Suchergebnisse

Teenagers; education; religious aspects; Islam; congresses

ÖZETMerkezi ve yerel yönetimlerin performansi noktasinda Türkiye'nin aksayan yönlerini anlamak ve asmak için bugün dünyanin tek süper gücü olan ve idari yapisi itibariyle çok basarili bir sisteme sahip Amerika Birlesik Devletleri'ndeki (ABD) uygulamalarin incelenmesi faydali olacaktir. ABD'de ülkenin iç meselelerinin yönetilmesi, kaynaklarin dagitilmasi ve bununla alakali sorumluluk ve yetkiler merkezden (federal devlet) çok; yerel yönetimlerin (eyaletlerin) insiyatifine birakilmistir. ABD isminden de anlasilacagi gibi bagimsiz devletlerin federal bir cati altinda toplanmasindan meydana gelmis bir sisteme sahiptir. Bu baglamda Türkiye'deki kullanilan adiyla eyalet dedigimiz yönetim birimleri aslinda hukuk, vergi sistemi ve idari yapilarinda veya baska bir tabirle iç islerinde bagimsiz dis iliskilerinde de Federal Devlete bagli otonom karar alma mekanizmalarina da sahiptirler. ABD'de basarili bir yerel yönetime sahip Florida Eyaleti'nin yerel yönetim yapisinda kurulan ve kurumsallasan yetki ve sorumluluk dagiliminin sonucu olarak egitim, finans, turizm, tarim ve diger alanlarda gerek eyalet çapinda gerekse ülke çapinda yakalanan performansin ardindaki yapi ( structure) incelenmeye calisilacaktirFlorida sosyo-kültürel yapisi nüfus dagilimi ve toplumsal yapisi itibariyle ABD'nin en degisken ve dolayisiyla da potansiyel olarak firsatlarla beraber sorunlara da en cok sahip eyaletlerinden birisidir. Ilk olarak Florida iklimi ve dogal yapisi itibariyle tüm ABD'nin kisa veya uzun dönem gelip yerlestigi en çok göç alan eyaletlerinden birisidir. Ikinci olarak da ABD'nin Güney Amerika'ya açilan bir kapisi olmasi nedeniyle ekonomik sistemleri çökmüs Latin Amerika ülkelerinden kaçan ispanyol kökenli nüfusunun yogunca yasadigi yerlere sahip olan bir 'hispanic' eyaletidir. Ücüncü ve son olarak ise Florida yine tatil beldeleri ve egitim imkanlari sebebiyle tüm dünyanin ilgisini çeken bir uluslararasi yerlesim birimidir. Bu basarinin arka planinda bulunan etkenlerden biri olan kurumsallasmis bir yerel yönetim yapisina isik tutmaya çalisacagiz.ABSTRACTTo understand and overcome the deficiencies of Turkish local and central government system it will be helpful to analyze the local governments in the United States of America (USA) which is today's sole super power and one of the best functioning governmental systems in the world. In the US, the administration of domestic issues, allocation of resources and arrangement of duties and responsibilities are taken under the umbrella of local government system. The USA, as its abbreviation obviously stands for, has a federal state body that is the amalgam of individual states under one federal governmental organization. In this respect each and every state of America has its own legal, taxation and administrative structure. All of the states are autonomous entities functioning independently in domestic issues while dependent on the federal government in foreign affairs.The theme of this thesis is to analyze the local government structure of the state of Florida which achieved a high level of performance in education, finance, tourism, agriculture sectors. The level of the success is very much related with the local government structure, which enables a functioning, and problem solving system.With respect to its socio-cultural structure, population and social organization, the state of Florida is one of the most crucial states in the US which is open to opportunities hand in hand with problems. First of all because of its climate and geographical setting Florida is open to domestic immigration inside the US. Secondly, in the case of especially south Florida, the Hispanic inhabitants who came to Florida because of the economic and social problems in the South America, play a major role in this state. In this respect Florida is also a multicultural Hispanic state. Last, Florida is recognized internationally because of its high quality facilities in tourism, education and health sectors. Bearing these points in mind in this chapter education, taxation and health system of Florida will be examined. This thesis is one of the few, if not the only, attempt to analyze Florida local government system. In this respect this part of the thesis will provide extensive information about the government structure of the state in detail.

XIX. yy.'ın sonlarında, Rusya Müslümanları, Rusya'nın değişik yerleşim birimlerinde, farklı yasal ve idarî statülere tabi olarak yaşamaktaydılar. Aynı etnik köken ve aynı dine sahip olmalarına rağmen iletişimin çok kısıtlı olması nedeniyle birbirlerinden habersizdiler. Şiveleri farklı, eğitim seviyeleri oldukça düşüktü. Böyle bir ortamda İsmail Gaspıralı gazetesi Tercüman vasıtasıyla dil birliği ve temel eğitimde ilk adımları atarak koyu bir taassup, asimilasyon gibi engellere rağmen Rusya Müslümanlarının uyanmasında büyük rol oynadı. Rus-Japon savaşının sonuçları Rusya içindeki huzursuzluğu ziyadesiyle arttırmıştı. İmparator II. Nikola 1905 ihtilâlinin şiddetini azaltmak maksadıyla ödün vermeye başladı. Çeşitli hak ve hürriyetler tanınmasının yanı sıra rejim değişikliğine de gidildi. Bu değişim sürecinde Rusya Müslümanları yaptıkları üç büyük toplantı sırasında iyi ve kötü taraflarıyla birbirlerini tanıma fırsatını buldular ve Müslüman ittifakını tesis ederek siyaset platformunda seslerini duyurmaya başladılar. Rusya Müslümanlarının başta eşitlik ve hürriyet olmak üzere isteklerinin çoğuna olumlu cevap verildi. İnkılâbın ilk döneminde, Ruslar ile Müslümanlar arasında hukukî ayrımlar kalktı. Rusya Müslümanları, Ruslarla eşit haklara sahip Rusya vatandaşları olarak haklarını arama ve savunma çabası içine girdiler. Her üç Millet Meclisinde Müslüman Fraksiyonunu teşkil ederek dinî, iktisadî, kültürel ve siyasî istekleri tek elden takibe başladılar. Ancak vatandaş eşitliği, din ve eğitim sