-el-mundo-hay-cerca-de-25-millones-de-ninos-refugiados-y-desplazados-denuncia-la-onu-_4577146-1

El Tíbet es una región autónoma del sudoeste de China. En el año 1950 el ejército chino invadió el Tíbet. En el año 1951 se compuso el Plan para la Liberación Pacífica del Tibet, este plan consideraba la conducción conjunta del gobierno chino con el gobierno del Tíbet. A medida de que China iba consolidando su dominio, comenzaron insistidamente a quebrantar el tratado y la resistencia abierta a su mando creció, llevando a la Sublevación Nacional en 1959 y la huida a India del Dalai Lama dirigente espiritual y jefe del estado.En marzo de este año se desencadenaron varias protestas con un importante numero de victimas. El partido Comunista chino dijo que "aplacaría" a los manifestantes y envió cerca de seis mil militares a la zona."China Daily", periódico oficial chino, publica: "Countries urged to see 'true face' of Dalai Lama":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-03/26/content_6566018.htmLa"CNN" informa: "China paper: Crush Tibet 'sabotage'":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/22/china.tibet.ap/index.html"El Universal" de México publica: "Llaman a "aplastar" protestas tibetanas":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/57210.htmlLA"MSNBC" anuncia: "Tibetans resigned to little help from world":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23761733/Inquietante amenaza al Tíbet, China advirtió que está dispuesta a "aplastar" los intentos de independencia,"La Nación" expone: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=997917"Miami Herald" publica: "China rights activist sentenced to jail":http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/AP/story/468029.html"El Universal" de México informa: "Intensifica China búsqueda de manifestantes tibetanos":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/491651.htmlDalai Lama ready to meet Chinese leaders. Tibet's Dalai Lama said he would be willing to talk to Chinese leaders, but China said such a meeting is unlikely to happen:http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/story/464614.htmlChina: dos muertos en nuevos enfrentamiento.,Las víctimas son un policía y un monje tibetano; hay más de 100 detenidos por una protesta en Nepal. "La nación" publica: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=998436Alguna de sus repercusiones: "Yomiuri Shimbun" de Japón infoma: "India cautious over China relations / Unrest in Tibet puts New Delhi in bind regarding government-in-exile":http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/world/20080327TDY05309.htm"Times" informa: "Sarkozy hints at boycott of Beijing Olympic Games opening ceremony":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3620417.ece"El País" de Madrid" analiza: "La sombra de Tíbet planea sobre las elecciones en Taiwán":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/sombra/Tibet/planea/elecciones/Taiwan/elpepuint/20080321elpepiint_5/Tes"Yomiuri Shimbun" de Japón publica: "Prince Charles to meet with Dalai Lama":http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/world/20080326TDY01301.htmAMERICA LATINALa crisis andina. Informando sobre la crisis andina, "El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Colombia admite que un presunto rebelde muerto era ecuatoriano":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/03/24/internacional/internacional/noticias/5C6FF93D-023D-4936-BE7A-8B9B8C77C2EC.htm?id={5C6FF93D-023D-4936-BE7A-8B9B8C77C2ECColombia busca restablecer las relaciones, pero Ecuador afirma que aún no está listo. Nuevas informaciones acerca de la muerte de un ecuatoriano en el ataque a un campamento de las FARC dificulta el acercamiento de los dos vecinos, informa "El País" de Madrid: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Colombia/busca/restablecer/relaciones/Ecuador/afirma/listo/elpepuint/20080325elpepuint_13/Tes"El Universal" de México, cubre los acontecimientos relacionados a la crisis: "Prevén reconciliación de Colombia y Ecuador":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/57192.htm Las Naciones Unidas crean un cuerpo para analizar la situación de los derechos en Guatemala, sobre este acontecimiento nos informa "The Economist": "Guatemala: A test of will":http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10881744"El Mercurio" de Chile analiza discurso del Presidente Evo Morales con motivo del "Día del Mar": "Bolivia "jamás dejará de luchar para recuperar mar con soberanía":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/03/24/internacional/_portada/noticias/2AD9FFCA-D0DD-4B32-A7C4-74A2952692C8.htm?id={2AD9FFCA-D0DD-4B32-A7C4-74A2952692C8}Miles de personas salen a las calles en Argentina en rechazo a discurso de la Presidenta:http://www.eltiempo.com/internacional/latinoamerica/noticias/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-4031869.htmlESTADOS UNIDOSEl Departamento de EE UU se disculpa por la revisión ilegal de documentos de Obama, Clinton y McCain. Dos contratistas del departamento han sido despedidos y un tercero ha recibido medidas disciplinarias Sobre este hecho informan "El País" de Madrid:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Departamento/EE/UU/disculpa/revision/ilegal/documentos/Obama/Clinton/McCain/elpepuint/20080321elpepuint_6/Tes"El Universal" de México publica: "Crece escándalo de pasaportes":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/57206.htmlLa agenda de Hillary Clinton pone en duda su experiencia.El abogado presidencial Bruce Lindsey borró de los 11.000 folios toda referencia a la senadora en el 'caso Whitewater' :http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/agenda/Hillary/Clinton/pone/duda/experiencia/elpepuint/20080321elpepiint_1/TesLa "CNN" cubre la las elecciones en Estados Unidos: "Wright flap may hurt Obama":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/03/21/obama.wright/index.htmlLas expectativas económicas de Estados Unidos caen a su nivel más bajo desde el Watergate, analiza "El País" de Madrid:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/expectativas/economicas/Estados/Unidos/caen/nivel/Watergate/elpepueco/20080325elpepueco_13/TesLa "CNN" analiza la crisis económica estadounidense: "Worries grow of deeper U.S. recession":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/03/21/us.recession.ap/index.htmlEUROPAEl Parlamento ruso pide al Kremlin que reconozca a las dos regiones separatistas de Georgia. La resolución de la Duma se aprueba dos semanas antes de la cumbre de la OTAN, en la que se estudiará si se admite que Tiblisi inicie los pasos para su entrada en la Alianza.Informa "El País" de Madrid: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Parlamento/ruso/pide/Kremlin/reconozca/regiones/separatistas/Georgia/elpepuint/20080321elpepuint_15/TesTambien la "CNN" informa sobre el acontecimiento: "Kremlin urged to back Georgian separatists":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/03/21/russia.georgia.ap/index.htmlEspaña pondría freno a la inmigración. La desaceleración de la economía amenaza con aumentar las dificultades para los que arriban al país en busca de empleo. Informa"La Nación":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/edicionimpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=997942Polonia levanta el veto para que la UE negocie un acuerdo con Rusia,el nuevo pacto es de capital importancia para la Unión por su dependencia energética: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Polonia/levanta/veto/UE/negocie/acuerdo/Rusia/elpepuint/20080321elpepiint_8/TesA 10 años de los Acuerdos de Viernes Santo firmados en Belfast, "El Pais" de Madrid analiza: "La reconciliación se resiste a llegar a Irlanda del Norte":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/reconciliacion/resiste/llegar/Irlanda/Norte/elpepuint/20080321elpepiint_6/TesFrancia reducirá su arsenal nuclear. El presidente Nicolás Sarkozy propone negociar un tratado que prohíba los mísiles tierra-tierra de corto y medio alcance para combatir la proliferación nuclear. Publica "El País" de Madrid: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Francia/reducira/arsenal/nuclear/elpepuint/20080321elpepuint_14/TesASIA – PACÍFICO Y MEDIO ORIENTEEl pasado 22 de marzo se celebraron elecciones en Taiwan, En un triunfo de Ma Ying-jeou augura un acercamiento político y comercial entre Taipei y Pekín, poniendo fin a ocho años de un gobierno independentista que tensionó las relaciones entre ambos países. Varios medios informan el suceso: "The Economist" publica: "The Nationalists are back in Taiwan":http://www.economist.com/daily/news/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10903499&top_story=1"El Universal" de México informa: "Taiwán vota por un acercamiento a China":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/57208.htmlLa "CNN" publica: "Taiwan opposition triumphs in elections":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/22/taiwan.elections/index.html Taiwan eligió a un presidente que prometió acercarse a China. El nacionalista Ma Ying-jeou obtuvo un claro triunfo sobre el candidato oficialista ,"La Nacion" publica:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=997955"Miami Herald" publica: "Japan wants softer greenhouse gas target"http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/AP/story/468305.htmlAsumió el pasado 25 de marzo el nuevo premier paquistaní: Yusuf Raza Gilani, del partido de Bhutto. Como resultado de las elecciones parlamentarias del 18 de febrero, ganó el partido de Bhutto unas semanas después de que la líder fuera asesinada en un atentado. Yusuf Raza Gilani juró ante el presidente Musharraf. Varios medios informan al respecto:La "CNN" publica: "Musharraf allies in row over candidate":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/22/pakistan.pm.ap/index.html"Time" informa: "Undoing Musharraf in Pakistan":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1725330,00.html"La Nación" informa:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=998437"Miami Herald" informa: "All judges jailed by Musharraf freed":http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/AP/story/468086.htmlLíbano boicoteará la cumbre Árabe. El Gobierno libanés se abstiene de participar en la reunión que se celebrará a finales de marzo en Damasco."El País" de Madrid publica: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Libano/boicoteara/cumbre/Arabe/elpepuint/20080325elpepuint_15/TesAtentado en Irak; L a "MSNBC" informa: "Volleys target Green Zone in Bagdad. Suicide bomber strikes Iraqi army in north, killing 10 soldiers, wounding 50":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23762575/Bajo la mediación de Yemen, Hamas y Al Fatah llegaron a un arreglo sobre la Franja de Gaza "El Universal" publica: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/492022.html"LE Monde" informa: "Le Hamas et le Fatah ouvrent la voie à une réconciliation":http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2008/03/23/le-hamas-et-le-fatah-ouvrent-la-voie-a-une-reconciliation_1026590_3218.html#ens_id=1026592La "CNN" informa: "Roadside bomb kills 3 soldiers, 2 Iraqis":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/22/iraq.main/index.html AFRICAInforme de la "CNN": "Nearly two-thirds of Africans have no toilets":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/03/20/africa.sanitation/index.htmlLA"MSNBC" publica: "Priest jailed for life in Rwandan genocide case":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23611286/"Miami Herald" analiza posibles elecciones presidenciales en Zimbabwe: "Mugabe faces rare election challenge":http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/story/461965.html"Time" analiza la violenta situación en las Islas Comoros, en la costa este africana: "What the Comoros Invasion Reveals":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1725304,00.htmlECONOMIA"The Economist" presenta el informe semanal de noticias: "Business this week"http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10881785&CFID=18538508&CFTOKEN=94c84da18389e74d-DCE41699-B27C-BB00-01272F1C0F3B6C98"The Economist" publica un artículo en el cual se analiza la situación económica de Brasil y Argentina: "Why those wimpish Brazilians are catching up with Argentina's racier economy": http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10880587OTRAS NOTICIAS "El Universal" de México cubre la Misa de Pascua:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/492020.html"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "En la Plaza de San Pedro, del Vaticano: Papa pidió paz en Tíbet, Irak y Tierra Santa en misa de Pascua"http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/03/24/internacional/_portada/noticias/ED16A114-5870-4C4F-8676-AF4AB1C55491.htm?id={ED16A114-5870-4C4F-8676-AF4AB1C55491}"El Universal" de México publica: "Bin Laden declara guerra a Papa y UE"http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/57190.htmlLa ONU da un ultimátum de cuatro semanas para evitar la hambruna de 73 millones de pobres.El Programa Mundial de Alimentos reclama 324 millones más a los países donantes para continuar con sus suministros por la carestía de los productos básicos http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/ONU/da/ultimatum/semanas/evitar/hambruna/73/millones/pobres/elpepueco/20080324elpepueco_6/Tes"Miami Herald" informa: "Qaida No. 2 urges attacks on Israel, US":http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/AP/story/467935.html

El presente documento representa un esfuerzo por encontrar alternativas para mejorar la gestión de la diversidad biológica del Perú desde de una perspectiva global, procurando integrar conservación y desarrollo, bajo el enfoque del desarrollo sostenible. El trabajo consta de cuatro partes que se desarrollan en 14 capítulos. La Primera parte aborda aspectos relativos a los objetivos, la metodología de investigación y el marco teórico que sirven de base para la comprensión de la gestión de la biodiversidad y para el desarrollo de propuestas. Conocimientos básicos sobre la diversidad biológica Tomando en consideración que en el país el tema de diversidad biológica todavía es muy poco conocido, esta segunda parte tiene como propósito sintetizar los conocimientos básicos sobre la biodiversidad del Perú. Se abordan aspectos relevantes de los componentes básicos: diversidad de especies, diversidad de ecosistemas, diversidad genética, diversidad cultural, agrodiversidad y Áreas Naturales Protegidas. Destaca la condición privilegiada del país de ocupar el 4° lugar entre los 12 países de mayor megadiversidad en el mundo, que le confieren especial posición geopolítica internacional. Otro aspecto que se aborda es sobre la importancia de la biodiversidad del Perú en los aspectos económico, social y ambiental, destaca su importancia en la seguridad alimentaría y el gran peso en la economía del país, que representa más del 50% del PBI. Sin embargo, a pesar de su importancia la biodiversidad viene destruyéndose y deteriorando en forma acelerada, en el capítulo 6 se identifican los principales factores directos e indirectos que amenazan la conservación de la biodiversidad peruana, entre ellos: La contaminación, sobre extracción de recursos, pérdida de habitat, celeridad del cambio climático, la pobreza, fallas de mercado, falta de conciencia ambiental y la deficiente gestión pública; siendo esta última el tema central del presente trabajo, por ser uno de los factores de mayor influencia. Situación general de la gestión En esta tercera parte se busca responder a la pregunta ¿Cómo se está gestionado la biodiversidad del Perú?. Al respecto a fin de tener una visión general de la situación de la gestión, se realizó el análisis seleccionando los siguientes factores operacionales de gestión: Marco legal, planeación, organización, tecnología, infraestructura, cultura y relación con el ambiente externo. Entre los hallazgos más relevantes destacan: el grave atraso tecnológico, escasa comprensión de la importancia de la biodiversidad en el desarrollo del país, falta de un órgano directriz de la gestión integral de la biodiversidad actualmente sectorizada, falta de una visión sistémica del proceso administrativo y planes de largo plazo, dificultad en la formulación e implementación de planes estratégicos, entre otros. El Convenio sobre Diversidad Biológica (CDB) suscrito por Perú el año 1992 en la reunión de Rió de Janeiro, conjuntamente con 156 naciones, constituye el principal instrumento jurídico para la conservación y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad; desde su puesta en vigor a fines de 1993, Perú ha desarrollado importantes esfuerzos para su implementación, sin embargo el avance todavía es lento, y está más focalizado en la conservación de la biodiversidad. La Comisión Nacional de Diversidad Biológica (CONADIB) es el órgano de coordinación intersectorial, pero su accionar sólo se limita al cumplimiento del CDB. Propuestas para una mejor Gestión de la Diversidad Biológica Sobre la base de los resultados obtenidos en los capítulos anteriores, en esta cuarta parte se presentan las propuestas para una mejor gestión de la biodiversidad, en dos categorías: a) Propuestas generales por factores operacionales, en concordancia con la estructura del análisis de la gestión y b) Propuestas específicas, que desarrolla algunos aspectos prioritarios de las propuestas generales, tales como: Necesidad de un enfoque global y sistémico del proceso administrativo de la biodiversidad, en el que se toma como base el Enfoque Operacional, la planeación estratégica como parte del sistema, integración entre conservación y desarrollo, necesidad de órgano que asuma la dirección integral de la biodiversidad del país, y otros. Frente a la dificultad en la formulación de los planes estratégicos para la gestión de la biodiversidad, en el capítulo 11 se hacen propuestas sobre los aspectos más críticos de la planeación estratégica: integración al proceso administrativo total, atención a las premisas de planeación, análisis FODA, y la identificación de frentes estratégicos básicos para la conservación y aprovechamiento sostenible de la biodiversidad: 1) Conservación, 2) Uso sostenible, 3) Aprovecha-miento sostenible y competitivo, 4) Posicionamiento cultural, 5) Desarrollo Humano, y 6) Excelencia administrativa. Considerando la prioridad del país de encontrar alternativas para el desarrollo económico y la lucha contra pobreza, se desarrolla con especial prioridad el frente estratégico: "Aprovechamiento sostenible y competitivo". A fin contribuir en la implementación de planes estratégicos, en el capitulo 12 se formulan algunas propuestas al respecto: criterios básicos para una administración de excelencia, instrumentos de gestión, prioridades de investigación, capacidades humanas requeridas, y alternativas para el financiamiento de la gestión. Otro aspecto que se aborda en este capítulo, es la propuesta de criterios y lineamientos de políticas para la conservación y aprovechamiento sostenible de la biodiversidad. En la certeza de que la conservación y aprovechamiento sostenible de la biodiversidad no solo compete a unas cuantas instituciones públicas, sino que es una tarea que atañe a todos los peruanos, en él capitulo 13 se hace una propuesta de roles para los principales actores sociales tanto del sector público y privado. Finalmente en el capítulo 14 se formulan las respectivas conclusiones y recomendaciones, entre los aspectos más relevantes se tiene: la prioridad de integrar conservación y desarrollo, reconocer el aprovechamiento sostenible de la biodiversidad como uno de los principales motores para el desarrollo del país, impulsar la educación, investigación y tecnología, priorizando la biotecnología, mayor participación del Estado en el desarrollo de factores clave para la competitividad de las empresas, fortalecer CONADIB como órgano directriz de la gestión integral de la biodiversidad nacional, trascendiendo la sola implementación del CDB. ; This document intends to represent an effort in order to find some alternativas for the improvement of the biologic diversity management in Perú according to a global point of view, but also with a sustamable development approach that looks for the integration of the conservaron and the development itself. This paper has 4 parts and 14 chapters. The first part is about topics related to the objectives, methodology and scientific framework, necessary for the understanding and comprehension of the biodiversity management and development of proposals. Basic knowledge for the biologic diversity Considering that the biologic diversity is a not very well known theme in our country, the second part summarizes the basic knowledge about the biodiversity in Perú. Pertinent aspects about the basic components: species diversity, ecosistems diversity, genetic diversity, cultural diversity, agrodiversity, and protected natural áreas. This part also highlights the features of Perú as the 4* country with the greatest megadiversity in the world, which gives us a very interesting geopolítica! situation in the world. Other aspects about this are related to the importance of the biodiveristy in Perú in terms of economic, social and environmental issues, highlighting the importance on food safety and the relationship with the economy of the country (more than 50% of the GDP). However, despite its great importance biodiversity is being destroyed and deteriorated progressively. In chapter 6, the main factors that threat the conservation of the Peruvian biodiversity, direct or indirect, are presented: pollution, resources overexploitation, loss of habitáis, weather changes, poomess, market failures, lack of environmental conscrousness, and deficient public administration. The last one is the central topic of the paper since it is the factor with the biggest influence. General situation of the management In the third part we intend to answer the question, How is the biodiversity being managed in Perú? In order to have a general overview, an analysis was made by selecting some operational factors: legal framework, planning, organization, technology, infrastructure, culture and relations with the extemal environment. The most important findings were: technological backwardness, poor comprehension of the biodiversity in the development of the country, lack of an institution in charge of the integral management of the biodiversity which at the time is dispersed in sectors, lack of a systemic visión of the administrative processes and long-term plans, difficulty on formulation and implementation of strategic plans, among others. The Biological Diversity Agreement (BDA), signed by Perú in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro along with other 156 nations, is the main legal instrument for the conservation and permanent use of the biodiversity. Since it was set into effect in 1993, Perú has developed important efforts for its implementation, however the results are scarce and the process especially focuses only on the conservation of biodiversity. The National Comité for Biologic Diversity (CONABID) is the coordinating institution but its actions are defined only by the BDA. Proposals for the best management of the Biologic Diversity According to the outcomes presented in the previous chapters, the fourth part presents the proposals in order to improve the management of the biodiversity into two categoríes: a) General proposals for operational factors (analysis of the management); and b) Specific proposals, which develop the most important ítems of the general proposals, such as: need of a global and systemic approach of the administrative process of biodiversity (operational approach), strategic planning as part of the system, conservation and development integration, need of a coordinating institution for the biodiversity in the country, etc. Because of the difficulty on the formulation of strategic plans for the management of the biodiversity, chapter 11 presents proposals about the most crítica! aspects on strategic planning: integration to the general administrative process, planning features, FODA analysis, identification of the strategic sides for the conservation and use of the biodiversity: 1) Conservation; 2) Sustainable use; 3) Competitive and sustainable exploitation; 4) Cultural positioning; 5) Human development; and 6) Excellence in management. According to the necessity of the country on finding altematives for the economic development and the fight against the poorness, the item 3 is developed in a detailed way. In order to make some contribution for the implementation of the strategic plans, chapter 12 presents some proposals: basic entena for a better management, management instruments, research príoríties, required human skills. and altematives for the management financing. Another aspect that is presented in this chapter is the proposal of entena and political guidelines for the conservation and permanent use of the biodiversity. Understanding that this idea is not only a task for some public institutions but for al) the Peruvian people, chapter 13 presents many proposals for the activities that should be made for the public and prívate sector. Finally, Chapter 14 presents the conclusions and recommendations: The importance of the integration of conservation and development, recognition of the sustainable use of biodiversity as one of the main engines for the development of the country, promoting the education, investigation and technology being biotechnology priorized, more participation of the government in the development of key factors for the competitiveness of enterprises, strenghtening of the CONABID as the ruling institution for the integral management of national biodiversity. ; Tesis

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and has a strong heritable basis. We report a genome-wide association analysis of 34,627 CRC cases and 71,379 controls of European ancestry that identifies SNPs at 31 new CRC risk loci. We also identify eight independent risk SNPs at the new and previously reported European CRC loci, and a further nine CRC SNPs at loci previously only identified in Asian populations. We use in situ promoter capture Hi-C (CHi-C), gene expression, and in silico annotation methods to identify likely target genes of CRC SNPs. Whilst these new SNP associations implicate target genes that are enriched for known CRC pathways such as Wnt and BMP, they also highlight novel pathways with no prior links to colorectal tumourigenesis. These findings provide further insight into CRC susceptibility and enhance the prospects of applying genetic risk scores to personalised screening and prevention. ; At the Institute of Cancer Research, this work was supported by Cancer Research UK (C1298/A25514). Additional support was provided by the National Cancer Research Network. In Edinburgh, the work was supported by Programme Grant funding from Cancer Research UK (C348/A12076) and by funding for the infrastructure and staffing of the Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre. In Birmingham, funding was provided by Cancer Research UK (C6199/A16459). We are grateful to many colleagues within UK Clinical Genetics Departments (for CORGI) and to many collaborators who participated in the VICTOR, QUASAR2 and SCOT trials. We also thank colleagues from the UK National Cancer Research Network (for NSCCG). Support from the European Union [FP7/207–2013, grant 258236] and FP7 collaborative project SYSCOL and COST Action in the UK is also acknowledged [BM1206]. The COIN and COIN-B trials were funded by Cancer Research UK and the Medical Research Council and were conducted with the support of the National Institute of Health Research Cancer Research Network. COIN and COIN-B translational studies were supported by the Bobby Moore Fund from Cancer Research UK, Tenovus, the Kidani Trust, Cancer Research Wales and the National Institute for Social Care and Health Research Cancer Genetics Biomedical Research Unit (2011–2014). We thank the High-Throughput Genomics Group at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (funded by Wellcome Trust grant reference 090532/Z/09/Z) and the Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility (ECRF) Genetics Core, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, for the generation of genotyping data. We thank the Lothian Birth Cohorts' members, investigators, research associates, and other team members. We thank the Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility (ECRF) Genetics Core, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, for genotyping. Lothian Birth Cohorts' data collection is supported by the Disconnected Mind project (funded by Age UK), and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC, for genotyping; BB/F019394/1) and undertaken within the University of Edinburgh Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (funded by the BBSRC and Medical Research Council RC as part of the LLHW [MR/K026992/1]). ET was supported by Cancer Research UK CDF (C31250/A22804). This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under Application Number 7441. Generation Scotland received core support from the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates [CZD/16/6] and the Scottish Funding Council [HR03006]. Genotyping of the GS:SFHS samples was carried out by the Genetics Core Laboratory at the Clinical Research Facility, University of Edinburgh and was funded by the Medical Research Council UK and the Wellcome Trust (Wellcome Trust Strategic Award "STratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally" (STRADL) [104036/Z/14/Z]). CFR was supported by a Marie Sklodowska-Curie Intra-European Fellowship Action and received considerable help from many staff in the Department of Endoscopy at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford. In Finland, this work was supported by grants from the Academy of Finland [Finnish Center of Excellence Program 2012–2017, 250345 and 2018–2025, 312041], the Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation, the Finnish Cancer Society [personal grant to K.P.], the European Research Council [ERC; 268648], the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, SYSCOL, the Nordic Information for Action eScience Center (NIASC), the Nordic Center of Excellence financed by NordForsk [project 62721, personal grant to K.P.] and State Research Funding of Kuopio University Hospital [B1401]. We acknowledge the computational resources provided by the ELIXIR node, hosted at the CSC–IT Center for Science, Finland, and funded by the Academy of Finland [grants 271642 and 263164], the Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland. V.S. was supported by the Finnish Academy [grant number 139635] and the Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research. J.-P.M. was funded by The Finnish Cancer Foundation and The Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation. Sample collection and genotyping in the Finnish Twin Cohort has been supported by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, ENGAGE—European Network for Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology, FP7-HEALTH-F4–2007; [grant agreement number 201413], the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [grants AA-12502 and AA-00145; to R.J.R. and K02AA018755 to D.M.D.] and the Academy of Finland [grants 100499, 205585, 265240 and 263278 to J.K.]. The work of the Colon Cancer Family Registry (CCFR) was supported by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under Award number U01 CA167551. The CCFR Illumina GWAS was supported by the NCI/NIH under Award Numbers U01 CA122839 and R01 CA143237 to G.C. The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the NCI or any of the collaborating centres in the CCFR, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the US Government or the CCFR. The CORSA study was funded by FFG BRIDGE (grant 829675, to A.G.), the "Herzfelder'sche Familienstiftung" (grant to A.G.) and was supported by COST Action BM1206. We kindly thank all individuals who agreed to participate in the CORSA study. Furthermore, we thank all cooperating physicians and students and the Biobank Graz of the Medical University of Graz. The DACHS study was supported by grants from the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, BR 1704/6–1, BR 1704/6–3, BR 1704/6–4, BR 1704/6–6 and CH 117/1–1), and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01KH0404, 01ER0814, 01ER0815 and 01ER1505A, 01ER1505B). We thank all participants and cooperating clinicians, and Ute Handte-Daub, Ansgar Brandhorst, Muhabbet Celik and Ursula Eilber for excellent technical assistance. The Croatian study was supported through the 10,001 Dalmatians Project, and institutional support of University Hospital for Tumours, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center. James East and Simon Leedham were funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The views expressed not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. We acknowledge use of genotype data from the British 1958 Birth Cohort DNA collection, which was funded by the Medical Research Council Grant G0000934 and the Wellcome Trust Grant 068545/Z/02. A full list of the investigators who contributed to the generation of the data is available from http://www.wtccc.org.uk. The BCAC study would not have been possible without the contributions of the following: Manjeet K. Bolla, Qin Wang, Kyriaki Michailidou and Joe Dennis. BCAC is funded by Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A16563). For the BBCS study, we thank Eileen Williams, Elaine Ryder-Mills, Kara Sargus. The BBCS is funded by Cancer Research UK and Breast Cancer Now and acknowledges NHS funding to the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) and the National Cancer Research Network (NCRN). We thank the participants and the investigators of EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by: Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada, PI13/01162 to EPIC-Murcia, Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). We thank the SEARCH and EPIC teams, which were funded by a programme grant from Cancer Research UK (C490/A10124) and supported by the UK NIHR BRC at the University of Cambridge. We thank Breast Cancer Now and the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) for support and funding of the UKBGS, and the study participants, study staff, and the doctors, nurses and other health-care providers and health information sources who have contributed to the study. Genotyping of the PRACTICAL consortium OncoArray was funded by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) [U19 CA 148537 for ELucidating Loci Involved in Prostate cancer SuscEptibility (ELLIPSE) project and X01HG007492 to the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) under contract number HHSN268201200008I]. Additional analytic support was provided by NIH NCI U01 CA188392 (PI: Schumacher). The PRACTICAL consortium was supported by Cancer Research UK Grants C5047/A7357, C1287/A10118, C1287/A16563, C5047/A3354, C5047/A10692, C16913/A6135, European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme grant agreement n° 223175 (HEALTH-F2–2009–223175), and The National Institute of Health (NIH) Cancer Post-Cancer GWAS initiative grant: No. 1 U19 CA 148537–01 (the GAME-ON initiative). We would also like to thank the following for funding support: The Institute of Cancer Research and The Everyman Campaign, The Prostate Cancer Research Foundation, Prostate Research Campaign UK (now Prostate Action), The Orchid Cancer Appeal, The National Cancer Research Network UK, The National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) UK. We are grateful for support of NIHR funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, the Spanish Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) an initiative of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation (Spain), and the Xunta de Galicia (Spain).

Inhaltsangabe: To introduce this work the author refers to the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011, which took place in Davos from the 26th - 30th of January 2011, its agendas and reports (The World Economic Forum, 2011). At first view this meeting looks like a get-together of several leaders from different backgrounds, meaning leaders from different industries as well as political and religious leaders. But the huge amount of attendees and their position in the world turns this get-together into a platform to discuss strategies and solutions for the world's future economy and how to overcome the latest issues regarding the financial crisis. The theme of this year's meeting was 'Shared norms for a new reality', indicating, that the world has reached a turning point where change is important to assure a sustainable future. Abhisit Vejjajiva, Prime Minister of Thailand, for example states 'Governments and businesses should start revising their social contracts with their stakeholders in the light of the new realities of the post-crisis world". Furthermore his concern is that today's leaders are mostly just focused on the short-term success, due to the high pressure from their shareholders and thus work in their own borders without caring about the common good outside the borders in order to generate sustainable success. This concern gets a higher emphasis by Indra Nooyi, Chairman and CEO of PepsiCo, who actually attacks today's businesspeople and want to send them back to university because they just aim for short-term profits, rather than worrying about a sustainable future. In addition it is about the future leadership role of China considering multi stakeholders to achieve win-win solutions (Victor Chu, First Eastern Investment Group), leadership for people (Christine Lagarde, French Minister of Finance) and finally an optimistic outlook for the future, especially Europe, and the request of change and more transparency by David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. At the end buzzwords like stakeholders, sustainability, partnership, social responsibility, growth, balance and responsible leadership, just to name a few, can be found throughout all statements. As a matter of course all these statements are in a broader context meaning global issues, but can easily transferred to normal businesses. Reason for this project: Sustainability has become, as seen above, a huge topic paired with a more social behaviour for the common good and let the feeling arise that a new era has begun, that some of the main leaders have started to develop a new 'Zeitgeist". The question now is how this dissertation can contribute to the on-going change in order to achieve sustainable success. Sustainable success is depended on the competitive advantages, which is often tried to gain through reengineering, process improvement, etc. According to Huber, Scharioth, Pallas (2004) this is initially a good idea, but even if there are differences putting these into practice, the performance standard is often quite similar and the competitive advantage, which is won by these initiatives, is not as significant as desired. That is why they are putting the emphasis on stakeholder management with the purpose to not left the relationships with stakeholders on its own. Stakeholder management is actually an idea developed within the 80's by Freeman (1984) in order to strategically align the stakeholder's interest, using a rough framework, finally resulting in improved success (Stoney Winstanley, 2001). Success is nowadays often seen in form of financial benefits and at least in this point Berman, Wicks, Kotha, Jones (1999) see a positive impact on the part of stakeholder management. Nonetheless sustainable success is not just about finances and thus it is interesting to investigate what sustainable success is and how stakeholder management nurtures all its components. But why is each stakeholder so important? Giving some examples according to Huber, Scharioth, Pallas (2004), it points out that no matter if employees or suppliers they all have an essential impact on the business. Employees for instance have a high impact on the customer retention and company's profitability (improvement of 20% - 50%) and therefore put before customer by Nayar (2010). On the other hand suppliers need a lot of attention, due to 'Outsourcing', 'Lean' and scarcity of raw materials, to get required quality, quantity and delivery time. But also other external stakeholders are from high importance to avoid higher financial risks, as already pointed out in the 1990s by McGuire in Savage, Nix, Whitehead, Blair (1991), and thus must be managed well in order to not loose the support of a specific group and thus getting hindered on the journey to sustainable success (Reynolds, Schultz, Hekman, 2006). This is where 'managing", also understood as 'balancing" (Avery, 2005), the different interests comes into play, whereas it can become difficult, if the company is highly depending on one specific stakeholder. This could be an investor, who is holding a lot of shares, or a supplier, who is having a monopole, leading to generated bias and an exposure of sustainability (Savage, Nix, Whitehead, Blair, 1991). Furthermore a company or a company network respectively, is seen as an alliance of stakeholders (Freeman, Harrison, Wicks, 2007), and their sustainable success is ensured by sticking together and behaving like a moving target (De Wit Meyer, 2005), in order to withstand evolutions in the industry and the corresponding challenges. It also could be refereed to a company as organisation, an amalgamation of people or groups of people with the aim of accomplishing productive activities, which is seen as difficult on an individual basis (Chemers, 1997). However there are also arguments against stakeholder management as enabler for sustainable success (Stoney Winstanley, 2001), at which the only purpose of a company is seen by Friedman (1962) in Stoney Winstanley (2001) in making profit and thus stakeholder management is an attack on the individual wealth of shareholders (Sternberg, 1997). In addition stakeholder management has found one of its biggest critics in Stoney Winstanley (2001) who complain about the complexity of this approach and finally its misuse as just a new tool to control the participants. Nonetheless these concerns are generally based on traditional and old-fashioned views and the question arises if the time is ripe for change, meaning the move away from just sustainable shareholder success. Considering the criticism above it seems that one of the biggest drawbacks of stakeholder management is the actual realisation, meaning the consideration of everyone's interest. This is why De Wit Meyer (2005) see good leadership skills as crucial to balance the discrepancies mostly between shareholders and other stakeholders, and lead through an alliance with different partners, affected by mistrust, due to fear that others always want a bigger part of the cake. So one major pitfall of leaders regarding stakeholder management is that of avoiding bias. There are differences between the stakeholders, for instance regarding the flexibility. Employees are mostly depending on their workplace, whereas shareholders can always choose from a wide range or portfolio of possible investments and therefore the risk of favouring shareholders is quite high (De Wit Meyer, 2005), caused in their higher direct influence (Savage, Nix, Whitehead, Blair, 1991). Additionally it should be born in mind that CEO's and the board often hold a share of the own company or are even obligated to, according to several financial reports (e.g. Finsbury, Reckitt Benckiser). Thus the own opulence is affected by the profitability of the company. In this case a bias is self-evident. On the other hand advocates of stakeholder management see the necessity for shareholder value (Freeman, Harrison, Wicks, 2007), but state that it can be just sustainably realised if it is not seen as the main purpose, according to William George, chairman of Medtronic, in De Wit Meyer (2005). Instead of focusing on shareholder value, the actual focus should be concentrated on 'customer satisfaction" and 'integrity" as stated by Porras Collins (2005). In addition a motivated workforce can be seen as a crucial aspect of sustainable success, due to difficulties of competitors to copy it (De Wit Meyer, 2005). Buying in the workforce, but also other stakeholders, by creating a vision, maintaining it and finally make it live through the whole company is seen as one of the major and most difficult tasks of a leader (Ware, Michaels, Primer, 2004) and thus leaders often lacking clear direction during this task and therefore fail (Wheeler, Fabig, Boele, 2002). In order to make the organisation in a highly competitive market successful it is important to have a stable financial support, but also a highly trained and motivated workforce (Post, Preston, Sachs, 2002), often requiring a crucial change in the fundamental structure, like financial and/or ownership model (Avery, 2005). These changes are hindered by insufficient human resource models and techniques, the question how to get the employees aboard and finally the persuasion of the upper management, shareholders, etc. (Simmons, 2003). This can be eased the more the leader is convinced of the performance improvement using stakeholder management (Stoney Winstanley, 2001). The fact that people already having assets and power are not willed to share this (Gamble Kelly, 1996) and thus will defend it with all legal means or maybe also illegal, does not make it easier for the leader to put stakeholder management through. The globalisation and the expansion of companies throughout the world held another challenge for the leaders. Business policies must be kept flexible, as basis to deal with different countries, cultures and thus unusual competitive and social conditions and at the same time stick to the fundamental values and principles of the organisation (Post, Preston, Sachs, 2002). Talking about flexibility, it is important to see the flexibility of stakeholders in terms of changing from a supporting to a hampering position (Savage, Nix, Whitehead, Blair, 1991) and therefore the necessity to always reassess the importance and influence of stakeholders (Reynolds, Schultz, Hekman, 2006). In addition leaders need to focus on the right stakeholders in the right situations, different from the CEO of Eastern Airlines who was focusing during a strike just on the stakeholders with the loudest voice, and thus ran into serious trouble regarding the other parties of the strike (Savage, Nix, Whitehead, Blair, 1991). Additionally an issue arises that stakeholder may get the feeling that the decision-making regarding stakeholders is negatively influenced by divisibility of resources, saliency, incentives and sanctions (Ogden Watson, 1999) and let fade away the initial willingness to find a fair balance (Reynolds, Schultz, Hekman, 2006). This is why leaders must be prepared for the future challenges, which are a lot more complex, due to a wider range of expectations by the stakeholders, globalisation and more common pressing problems. So finally wrap the power of all stakeholders to a 'value network", considering the creation of social capital and a benefit for every participant (Maak, 2007) is the responsibility of the leader. Stakeholder Management provides a framework, a concept, which can be used by leaders, who are at the end the persons decide how stakeholder management is understood and what is the driving motivation behind its implementation (Stoney Winstanley, 2001). It was even thought about legislating SM and thus make it compulsory for companies, what is seen critical by Stoney Winstanley (2001), because in their opinion company's leaders should practice stakeholder management voluntary and chose their driver for motivation themselves. Today's environment and the resulting circumstances are continuously changing and require a leader who is always questioning the current status of a company and its direction in a constructive and meaningful way (Ware, Michaels, Primer, 2004). Therefore the leader is seen as a key catalyst in defining success of a company (Shinkle, Gooding, Smith, 2006) and also in order to make change happen to the benefit of sustainable success. Seeing sustainable success as a long-term goal leaders are confronted and hindered by external requirements, like the publication of financial reports (Avery, 2005) and thus it becomes a challenge for them to remain committed and thus have the required authentic 'tone at the top" (Freeman, Harrison, Wicks, 2007). They will decide about success or failure of changes while acting as a role model and therefore have the requirement of caring about ethics and social responsibility, rather than just on making quick money. Finally it is about the ensemble of stakeholders and leaders who need a practical guideline to make their contribution for the organisation's and common good, leading to the following research question and its supporting objectives. Research content: Research question: 'What elements and characteristics of leadership would help organisations to achieve missing sustainable success through effective stakeholder management?' Supporting objectives: - Investigate and define sustainable success, stakeholder management and leadership with the purpose to identify what is understood by it and what are their characteristics. - Investigate the correlations and dependencies between sustainable success and stakeholder management to approve their complementarity. - Identify how leadership can overcome possible barriers of balancing stakeholders and creating sustainable success. - Investigate existing guidance and frameworks for the creation of sustainable success, in order to underpin their validity or propose modifications. Scope: The scope of this work is chosen very broadly, due to the nature of the project and its research areas. It is about management in general and is not aiming to be specialised on a specific industry or region. Reason therefore is the involvement of several parties, eventually coming from different industries and indeed the globalisation that does not allow investigating management tools with a narrowed regional view. However the scope is laid on business organisations. Therefore the outcome is neither focused on politics, an area worth investigating in the context of stakeholder management, nor religion. Purpose and contribution: The purpose of this work is to show companies and their leaders a way to manage their stakeholders in form of a proposed framework, to achieve sustainable success. As already mentioned in the introduction, an atmosphere of departure has arisen, due to the last happenings within the economy as well as in the politics. The outcome of this work will be an initiation to change by showing leaders how their characteristics can help to establish a win-win situation between stakeholders. Furthermore it shows the need for today's leaders to care about all stakeholders and that this is not just a matter of instruments, concepts and tools to achieve a balanced stakeholder environment, it is more about the mind-set, behaviour and confidence of the leader itself. It requires a lot of energy and stamina to achieve sustainable success and leaders will face a lot of problems and confrontations. Presenting these issues and discuss them in depth will hopefully support them to defend their view of organisational success.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: LIST OF FIGURESVI LIST OF TABLESVII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSVIII 1INTRODUCTION1 1.1BACKGROUND OF THE TOPIC AN REASON FOR ITS CHOICE1 1.1.1INITIATION FOR THE PROJECT1 1.1.2REASON FOR THIS PROJECT2 1.2RESEARCH CONTENT8 1.2.1RESEARCH QUESTION8 1.2.2SUPPORTING OBJECTIVES8 1.2.3SCOPE8 1.2.4PURPOSE AND CONTRIBUTION9 1.2.5CHAPTER OVERVIEW10 2THE MANUAL - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY12 2.1FOREWORD12 2.2RESEARCH THEORY12 2.2.1RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY12 2.2.2RESEARCH APPROACH14 2.2.3RESEARCH STRATEGY14 2.2.4THE TIME HORIZON15 2.2.5THE ENQUIRY16 2.3RESEARCH IN PRACTICE17 2.3.1RESEARCH AREA17 2.3.2RESEARCH GUIDELINE18 2.3.3RESEARCH INFORMATION RESOURCES21 2.3.4RESEARCH KEYWORDS24 2.3.5USABILITY OF DATA27 2.3.6HANDLING OF FINDINGS30 2.4CONCLUDING REMARKS31 3THE AIM - SUSTAINABLE SUCCESS32 3.1SUBSTANCE32 3.1.1THE COMPONENT SUCCESS32 3.1.2THE COMPONENT SUSTAINABILITY34 3.1.3THE OUTCOME SUSTAINABLE SUCCESS40 3.2THE IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABLE SUCCESS42 3.2.1GENERAL42 3.2.2AFFECTING PEOPLE42 3.2.3AFFECTING FINANCES43 3.2.4AFFECTING REPUTATION44 3.2.5AFFECTING ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITY45 3.2.6AFFECTING RESPONSE TO REGULATIONS AND LEGISLATIONS46 3.4BARRIERS OF ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE SUCCESS48 3.5CONCLUDING REMARKS51 4THE TOOL - STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT52 4.1THE BASICS52 4.1.1DEFINITION52 4.1.2DISTINCTION OF STAKEHOLDERS54 4.1.3PRINCIPLES OF STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT58 4.1.4STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT THEORIES60 4.1.5PUTTING STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT INTO PRACTICE64 4.2LINK TO SUSTAINABLE SUCCESS65 4.3CONCLUDING REMARKS71 5THE ENABLER – LEADERSHIP72 5.1DEFINING LEADERSHIP72 5.2THE LINK OF LEADERSHIP TO STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT73 5.3REQUIRED LEADERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS76 5.3.1REALISTIC76 5.3.2INTELLECTUAL / NOUS77 5.3.3DISCLOSING78 5.3.4GENEROUS78 5.3.5GOOD FAITH79 5.3.6SOLID80 5.3.7VISIONARY82 5.3.8RIGHTEOUS83 5.5CONCLUDING REMARKS85 6THE PROPOSAL - TOTAL STAKEHOLDING86 6.1CRITERIA FOR USEABLE FRAMEWORKS86 6.2EXISTING MODELS87 6.2.1FREEMAN'S MODEL REDEFINED87 6.2.2THE EFQM-MODEL90 6.3THE DEVELOPED FRAMEWORK95 6.3.1GENERAL DESCRIPTION95 6.3.2USER'S MANUAL97 6.3.3STAKEHOLDER98 6.3.4LEADERSHIP101 6.3.5SUSTAINABLE SUCCESS101 6.3.6PLAN-DO-STUDY-ACT (PDSA)104 6.4DISCUSSION OF FRAMEWORKS AND VALIDITY OF THE PROPOSED108 6.5CONCLUDING REMARKS113 7DISCUSSION114 7.1SCOPE114 7.2SUSTAINABLE SUCCESS115 7.3STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT116 7.4LEADERSHIP118 7.5SPECIFIC LITERATURE119 7.6METHODOLOGY DATA COLLECTION120 8CONCLUSION122 9LIMITATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER WORK124 9.1RESILIENCE124 9.2QUADRUPLE BOTTOM LINE124 9.3GROWTH125 9.4CONTRACT THEORY125 9.5ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE126 9.6SCORING SYSTEM126 10REFERENCES127 11BIBLIOGRAPHY157 12APPENDICES157 12.1WAYS OF DATA COLLECTION157 12.1.1SURVEYS157 12.1.2CASE STUDIES158 12.1.3SECONDARY DATA158 12.2SEARCH STRING TABLE160 12.3DETAILED STAKEHOLDER LIST161 12.4STAKEHOLDER ALLOCATION TO SUSTAINABILITY ASPECTS169 12.5IDENTIFIED STAKEHOLDER BY FASSIN (2009)170 12.6RADAR ASSESSMENT FOR RESULTS171 12.7RADAR ASSESSMENT FOR ENABLER172Textprobe:Text Sample: Chapter 5.3.6, Solid: The personality of a leader decides whether the leader is anxious of loosing control and power, so that especially wrong strategic decisions are made due to prescient from involving others in the decision-making process (Delbecq, 2008) and not considering their opinion (Avery, 2005:216). Furthermore a strong leader's personality may benefit from a good sense of humour, suggested by (Kets de Vries, Doyle, Loper, 1994) as well as hope, that does not let him give up (Thomas Thomas, 2011). Hope is a crucial point in stakeholder management, with the aim to motivate and therefore overcome the difficulties of making it successful. But finally bravery is a personal characteristic that let the leader stand up fight for the right thing, an important step on the way to stakeholder management (Avery, 2005:79). Collins (2001:21) has done comprehensive research on great leaders and even though he just find a few of them he points out one important characteristic of great leaders: putting the greatness of the company above all. This also means to put it above the own interests, obviously a giant task and thus often doomed to failure. But this does not undermines the importance of this characteristic with regard to stakeholder management. To make this clockwork of stakeholders work the leader must put back the own interest for the benefit of the whole system. Even though it was stated in 4.2 that people are always selfish Mitchell, Agle, Wood (1997) bring forward enough opponents regarding this view, so that it finally depends on the values of the leader (Greer Downey, 1982). Solid in this case indicates that a leader is strong and self-confident in way that he can cope with the previous mentioned. All this results in a characteristic indicated as solid whereas the personality is strong enough to resist external influences. In addition it is pointed to the phrase 'solid as a rock". The leader must be the one standing out of the crowd at least for the followers and keep them grounded. In this position he act as a role model (Oakland, Tanner, Gadd, 2005) an attribute that plays a major role within stakeholder management and sustainable success. The tone at the top is crucial to buy in stakeholders, whereas they must believe in what they are doing to fulfil these expectations (Freeman, Harrison, Wicks, 2007). Being solid in this context also means, as a leader, to recognise that the values are not supported and thus a further collaboration is not efficient. Nonetheless being solid also refers to the time span a leader is staying in its position. In Germany the period in higher management change after 6.1 years whereas it was 8 years in 2003 (Handelsblatt, 2011). Against the trend it is more desirable that leaders stay longer because the biggest problem with changing executives is to find a new one, an undertaking that can become very expensive as well as bear risks (Kennedy, 2000). Research in the 90s showed that the experience of managers has a great impact on their belief and their values, so that the experience of a manager in a company will have a positive impact on his decisions (Höpner, 2003:205) in this context with view to sustainable success. Additionally there is always the risk that new leaders turning the whole company upside-down and even if this is often wanted it is not if the new leader does not support the idea of stakeholder management and sustainable success. So all the hard work could turn out to be useless. Deming, 1986:121) sees an obstacle of long-term success in job-hopping due to the fact that leaders do not develop a sense of commitment and that new leaders unsettle the stakeholders. But long-term commitment also must be understood in the commitment to the approach of stakeholder management. So patience is necessary due to the fact that sustainable success and the necessary organisational behaviour is not achieved overnight (Potter, 1994). This requires an aim in the future that can be established as the one of the main motivator 5.3.7, Visionary: To avoid confusion and to respond to critics on stakeholder management a clear direction is vital for the success as discussed in 3.4. So it is about the leader to establish this direction by introducing a vision (Kets de Vries, Doyle, Loper, 1994), that helps to unify the stakeholders behind it, whilst providing clarity about what the vision is not about (Dubrin, 2007). In order to stimulate high performance and motivate followers a leader must lead passionately (Collins, 2001:20) and pragmatic (Frydman, Wilson, Wyer, Senge, 2000) towards a vision giving him/her the opportunity to have a major influence on the stakeholders. This refers back to the characteristic 'solid" (5.3.6) where a leader act as a role model towards the vision, so that stakeholder can follow (Cyert, 2005). It must be assured that the vision meets the requirements of stakeholder management, in particular balance and ethically correct, referred to as righteous. 5.3.8, Righteous: Righteous refers mainly to ethical and moral, including several 'components'. Morality is a key aspect of stakeholder management, resulting in trust and cooperation of the stakeholders. Indeed leaders should be compensated as every other stakeholder but it must be appropriate and not too high, like the stated 326:1 ratio between average CEOs and workers pay (Tang, Kim, Tang, 2000) in order to sustain trust and goodwill of stakeholders. Against the traditional way of high pay equals high performance (Jones, 1995) the survey of (Kennedy, 2000) reveals that challenging work and open communication are far more important than the pay, supported by Freeman (1984) the father of strategic stakeholder management seeing open communication as one enabler of stakeholder management. So this mind-set actually supports to lead stakeholder management, but nonetheless the salary of managers has increased dramatically. This is mainly caused in more freedom and missing internal monitoring of salary (Höpner, 2003:207), leading to a necessary moral respect of this freedom and do not exploit it. But it is not just about the monetary frugality it is also about recognition and awards, where heroism is not appropriate, acting in silence is what turned out to characterise great leaders (Collins J. , 2001:28). This includes the dispense of awards if things go good and blaming oneself if they go bad, this helps to not become arrogant (Kets de Vries, Doyle, Loper, 1994). This is also true for stakeholder management where the collaboration of the whole clockwork should be recognised and the leader act just as the element holding everything together and is not the centre of everything. Ethics is a fundamental characteristics for stakeholder management leaders, whereas Freeman, Harrison, Wicks (2007) see ethical leadership as the one most suitable, backed by McManus (2006:137) advocating ethical behaviour in order to decide to do the right thing, or ethical judgement respectively (Clarkson, 1995). This is why it is also about humanity (Kets de Vries, Doyle, Loper, 1994) and not seeing the environmental and societal responsibility as nonessential (Avery, 2005:216). Leaders also should be aware that they have fiduciary to all stakeholders and thus this fact should become the basis of the ethical mind-set (Kaufman, 2002). This fiduciary towards all stakeholders lead then towards the need of leaders to use this tool in an appropriate manner and to not justify bad decision with this model (Collins, Kearins, Roper, 2005). In addition this brings with it the desired balance of wealth distribution required by Sachs Maurer(2009).

IntroductionOver the last decade, we have witnessed a number of changes to our welfare state. With the 1996 bi‐partisan‐supported welfare reform legislation (Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act; PRWORA), the federal government devolved much of the responsibility for public assistance to the states, instituted time‐limited assistance, and aimed to curb non‐marital childbirths, encourage marriage, and push welfare recipients to become economically self‐sufficient. After PRWORA, a slew of scholars from multiple academic disciplines sought to understand the implementation and implications of the changes to the welfare system for poor families as well as those agencies, staff, and programs that serve them. In this article, Kissane and Krebs synthesize some major findings from this research on welfare reform and its effects. Courses using such a review might situate the exploration of welfare reform within a larger investigation of America's welfare state, poverty, and/or social policy.Author recommendsBrown, Michael K. 1999. Race, Money and the American Welfare State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Through a detailed examination of social policy from the New Deal through the Reagan administration, Brown explores,'how both race and social class bear on the political development of the American welfare state' (p. xiv). As the title of the books suggests, Brown pays particular attention to taxes, fiscal capacity and spending in his account.DeParle, Jason. 2004. American Dream: Three Women, Ten Kids and a Nation's Drive to End Welfare. New York: Penguin Press.DeParle, a New York Times journalist, moves effortlessly between exploring developments in American welfare policy and chronicling the lives of three poor women. He vividly depicts the complexity of the women's lives in the wake of the changes to the welfare system, while also providing fascinating details on the origins and implementation of welfare reform.Edin, Kathryn and Laura Lein. 1997. Making Ends Meet: How Single Mothers Survive Welfare and Low‐Wage Work. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.This book presents findings from Edin and Lein's comprehensive, multi‐city qualitative study on the monthly budgets of low‐wage workers and welfare‐reliant women, as well as their strategies for making ends meet. They find that both groups rely on their networks for in‐kind and cash assistance, aid from non‐profit organizations, and earnings from informal work to survive. Edin and Lein also investigate the relative costs and benefits (both tangible and intangible) of work versus welfare.Esping‐Andersen, Gøsta. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.An essential book if one is interested in the development of welfare states across advanced Western societies. Esping‐Andersen delineates three typologies of welfare state regimes (conservative, liberal, and social) and explores the factors that establish the differences in welfare states.Gilens, Martin. 1999. Why Americans Hate Welfare: Race, Media, and the Politics of Antipoverty Policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.In this well‐researched book, Gilens explores public opinion on anti‐poverty policies and the media's role in shaping how the public thinks about welfare. His chapters on the media's representations of poverty and welfare are particularly enlightening.Gordon, Linda. 1994. Pitied But Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.In this book, Gordon, a social historian, argues that reformers working in the women's movement during the Progressive Era had a significant effect on the development of the welfare state; however, they also helped to cement racial and gender stratification within it and ultimately limit its full development.Hays, Sharon. 2003. Flat Broke with Children: Women in the Age of Welfare Reform. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.In Flat Broke with Children, Hays, a sociologist, does a wonderful job exploring the cultural values behind welfare reform, detailing the contradictory nature of its requirements and procedures, and situating welfare recipients and their behavior within the larger American cultural context. Through her analysis of data collected from years of fieldwork in welfare offices in two states, Hays also investigates how poor women and welfare staff experience and think about welfare reform.Iceland, John. 2006. Poverty in America: A Handbook. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.This book is an excellent overview of poverty in America. Iceland clearly details views on poverty, how we measure poverty, the characteristics of the poverty population, and the causes of poverty.Katz, Michael B. 2001. The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books.In this expansive work, Katz, a social historian, details recent developments across various areas of the American welfare state (although he focuses on anti‐poverty policies), while situating these developments within a larger historical context. In particular, he shows how public social policy in recent decades has shifted around three 'great objectives': (i) to end dependence; (ii) to devolve authority; and (iii) to apply market models to social policy.Piven, Frances F. and Richard A. Cloward. 1993. Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (updated edition). New York, NY: Vintage Books.In this classic, Piven and Cloward advance their theory that 'expansive relief policies are designed to mute civil disorder, and restrictive ones to reinforce work norms' (p. xv). Their book explores a large span of history – from early poor relief in France and England to developments under the Bush administration.Online materials Catholic Campaign for Human Development (CCHD) http://www.nccbuscc.org/cchd/povertyusa/ This website includes some facts about poverty, as well as ideas for educators on ways to generate discussion on poverty. The 'getting involved' section of the website is particularly useful, providing, among other things, a poverty quiz, interactive maps, information on CCHD funded programs, a 'poverty tour' that addresses issues with the federal poverty line, and ways to get involved. Global Rich List http://www.globalrichlist.com/ This website allows you to situate your annual income in the context of the world's population. It is a great little teaching tool to introduce concepts of relative poverty, income inequality, and global poverty to students. Green Book from House Ways and Means Committee
http://www.gpoaccess.gov/wmprints/green/index.html The Green Book is an excellent resource for descriptions and historical data on many U.S. social welfare programs, such as the Social Security, Supplemental Security Income (SSI), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Foster Care, Medicaid, and Food Stamp programs. MDRC http://www.mdrc.org/ Known best, perhaps, for its evaluations of welfare policies and programs that incorporate random assignment, MDRC provides detailed information on programs and policies that affect the poor. Among other things, the website includes publications, working papers, policy briefs, and videos detailing research findings. The National Center for Children in Poverty (NCCP) http://www.nccp.org/ The NCCP at Columbia University provides statistical information and fact sheets on poverty and policy issues, often with a focus on the links between family economic security and child development. Individuals might find particularly useful the 'State Profiles' section of the website, which allows one to view demographic information (often in clear charts and graphs), issue areas, and policies for the state of one's choosing. U.S. Census Bureau http://www.census.gov/ The census website provides an extensive array of data on the U.S. population and economy. Besides navigating from the above link, data and reports on poverty can also be found directly at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/poverty.html. The World Bank http://www.worldbank.org/ The World Bank's website provides resources valuable to exploring worldwide poverty and situating the U.S. globally. In particular, the PovertyNet area (http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,menuPK:336998~pagePK:149018~piPK:149093~theSitePK:336992,00.html) of the website presents detailed information and data on poverty and related issues that researchers, educators, and practitioners may find useful.Additional online resourcesScores of additional organizations and centers (too many to list) conduct and disseminate research on issues related to the economy, welfare, public policy, and poverty. What follows is a list of some other key organizations and centers, alongside links to their websites:

Brookings Institute (http://www.brookings.edu)
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (http://www.cbpp.org/)
Center for Law and Social Policy (http://www.clasp.org/)
Center for Research on Child Wellbeing (CRCW) (http://crcw.princeton.edu/)
Child Trends (http://www.childtrends.org/)
Heritage Foundation (http://www.heritage.org/)
Institute for Research on Poverty (http://www.irp.wisc.edu/)
Joint Center for Poverty Research (http://www.jcpr.org/)
National Poverty Center (http://www.npc.umich.edu/)
Urban Institute (http://www.urban.org/)

Sample syllabusPoverty, Welfare, and the Safety Net (excerpt from syllabus)Description of courseThe terms 'safety net' and 'welfare state' commonly refer to a range of public and non‐governmental programs and policies that seek to protect individuals and their families from distress and hardship and/or improve the quality of their lives. In this course, we will primarily explore facets of the American welfare state that seek to assuage poverty and its effects. Although we will largely approach this topic from a sociological perspective, this area of inquiry is quite interdisciplinary. Consequently, we will be reading works from other academic disciplines throughout the course.This is an advanced course, designed for students who already have substantial familiarity with the causes and consequences of poverty. In the first third of the course, we will investigate the early development of our nation's welfare state, from poorhouses and outdoor relief to mothers' pensions and the New Deal. We then move to exploring Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and anti‐poverty policies of the 1960s and 1970s. Next, we examine changes in federal welfare policy over the last couple of decades, focusing on the welfare reforms of the 1990s, the consequences of these reforms, and the experiences of poor women since these changes. We end the course by looking in more depth at the private safety net (particularly, secular and faith‐based organizations that serve the poor), public opinion, and future directions for welfare policy.Course outline and reading assignments Week 1. Introduction to poverty and the course Iceland, John. 2006. Chapters 3–5 (pp. 20–97). Poverty in America: A Handbook. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Rank, Mark. 2003. 'As American as Apple Pie: Poverty and Welfare.'Contexts 2(3): 41–46.Optional: Katz, Michael B. 2001. 'Poverty and Inequality in the New American City' (pp. 33–56). The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books. Week 2. What is welfare? Why have welfare states? Katz, Michael B. 2001. 'The Invention of Welfare' (pp. 1–8) and 'The American Welfare State' (only pp. 9–17). The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books.Howard, Christopher. 1993. 'The Hidden Side of the American Welfare State.'Political Science Quarterly. 108(3): 403–436 (note: pages 420–433 are optional).T. H. Marshall. 1977. Selection from 'Citizenship and Social Class' in Class, Citizenship, and Social Development: Essays by T.H. Marshall. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.UN Declaration of Human Rights (http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html) Week 3. Early developments Piven, Frances F. and Richard A. Cloward. 1993. 'Relief, Labor, and Civil Disorder: An Overview' (pp. 3–42). Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (updated edition). New York, NY: Vintage Books.Katz, Michael B. 1996. 'The Origins and Failure of the Poorhouse' and 'Outdoor Relief' (pp. 3–59). In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America: Tenth Anniversary Edition. New York, NY: BasicBooks. Week 4. Mothers pensions, the New Deal, and ADC Piven, Frances F. and Richard A. Cloward. 1993. Chapter 2–3 (pp. 45–119). Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (updated edition). New York, NY: Vintage Books.Linda Gordon. 1994. Selection from Pitied But Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Brown, Michael K. 1999. Chapter 2 (pp. 63–96). Race, Money and the American Welfare State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Quadagno, Jill S. 1994. 'Unfinished Democracy' (only pp. 17–25). The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty. New York, NY and Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Optional: DeParle, Jason. 2004. Chapter 2 (pp. 20–37). American Dream: Three Women, Ten Kids and a Nation's Drive to End Welfare. New York, NY: Penguin Press. Week 5. AFDC, welfare rights, and anti‐poverty policies in the 1960s and 1970s Piven, Frances F. and Richard A. Cloward. 1993. Chapters 4 and 6 (pp. 123–146; pp. 183–199). Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (updated edition). New York, NY: Vintage Books.Quadagno, Jill S. 1994. Selection from The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty. New York, NY and Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Tilmon, Johnnie. 1972. 'Welfare is a Women's Issue.'Ms. Spring: 2 pages. http://www.msmagazine.com/spring2002/tillmon.aspDeParle, Jason. 2004. Chapters 3 and 5 (pp. 38–57; 85–100). American Dream: Three Women, Ten Kids and a Nation's Drive to End Welfare. New York, NY: Penguin Press. Weeks 6 and 7. Devolution, the 1980s and 90s, and 'ending welfare as we know it' Katz, Michael B. 2001. 'The Family Support Act' (pp. 71–76); 'Governors as Welfare Reformers' (pp. 77–103); and 'Fighting Poverty 1990s Style' (pp. 293–316). The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books.Hays, Sharon. 2003. Chapter 1 (pp. 3–31). Flat Broke with Children. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.DeParle, Jason. 2004. Chapters 4; 6–9 (pp. 58–81; 101–174). American Dream: Three Women, Ten Kids and a Nation's Drive to End Welfare. New York, NY: Penguin Press.Optional: Katz, Michael B. 2001. 'Urban Social Welfare in an Age of Austerity' (pp. 104–136). The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books. Week 8. Assessing welfare reform Kissane, Rebecca Joyce and Richard Krebs. 2007. 'Assessing Welfare Reform, Over a Decade Later.'Sociology Compass 1(2): 789–813. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00029.x.Katz, Michael B. 2001. pp. 328–340 of 'The End of Welfare'The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books. Weeks 9–11. A closer look at life after welfare reform Hays, Sharon. 2003. Chapters 2–8 (pp. 33–240) Flat Broke with Children: Women in the Age of Welfare Reform. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.DeParle, Jason. 2004. Chapters 10–18 (pp. 175–322). American Dream: Three Women, Ten Kids and a Nation's Drive to End Welfare. New York, NY: Penguin Press. Week 12.  The Private Safety Net: Nonprofit, Community‐Based Service Provision Katz, Michael B. 2001. 'The Independent Sector, the Market and the State' (only pp. 137–155 and 162–170). The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books.Kissane, Rebecca Joyce. 2003. 'What's Need Got to Do with It? Why Poor Women Do Not Use Nonprofit Social Services.'Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare. 30(2): 127–148.Kissane, Rebecca Joyce. 2006. 'Responsible but Uninformed? Nonprofit Executive and Program Directors' Knowledge of Welfare Reform.'Social Service Review. 80(2): 322–345.Reread 'Nonprofit organizations and welfare reform' (pp. 802–804) in Kissane, Rebecca Joyce and Richard Krebs. 2007. 'Assessing Welfare Reform, Over a Decade Later.'Sociology Compass 1(2): 789–813. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00029.x.Edin, Kathryn and Laura Lein. 1998. 'The Private Safety Net: The Role of Charitable Organizations in the Lives of the Poor.'Housing Policy Debate. 9(4): 541–573. Week 13. The Private Safety Net, continued: Faith‐based organizations (FBOs) Katz, Michael B. 2001. 'Faith, Charity, and Inner Cities' (pp. 155–162). The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books.Twombly, Eric. 2002. 'Religious Versus Secular Human Service Organizations: Implications for Public Policy.'Social Science Quarterly. 83(4): 847–961.Kissane, Rebecca Joyce. 2007. 'How Do Faith‐Based Organizations Compare to Secular Providers? Nonprofit Directors' and Poor Women's Assessments of FBOs.'Journal of Poverty. 11(4): 91–115.Sherman, A. L. 2003. 'Faith in Communities: A Solid Investment.'Society. 40(2): 19–26.DiIulio Jr., John J. 2007. Selection from Godly Republic: A Centrist Blueprint for America's Faith‐Based Future. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Scott W. Allard. 2007. 'Access and Stability: Comparing Faith‐based and Secular Nonprofit Service Providers.' A paper presented at the National Poverty Center at the University of Michigan 2007 conference, 'The Impact of Religion and Faith‐Based Organizations on the Lives of Low Income Families.'Optional: Smith, Steven Rathgeb and Michael R. Sosin. 2001. 'Varieties of Faith‐Related Agencies.'Public Administration Review. 61(6): 651–670. Week 14. Public Opinion, the Media, and Policy Gilens, Martin. 1999. Chapters 2–3 (pp. 31–79); Chapter 5 (only pp. 111–132); Chapter 6 (pp. 133–153) and Chapter 8 (only pp. 184–203). Why Americans Hate Welfare. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Reingold, David A. and Helen Liu. Forthcoming. 'Do Poverty Attitudes of Social Service Agency Directors Influence Organizational Behavior?'Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly.Optional: Misra, Joya, Stephanie Moller, and Marina Karides. 2003. 'Envisioning Dependency: Changing Media Depictions of Welfare in the 20th Century.'Social Problems. 50(4): 482–504. Week 15. Future directions and course wrap‐up Katz, Michael B. 2001. 'Work, Democracy, and Citizenship' (pp. 341–359). The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books.DeParle, Jason. 2004. Epilogue (pp. 323–338). American Dream: Three Women, Ten Kids and a Nation's Drive to End Welfare. New York, NY: Penguin Press.Gilens, Martin. 1999. 'The Politics of the American Welfare State' (pp. 204–216). Why Americans Hate Welfare. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Rector, Robert. 2005. 'Welfare Reform and the Healthy Marriage Initiative.' Statement before the Sub‐committee on Human Resources of the Committee on Ways and Means U.S. House of Representatives. Available at http://www.heritage.org/Research/Welfare/tst021005a.cfmCoontz, Stephanie and Nancy Folbre. 2002. 'Marriage, Poverty, and Public Policy: A Discussion Paper from the Council on Contemporary Families.' The American Prospect. March 19, 2002. Available at http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=marriage_poverty_and_public_policyFilms and videosA Day's Work, A Day's Pay (57 min)This documentary, based in New York City, follows three welfare recipients participating in the city's welfare‐to‐work program. The film not only documents the problems with the city jobs that the welfare recipients have to perform, but it also explores how the welfare recipients become social activists.Eating Welfare (57 min)Told through the youth of the community, this documentary investigates welfare reform's effect on Southeast Asian refugee families living in the Bronx. The film highlights problems particular to this population, as well as general issues facing the welfare recipients under workfare.Ending Welfare As We Know It (90 min)Take it From Me: Life After Welfare (75 min)These two documentaries follow welfare families as they deal with the consequences of welfare reform and the complexities of their lives.Poverty Outlaw (1 h)This documentary follows the development of the Kensington Welfare Rights Union (KWRU), 'a multiracial organization of, by and for poor and homeless people' located in Philadelphia (http://www.kwru.org/), as well as the hardships experienced by its members and other individuals living in poverty in America. A subsequent film, Outriders (1999; 1 h), follows KWRU on its New Freedom Bus Tour, in which the organization sought to document economic human rights violations across America.Tempting Faith: Is Charitable Choice Working? (57 min)This documentary explores the Charitable Choice provision of the 1996 welfare reform legislation through an examination of faith‐based programs in Indiana, North Carolina, and Massachusetts. The film includes views on both the pros and cons of faith‐based initiatives.Waging a Living (85 min)This documentary focuses on the lives of four low‐wage workers as they struggle to make ends meet.Welfare Reform: Social Impact (29 min)This program, released shortly after the passage of welfare reform, explores the history of welfare and issues surrounding welfare reform. It includes interviews with Wisconsin Governor Tommy Thompson, Wendell Primus, and Rebecca Blank.Seminar/Project ideas1. This activity uncovers students' misunderstandings regarding poverty and welfare.Early in the semester (usually the first day of class), students take a 'poverty and welfare quiz' in which they answer factual and attitudinal questions on poverty and welfare. Instructors can then use the survey answers as springboards for weekly discussions on topics covered in the course. As the semester progresses, the students usually discover that they held many misconceptions regarding poverty and welfare.2. This activity explores the hidden assumptions and meanings behind the words 'dependent' and 'independent.' Other words or phrases could also be explored in this manner, such as 'deserving' and 'undeserving' poor.Ask the students to list (in separate columns) images, individuals, and/or circumstances that come to mind when they hear the words 'dependent' and 'independent'. Then, as a class or in small groups, discuss and assess the students' lists. How are these lists culturally specific? Do visions of race, ethnicity, class, gender, age and household structure come into play? How? Why do you think certain images come to mind when you hear these words? How do our understandings of 'dependence' and 'independence' relate to our understandings of welfare and poverty? To anti‐poverty policies?3. Among other topics, this activity can be used to launch discussions of deserving versus undeserving poor, universal versus means‐tested transfers, barriers to self‐sufficiency and employment, and notions of 'governmental assistance.'Break the students into small groups and give each group a sheet of paper with about six profiles that cover a variety of individuals and family types. For example, one profile might depict a 30‐year‐old housewife with two children whose husband works. Another might be an unemployed, divorced woman with six children who is clinically depressed, etc. Create profiles in such a way that students will likely consider in their working groups the employment, marital status, age, gender, child‐bearing, physical and mental health, and race and ethnicity of their profiled individuals. Have each group discuss to whom they would give governmental assistance, in what order they would distribute the aid, and what they would give each profiled family. Reconvene the class and compare the groups' decisions. What did the groups' consider 'governmental assistance'? How did they decide how they would distribute the aid? Who was 'worthy' of help? Did they feel as if they needed additional information to make their decisions? What information did they want to have that the profiles did not provide? Why would that information be important to their deliberations?4. This written assignment allows students to investigate a program or policy not covered comprehensively in the course.Each student will choose a program or policy aimed to assuage poverty and/or its effects that we do not cover extensively in this course [e.g., Head Start, Unemployment Insurance, Supplemental Security Income (SSI), public housing programs, etc]. All topics must be approved prior to beginning work on the project. After choosing a topic, students will write a final paper that includes the following components:

An introduction. What is the program? How is it meant to assuage poverty or its consequences? Why should we care about your topic?
A brief review of the history of the policy or program. When was the program started? Why? By whom? What key changes have occurred to the program over the years?
A review of the social science research literature on the program. What data and research are available on your program? What does the empirical research tell us about the program's effectiveness, clientele, take‐up rates, strengths, weaknesses, etc?
Specific policy recommendation(s). How can your program be improved? (Note: your recommendation(s) should be based on the empirical evidence not value‐laden opinions)

Instructors may want to add a final presentation to the above assignment. Having students present as part of a panel may be particularly effective if students' topics cluster around several areas, for example 'educational policy', 'family policy', 'housing policy', etc.

The Great Depression in Weber County, Utah, is an Oral History Project by Mack S. Taft for completion of his Master's Thesis at Utah State University during the summer of 1969. The interviews address the Great Depression through the eyes of individuals in several different occupations including: Bankers, Laborers, Railroad Workers, Attorneys, Farmers, Educators, Businessmen, Community and Church Leaders, Housewives, Children and Physicians. All of these individuals lived in Weber County from 1929 to 1941. The interviews were based on what they remembered about the depression, how they felt about those events and how it affected their life then and now. ; This is an oral history interview with W. Earl Garr. Mr. Garr discusses the closing of the Ogden State Bank, bank runs in Weber County, and the federal bank holiday declared by President Roosevelt. ; 18p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 sound disc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program W. Earl Garr Interviewed by Mack S. Taft circa 1960s Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah W. Earl Garr Interviewed by Mack S. Taft circa 1960s Copyright © 2016 by Weber State University, Stewart Library iii Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. The working files, original recording, and archival copies are housed in the University Archives. Project Description The Great Depression in Weber County, Utah, is an Oral History Project by Mack S. Taft for completion of his Master's Thesis at Utah State University during the summer of 1969. The forty-five interviews address the Great Depression through the eyes of individuals in several different occupations including: Bankers, Laborers, Railroad Workers, Attorneys, Farmers, Educators, Businessmen, Community and Church Leaders, Housewives, Children and Physicians. All of these individuals lived in Weber County from 1929 to 1941. The interviews were based on what they remembered about the depression, how they felt about those events and how it affected their life then and now. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management This work is the property of the Weber State University, Stewart Library Oral History Program. It may be used freely by individuals for research, teaching and personal use as long as this statement of availability is included in the text. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Garr, W. Earl, an oral history by Mack S. Taft, circa 1960s, WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, University Archives, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. 1 Abstract: This is an oral history interview with W. Earl Garr. Mr. Garr discusses the closing of the Ogden State Bank, bank runs in Weber County, and the federal bank holiday declared by President Roosevelt. The interviewer is Mack Taft. MT: Mr. Garr, will you give me your full name for my recording, please? EG: My full name is W. Earl Garr. MT: Where did you live during the time 1929 to 1939? EG: Well, for a short period my wife and I lived at 2826 Adams Avenue, Ogden, Utah. Shortly thereafter we built this home, at 1118 Liberty Avenue. We've been in this location since that time. MT: Where were you employed during those years? EG: I was employed at the Commercial Security Bank during those years, and I was with the bank forty-five and a half years, up 'till the time of my retirement. MT: When did you retire? EG: January 1st, 1970. MT: What do you remember about the year '29 and the crash and things along that line? Is there anything that particularly sticks in your mind from that period? EG: Well, of course 1929, as you mentioned, was when the stock market really took a slide. That was the beginning of the Great Depression, as I recall. 2 MT: What is your recollection of the Ogden State Bank? What do you remember about its' closing and so forth? EG: Well, the Ogden State Bank at that time was one of the larger banks, probably the largest bank in the area. They'd probably overextended on their loaning, and some of their loans just weren't properly covered, and they closed their doors – I believe that was in '31 or '32. MT: 1931 as I recall. EG: Which was probably one of the – what can I say – the closing of the bank affected the economy of Weber County more than anything, I believe, in this area. MT: Looking back on that now, do you think there are things that might have been done to prevent the closing of the bank? I realize that's a rather tough question, and only an opinion type thing. EG: Well, of course the way things are now, the government would step in on any emergency like that and try to avoid the collapse of an institution like that. Of course, provisions have been made since that time to guarantee the deposits and guarantee to the people that the banks will remain open. MT: Now, in your personal life during that period of time, were you fully employed all during those years? EG: Yes. I was very fortunate. I haven't missed one day's work throughout my working period, from '29 till the time I retired. 3 MT: That is an excellent… EG: However, during this time I've seen many people laid off. We had some layoffs at the bank during that time. I've seen many people laid off during the depression. MT: Do you recall somewhat of – did it seem that you earned sufficient money during that period of time to take care of your needs and so forth, or did the Depression affect you also? EG: No, I can say that we lived very comfortably through the Depression, for the simple reason that prices were down. During the Depression, prices decreased, and although there did come a time when Roosevelt put a freeze on prices and wages – but up to that time, prices went down, prices of food and so on. MT: In general then, could we generalize that a person who was employed and had regular work got along fairly well during the Depression? EG: Oh, yes. Definitely, I would say so. MT: Due to the low cost of goods and so forth? EG: Yes. Mrs. Garr: Good morning. MT: Good morning, Mrs. Garr, how are you? Mrs. Garr: Just fine. MT: Why don't you sit with us, here? 4 Mrs. Garr: I was just coming in to get a book, I have a lesson to give tonight. EG: You're on the tape, I guess you know that. MT: That's fine, nothing wrong with her being on the tape. Mrs. Garr: Well, he can remember everything, I'm sure. I'll be in the kitchen if you need me. MT: Okay. What about the banking business at that time? What were your major problems, as you recall, in the bank, which might give a clue as to the economy of the time and so forth? EG: That's a hard one. MT: It is. EG: Well, of course, at that time there were no guaranteed loans. At the present time, the government guarantees your real estate loans; the FHA, the veteran's VA loans, and half a dozen other loans. They're guaranteed by the government. At that time, the banks were on their own. They made loans that they thought were good loans, secured properly, and there was no government backing as far as loans were concerned. MT: What you're saying implies to me, then, that maybe the other banks in the area at least had their anxiety during the time of the close of the other bank. Is that correct, or how would you evaluate that? 5 EG: Well, there were at that time, just as there is now, conservative bankers and bankers who were not so conservative. Now, if you're referring to the Ogden State Bank, perhaps they were a little more liberal in some of their loans, and they didn't have proper backing for some of their loans. MT: Now, some of the other bankers that I have talked to indicated to me that actually, if a real sizable run came on the bank, that there was probably no bank in the area that could have withstood this. Does that seem like a reasonable statement? EG: Well, of course most of the banks belonged to the Federal Reserve System, and they could put up their notes and their loans as collateral with the District Federal Reserve for actual cash if they needed it. Of course, that wouldn't, as you say, be enough to withstand a run on a bank. MT: As you remember back now, do you remember having any personal anxiety as to whether Commercial Security Bank might be pressured to where they might start a run, or something along this line? I know that's asking a lot of you, to remember back that far, but do you remember anything along this line? EG: Well, the banks of Weber County did have runs. We had runs on our banks. However, this was at the time of the closing of the Ogden State Bank, which was '31. It was at that time or shortly thereafter that Roosevelt declared the Bank Holiday. Now, when was that? '32? MT: That would be '33, when he first entered office. 6 EG: But at the time the Ogden State Bank closed, we did have runs on the local banks. MT: Now, do you remember anything that your bank did to prevent runs or to restore confidence in the people at that time? EG: Are you referring to the bank holiday? MT: No, during the period of time when the Ogden State Bank went out. EG: There were runs, but I can't recall – I was thinking that was the time of the bank holiday. MT: No, the runs came earlier than that. They came right along the same time that the Ogden State Bank closed, in '31. Now, do you remember staying open late, or anything along this line, during that period of time, to accommodate people who wanted to come in? EG: Well, I think we impressed upon the people that they could receive their money if they wanted it, and now you mention it, I believe we did state that we would have our doors open as long as people wanted to come and get their money, which did restore confidence with the public. MT: Yes. That's a point that one of the other bankers had mentioned, and I wanted to see if that did correspond with your remembrance on the thing also. What was the general feeling of people of that time? As you recall it, did they lack confidence, or what was their general feeling as you recall, in conversation and so forth with different people? 7 EG: Well, I think it was more or less a panic situation. The people had lost confidence – speaking of politics – with President Hoover. Of course, this was brought out in the 1932 election, when there was a landslide, and Roosevelt was elected President. I think that was the thing, that people had lost confidence in the nation as a whole, I guess, and the President – President Hoover. MT: Are there any characteristics that you feel are in your general makeup today which might have come through as a result of the Depression? What I'm fishing for here, do you feel you're more conservative or less conservative than you may have been, or – just elaborate on that, if you would. EG: That's exactly the thing that came to my mind when you asked that question. A lot of the people who came out of that area, I think are pretty conservative. MT: What advice, now, do you give your children along this line, Mr. Garr? In conversation, say, with Orrin or some of your other children, I'm sure you must give them advice. What is your advice to them? EG: Well, I've given my children advice along the conservative line. I've found out that over the years, I'm too conservative. I have an older son who's in the motel business, and he's just exactly the opposite. He's done so well financially, down on the coast, that had he been conservative, as I am, he just wouldn't have gotten along in this old world. MT: That's an interesting twist to the thing. Very interesting. There are, of course, areas where conservatism is necessary, even for a liberal – where would you draw the line on those? What, in other words, air your views a little bit on – oh, 8 the present move to different credit card systems and so forth along this line. Say, MasterCharge, bank merit cards, and this type of thing. What's your views there? EG: Well, of course I think this credit situation, speaking of credit cards, is probably a little bit out of hand. It's so easy to establish credit, and also easy to overdo the thing. Of course, we have so many bankruptcies, which is probably partially caused by some of this easy credit. MT: Is there anything else that you remember about your neighbors, or people who were closely associated with you, as to how they lived, how they got along, maybe some of the trials and so forth that they had during that time? EG: Well, like I've stated before, there were many layoffs during that time, and at that time, we had no employment compensation. So it was up to the head of the family if he was laid off from his job to walk the streets and try to find employment, and if he couldn't find employment, I've known men to buy these little knives and trinkets and so on and go from door to door to make a dollar. Of course, we hear about people in the East selling apples and so on – I don't think things like that happened in this area, but it was just a matter of making a job for yourself if you couldn't find employment. We also hear about the soup lines in the larger cities. I suppose we had that here to an extent, but there again, the Depression probably wasn't felt in this particular area like it was in the East Coast. 9 MT: Do you remember where you secured your food at that time? Say, your fruit and vegetables and things along that line. Did you go to the stores to purchase those, or did you go direct to a farmer, or how did you secure those for your own family? EG: Well, over the years, we've had a back yard garden, which helped us out some as far as vegetables and fruit, but as I recall at that time, many of the farmers couldn't sell their fruit or their vegetables, and they would advertise that if people needed potatoes or fruit or vegetables, if they'd go out into their garden or farms, they could secure them without cost. MT: I interviewed Earl Paul, who was a bishop at that time, and he mentioned this – he mentioned that he called a meeting of the unemployed in his ward, and filled the building. They organized on that basis, where they would pick up potatoes and so forth on a share basis, where they'd take a certain percent of whatever they picked up, or the same with other fruits and vegetables. EG: So that worked out pretty good then. I don't think that would work now. People don't want to work, that kind of work. MT: All right. That's an interesting comment. Is there anything else? Oh, one other thing. When were you married? EG: '29. MT: 1929. Boy, you got in just on the start of the thing here. 'Course you were fortunate enough to be employed through there, so you didn't feel the pinch of it, did you. 10 EG: Now, let me talk a little bit about that. My wife was working for a stock broker's office. J Hoagland Company in Ogden, at the time. She was eighteen and I was twenty-one, and I was at the bank. We were married July the 3rd of 1929. Now, when was the crash? You'll have to tell me. MT: It was in October. EG: October. So from October, for the next few years, we had some nervous times, wondering whether she would lose her job, or whether I would lose my job. Now, at that time, also, during the dead of the Depression, there was a lot of talk about laying off the ladies who were working in industry, which people thought would relieve the thing, if they could get the ladies off the rolls of the employed. MT: In talking with some of the schoolteachers, I find that almost all lady teachers, if not all, who were married were laid off during that time. Now, this was an interesting thing too. EG: Yes, I think that was the thing they tried to accomplish in the schools. That probably carried over into some industry, to an extent. MT: Now, is there anything else that you think of that might be of interest? Is there any interesting happening that took place that you can think of that might indicate the spirit of the times and so forth, such as what you did for entertainment or anything along that line that you'd like to share with me? EG: Well now, you probably already talked to somebody about the bank holiday, haven't you? 11 MT: Yes. But if you have some comments on it, let's go with those. EG: They've explained to you about the script that was rented? MT: Just briefly. Go ahead on the script here, I have four minutes. EG: Well, President Roosevelt called a bank holiday. And as you say, I guess that was in '33 or '32, because actually many of the banks were having a bad time, they were having runs. So the holiday was called, and all of the banks in the country were closed. Now, we in Weber County, just like in any other town or county, we didn't know whether the banks were going to open in a week, or two weeks, or a month, so we prepared here by having script printed so that we could have some currency or money to transact business with here in the area. I was called out of bed probably at midnight one night, and was told to go down to the Ogden litho, where the script was being printed. So down there, as they cut this script into currency size, it had to all be signed, personally signed, by a bank – either an official or employee. So we worked all night signing this script, putting it in bundles and verifying it, getting ready to use it if we had to. However, it was only a day or so until the banks were reopened. The President asked that the banks be reopened, and the funds were guaranteed. That was the beginning of the FDIC, the Federal – well. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Of course, the banks since that time – that is, the members that participate, which is most of the banks, have the funds guaranteed by the federal deposit guarantee – by the FDIC. MT: Back again now, what did you and Mrs. Garr do for entertainment? 12 EG: Well now, there again as we mentioned a little while ago, actually we weren't affected very much by the Depression, because we were both fully employed. Now, what do you have in mind? MT: Oh, just what kind of entertainment did you participate in? Did you go dancing, or to the movies, or were you alone at home, or what did you do? EG: At that time, the large dance halls were in operation. White City and the Berthana were two large dance halls, and they were used a lot for dancing, every night of the week except Sunday. Of course, the movies. MT: What about church activities during that time? Were they more prevalent than they are today, or what's your recollection there? EG: Well, of course we've always had lots of church activity. Plays, drama and things along this line. Of course, at that time the wards did go in an awful lot for one-act plays and three-act plays. Our drama department, I'm sure, was more active than at the present time. MT: Well, is there anything else you think of that might indicate a spirit of the times? What kind of an automobile did you drive? EG: When we got married, we had a 1927 Chevrolet Coach. They called it a Coach. Shortly thereafter we got a 1929 Chevrolet Coach. MT: Do you recall approximately what an automobile like that cost you then? EG: Yes; as I recall, that '29 Chevrolet Coach, which was a two-door automobile, cost me around $900. Now, an interesting thing about that was, I kept it for almost ten 13 years when I made the change, and this was during the time when they weren't making passenger automobiles for sale. I think that was 1940 or '41 when I let that thing go, and I got almost $900 out of it, after driving it all that time. MT: That is an interesting thing. EG: 'Course, that $900 would only be worth two or three hundred actual, comparatively. MT: Well, I surely appreciate your help, and you sharing these ideas with me, Mr. Garr. I'll try and keep you posted on how I come out with this project. EG: Okay. It's been a pleasure talking with you, Mack. MT: Well, thank you very much.

Inhaltsangabe: Introduction: This book covers policy proposals and interim contracts, assesses the positions of various Iraqi political actors and examines the potential significance for international foreign policy goals in Iraq. Despite a lack of progress in reaching agreements on the hydro-carbon sector and revenue sharing legislation to set new conditions for the management of the country's significant oil and gas resources, development in Iraq's oil and gas sector is moving forward. The passage of the oil and gas sector framework and revenue sharing legislation will be seen as significant milestones by International governments and International Oil Companies (IOC´s). This would provide evidence of the Iraqi government's dedication to promoting political reconciliation and providing a solid foundation for long term economic development in Iraq. Interim revenue sharing mechanisms have been introduced due to the lack of new legislation. Additionally, both the Federal Government (the Federal Oil Ministry-MoO) and the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) (the Regional Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy) have made oil and gas development deals with foreign firms. The MoO is working with existing regulation from the previous political and administrational regime, while the Regional Ministry of Resource and Energy Kurdistan-Iraq has designed its own laws and regulations, which the Federal Government has not yet recognized. There is wide recognition among Iraqis of the importance of oil and gas revenue for the Iraqi economy. Most groups see the need for new legal and policy guidelines for the development of the country's oil and natural gas resources. However, Iraq's Council of Rrepresentatives (parliament) has not yet considered the proposed legislation due to ongoing political discord and general political instability. There are strong differences on key issues between Iraqi critics and supporters of various proposed solutions. These include the appropriate role and powers of federal and regional authorities in regulating oil and gas development; the conditions and degree of potential foreign participation in the oil and gas sectors; and proposed formulas and mechanisms for equitably sharing oil and gas revenue. Simultaneously, there are strong disagreements on related discussions about the administrative status of the city of Kirkuk and proposed amendments to articles of Iraq's constitution that outline federal and regional oil and gas rights. The U.S. and UK military strategy in Iraq seeks to lay the ground work for an environment in which Iraqis can resolve core political differences in order to ensure national stability and security. However, it is not yet certain whether the proposed oil and gas legislation and ongoing interim efforts to develop Iraq's energy resources will support harmony or create deeper political tension. The United States and its allies face difficult decisions regarding how to work with Iraqis on assorted policy proposals, related constitutional reforms and oil and gas development contracts, and at the same time encouraging their Iraqi counterparts to ensure that the content of proposed laws, amendments and contracts reflect acceptable political compromises. In the 1920s a wide-ranging concession was granted to a consortium of oil companies known as the Turkish Petroleum company and later as the Iraq Petroleum Company. This was the beginning of oil exploration in Iraq. The nationalization of Iraq's oil resources and production was finished by 1975. From 1975 to 2003, oil production and export operations were entirely state operated. However, from the early 1980s until the toppling of Saddam Hussein's government in 2003, the negative effects of war, international sanctions, a shortage of investments and technology and, in many cases, mismanagement caused difficulties for Iraq's hydrocarbon infrastructure. According to the Oil Ministry, Iraq has the third largest proven oil reserves in the world (115 billion barrels). Other estimates of Iraq's potential oil reserves vary. The U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration notes that current estimates "have not been revised since 2001 and are largely based on 2-D seismic data from nearly three decades ago." In April 2007, oil industry consultants IHS assessed that Iraq's proven and probable reserves tally 116 billion barrels, with a potential additional 100 billion barrels in largely unexplored western areas. The U.S. Geological Survey's median estimate for additional oil reserves in Iraq is around 45 billion barrels. In 2004, Iraq's then Oil Ministry claimed that Iraq had "unconfirmed or potential reserves" of 214 billion barrels. My Reservoir Engineering Estimation is that Iraq's reserves can reach more than 320 bn bbl oil. Approximately 65 percent of Iraq's current proven reserves are located in southern Iraq, with a concentration in the southern most province of Al Basrah. Large proven oil resources have also been found in the northern province of Al Ta´mim near the disputed city of Kirkuk At present, crude oil provides over 90% of Iraq's domestic energy consumption and oil exports produce over 98% of Iraq's government revenue. Due to decreases in global oil prices from their 2008 high and lower oil production, Iraqi leaders revised their 2009 revenue and budget assumptions from a projected surplus to a projected $15.9 billion deficit. According to official U.S. assessments continued fluctuations in oil prices and production could put at risk Iraq's fiscal stability and the sustainability of its reconstruction and development plans. The expansion of oil production to the level of four million barrels per day (m/d) by 2013 and then upward to six m/d by 2017 is called for by current Iraqi plans. Iraqi officials have begun an international bid process for service contracts and renegotiated a series of Saddam era oil production agreements in order to support these goals. These include the transformation of a production sharing agreement into a service contract for Ahdab oil field with China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC).Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of contents: 1.Introduction1 2.Iraqi Constitution7 3.Contract Conditions15 4.State-owned Oil Companies27 5.Restructuring of the Iraqi Oil Institutions33 6.Revenue-Sharing and Equalization36 7.Potential Geography50 8.Present Organization and Development56 9.Hydrocarbon Legislation Draft and Contracts59 10.Revenue Sharing65 11.Crisis Management of the Oil Industry in Iraq88 12.U.S. Policy and Issues for Congress99 13.China Investment in the Energy Sector112 14.Conclusion119 15.References127 16.Attachments129Textprobe:Textsample: Revenues and Arrangements: Under current arrangements, the responsibility for the sale and export of Iraq's crude oil is appointed to Iraq's State Oil Marketing Organization (SOMO). The United Nations Security Council resolution (UNSCR) 1483 (and updated under subsequent Security Council resolutions) stipulates that revenue from Iraq's oil exports is to be deposited into an Iraq-controlled account held at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (FRBNY). Five percent of the funds are put aside for a United Nations Compensation Fund for reparations to the victims of the 1990 Iraqi invasion and occupation of Kuwait. The remaining 95% are deposited into a Development Fund for Iraq (DFI) account at the FRBNY and then transferred to an Iraqi Ministry of Finance account at the Central Bank of Iraq for further distribution to Iraqi government ministries. The terms of UNSCR1546 and subsequent resolutions mandate that the DFI be monitored by an International Advisory and Monitoring Board (IAMB), which provides periodic reports on Iraq's oil export revenue, Iraq's use of its oil revenues, and its oil production practices. According to the IAMB, as of December 31, 2007, $23.43 billion had been disbursed from the United Nations Compensation Fund and Iraq owed $28.95 billion to the Fund. Iraq deposited another $3 billion. According to IAMB estimates in mid 2008 "at the present rate of Iraqi oil sales, it would take approximately 17 years for the compensation award to be fully paid."38 It is likely that this estimate is no longer current due to significant declines in the price of oil in the meantime. The IAMB has not yet announced a corrected date. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 1859 (December 22, 2008) the IAMB authority ends on December 31, 2009. This refers to a 2009 "transition to successor arrangement" from the DFI and the IAMD to Iraqi-led auditing processes. In October 2006, the Committee of Financial Experts (COFE) was approved by the Iraqi cabinet. Its task is to oversee oil revenue collection and administration. The president of the COFE authorized its activities in April 2007, and it currently is working with the IAMB on audit procedures. The establishment of an audit oversight committee for the DFI and oil export revenues is a structural benchmark under Iraq's Stand-by Arrangement (SBA) with the International Monetary Fund currently satisfied by the extension of the IAMB arrangement and the creation of the COFE. Agreements with members of the Paris club made the approval of the SBA into a necessity.39 The IAMB said in 2009 that Iraq's Committee of Financial Experts "is ready and capable to succeed the IAMB and conduct competent and independent oversight of the DFI." Immunity provisions included in standing UN Security Council resolutions protect Iraqi funds in the DFI from property attachment motions instead of legal judgments rendered against the former Iraqi regime. President Bush extended the U.S. legal protections for the DFI and other Iraqi assets under Executive Order 13303 through May 20, 2009. President Obama prolonged the protections until May 2010.40 Iraq will receive continued support from the United States in its attempts to convince the UN to extend related protections for energy proceeds and the DFI under Article 26 of the U.S.-Iraq security agreement. Oversight of Oil Production and Revenue Management Between its creation in May 2003 until December 31, 2007, the DFI received over $121.7 billion in oil proceeds and other deposits. According to audit estimates, an additional $58.8 billion in net export proceeds were deposited in 2008. Intermittent audits done in conjunction with the IAMB have routinely found serious discrepancies in oil production and export figures and DFI account receipt and distribution amounts. The absence of reliable output measurements for oil has been a critical and ongoing problem. During the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) period, there was no metering equipment available for oil production and exports. According to a May 2007 GAO report, there have been no improvements in reliable metering in Iraq's oil fields. This has contributed to the shortage of reliable data on Iraq's oil production and related revenue.42. In January 2008, an IAMB report claimed that Iraq's Ministry of Oil "does not have in place a full operational loading and metering system at production and loading points in order to determine produced and loaded quantities [of oil] accurately." An IAMB report in June 2008 established that "some metering has been installed at oil terminals, but there continues to be no metering in the oil fields." In April 2009, the IAMB stated that "much remains to be done before a fully operational control and measurement system over the oil production, distribution and export sales, can be comprehensively implemented," and added that, "Indications from the Ministry of Oil point to implementation by 2011 at the earliest." Financial audits completed by December 2005 established that "no comprehensive financial and internal controls policies and procedures manuals" existed in the Iraqi ministries that were spending oil export proceeds delivered through the DFI system. On June 12, 2007, the IAMB commented on its 2006 findings, noting that the audits proved "the overall financial system of controls is deficient." The audits showed there was "no overall comprehensive system of controls over oil revenues," and that "basic administrative procedures" were "outdated and ineffective." These conditions may have contributed to widespread corruption. Several Iraqi ministries spending distributed oil export revenue have been accused of corruption which is often associated with weak contracting and cash management policies. The Iraqi government's attempts to respond to IAMB recommendations were noticed by the IAMB's preliminary findings for 2007, but also noted that "the overall financial system of controls in place in the spending ministries, the U.S. agencies in respect of outstanding commitments using DFI resources, and the Iraqi administration of DFI resources remain deficient." The 2008 preliminary assessment, released in April 2009, concluded that "much remains to be done before a sound financial management system is operating effectively in Iraq".

The White House released its budget proposal for Fiscal Year 2025 on March 11th, and the news was depressingly familiar: $895 billion for the Pentagon and work on nuclear weapons at the Department of Energy. After adjusting for inflation, that's only slightly less than last year's proposal, but far higher than the levels reached during either the Korean or Vietnam wars or at the height of the Cold War. And that figure doesn't even include related spending on veterans, the Department of Homeland Security, or the additional tens of billions of dollars in "emergency" military spending likely to come later this year. One thing is all too obvious: a trillion-dollar budget for the Pentagon alone is right around the corner, at the expense of urgently needed action to address climate change, epidemics of disease, economic inequality, and other issues that threaten our lives and safety at least as much as, if not more than, traditional military challenges.Americans would be hard-pressed to find members of Congress carefully scrutinizing such vast sums of national security spending, asking tough questions, or reining in Pentagon excess — despite the fact that this country is no longer fighting any major ground wars. Just a handful of senators and members of the House do that work while many more search for ways to increase the department's already bloated budget and steer further contracts into their own states and districts.Congress isn't just shirking its oversight duties: these days, it can't even seem to pass a budget on time. Our elected representatives settled on a final national budget just last week, leaving Pentagon spending at the already generous 2023 level for nearly half of the 2024 fiscal year. Now, the department will be inundated with a flood of new money that it has to spend in about six months instead of a year. More waste, fraud, and financial abuse are inevitable as the Pentagon prepares to shovel money out the door as quickly as possible. This is no way to craft a budget or defend a country.And while congressional dysfunction is par for the course, in this instance it offers an opportunity to reevaluate what we're spending all this money for. The biggest driver of overspending is an unrealistic, self-indulgent, and — yes — militaristic national defense strategy. It's designed to maintain a capacity to go almost everywhere and do almost anything, from winning wars with rival superpowers to intervening in key regions across the planet to continuing the disastrous Global War on Terror, which was launched in the wake of the 9/11 attacks and never truly ended. As long as such a "cover the globe" strategy persists, the pressure to continue spending ever more on the Pentagon will prove irresistible, no matter how delusional the rationale for doing so may be.Defending "the Free World"?President Biden began his recent State of the Union address by comparing the present moment to the time when the United States was preparing to enter World War II. Like President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1941, Joe Biden told the American people that the country now faces an "unprecedented moment in the history of the Union," one in which freedom and democracy are "under attack" both at home and abroad. He disparaged Congress's failure to approve his emergency supplemental bill, claiming that, without additional aid for Ukraine, Russian President Vladimir Putin will threaten not just that country but all of Europe and even the "free world." Comparing (as he did) the challenge posed by Russia now to the threat that Hitler's regime posed in World War II is a major exaggeration that's of no value in developing an effective response to Moscow's activities in Ukraine and beyond.Engaging in such fearmongering to get the public on board with an increasingly militarized foreign policy ignores reality in service of the status quo. In truth, Russia poses no direct security threat to the United States. And while Putin may have ambitions beyond Ukraine, Russia simply doesn't have the capability to threaten the "free world" with a military campaign. Neither does China, for that matter. But facing the facts about these powers would require a critical reassessment of the maximalist U.S. defense strategy that rules the roost. Currently, it reflects the profoundly misguided belief that, on matters of national security, U.S. military dominance takes precedence over the collective economic strength and prosperity of Americans.As a result, the administration places more emphasis on deterring potential (if unlikely) aggression from competitors than on improving relations with them. Of course, this approach depends almost entirely on increasing the production, distribution, and stockpiling of arms. The war in Ukraine and Israel's continuing assault on Gaza have unfortunately only solidified the administration's dedication to the concept of military-centric deterrence.Contractor Dysfunction: Earning More, Doing LessIronically, such a defense strategy depends on an industry that continually exploits the government for its own benefit and wastes staggering amounts of taxpayer dollars. The major corporations that act as military contractors pocket about half of all Pentagon outlays while ripping off the government in a multitude of ways. But what's even more striking is how little they accomplish with the hundreds of billions of taxpayer dollars they receive year in, year out. According to the Government Accountability Office (GAO), from 2020 to 2022, the total number of major defense acquisition programs actually declined even as total costs and average delivery time for new weapons systems increased.Take the Navy's top acquisition program, for example. Earlier this month, the news broke that the Columbia-class ballistic missile submarine is already at least a year behind schedule. That sub is the sea-based part of the next-generation nuclear (air-sea-and-land) triad that the administration considers the "ultimate backstop" for global deterrence. As a key part of this country's never-ending arms buildup, the Columbia is supposedly the Navy's most important program, so you might wonder why the Pentagon hasn't implemented a single one of the GAO's six recommendations to help keep it on track.As the GAO report made clear, the Navy proposed delivering the first Columbia-class vessel in record time — a wildly unrealistic goal — despite it being the "largest and most complex submarine" in its history.Yet the war economy persists, even as the giant weapons corporations deliver less weaponry for more money in an ever more predictable fashion (and often way behind schedule as well). This happens in part because the Pentagon regularly advances weapons programs before design and testing are even completed, a phenomenon known as "concurrent development." Building systems before they're fully tested means, of course, rushing them into production at the taxpayer's expense before the bugs are out. Not surprisingly, operations and maintenance costs account for about 70% of the money spent on any U.S. weapons program.Lockheed Martin's F-35 is the classic example of this enormously expensive tendency. The Pentagon just greenlit the fighter jet for full-scale production this month, 23 years (yes, that's not a misprint!) after the program was launched. The fighter has suffered from persistent engine problems and deficient software. But the official go-ahead from the Pentagon means little, since Congress has long funded the F-35 as if it were already approved for full-scale production. At a projected cost of at least $1.7 trillion over its lifetime, America's most expensive weapons program ever should offer a lesson in the necessity of trying before buying.Unfortunately, this lesson is lost on those who need to learn it the most. Acquisition failures of the past never seem to financially impact the executives or shareholders of America's biggest military contractors. On the contrary, those corporate leaders depend on Pentagon bloat and overpriced, often unnecessary weaponry. In 2023, America's biggest military contractor, Lockheed Martin, paid its CEO John Taiclit $22.8 million. Annual compensation for the CEOs of RTX, Northrop Grumman, General Dynamics, and Boeing ranged from $14.5 and $22.5 million in the past two years. And shareholders of those weapons makers are similarly cashing in. The arms industry increased cash paid to its shareholders by 73% in the 2010s compared to the prior decade. And they did so at the expense of investing in their own businesses. Now they expect taxpayers to bail them out to ramp up weapons production for Ukraine and Israel.Reining in the Military-Industrial ComplexOne way to begin reining in runaway Pentagon spending is to eliminate the ability of Congress and the president to arbitrarily increase that department's budget. The best way to do so would be by doing away with the very concept of "emergency spending." Otherwise, thanks to such spending, that $895 billion Pentagon budget will undoubtedly prove to be anything but a ceiling on military spending next year. As an example, the $95 billion aid package for Ukraine, Israel, and Taiwan that passed the Senate in February is still hung up in the House, but some portion of it will eventually get through and add substantially to the Pentagon's already enormous budget.Meanwhile, the Pentagon has fallen back on the same kind of budgetary maneuvers it perfected at the peak of its disastrous Afghan and Iraq wars earlier in this century, adding billions to the war budget to fund items on the department's wish list that have little to do with "defense" in our present world. That includes emergency outlays destined to expand this country's "defense industrial base" and further supersize the military-industrial complex — an expensive loophole that Congress should simply shut down. That, however, will undoubtedly prove a tough political fight, given how many stakeholders — from Pentagon officials to those corporate executives to compromised members of Congress — benefit from such spending sprees.Ultimately, of course, the debate about Pentagon spending should be focused on far more than the staggering sums being spent. It should be about the impact of such spending on this planet. That includes the Biden administration's stubborn continuation of support for Israel's campaign of mass slaughter in Gaza, which has already killed more than 31,000 people while putting many more at risk of starvation. A recent Washington Post investigation found that the U.S. has made 100 arms sales to Israel since the start of the war last October, most of them set at value thresholds just low enough to bypass any requirement to report them to Congress.The relentless supply of military equipment to a government that the International Court of Justice has said is plausibly engaged in a genocidal campaign is a deep moral stain on the foreign-policy record of the Biden administration, as well as a blow to American credibility and influence globally. No amount of airdrops or humanitarian supplies through a makeshift port can remotely make up for the damage still being done by U.S.-supplied weapons in Gaza.The case of Gaza may be extreme in its brutality and the sheer speed of the slaughter, but it underscores the need to thoroughly rethink both the purpose of and funding for America's foreign and military policies. It's hard to imagine a more devastating example than Gaza of why the use of force so often makes matters far, far worse — particularly in conflicts rooted in longstanding political and social despair. A similar point could have been made with respect to the calamitous U.S. interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan that cost untold numbers of lives, while pouring yet more money into the coffers of America's major weapons makers. Both of those military campaigns, of course, failed disastrously in their stated objectives of promoting democracy, or at least stability, in troubled regions, even as they exacted huge costs in blood and treasure.Before our government moves full speed ahead expanding the weapons industry and further militarizing geopolitical challenges posed by China and Russia, we should reflect on America's disastrous performance in the costly, prolonged wars already waged in this century. After all, they did enormous damage, made the world a far more dangerous place, and only increased the significance of those weapons makers. Throwing another trillion dollars-plus at the Pentagon won't change that.This article was republished with permission from TomDispatch.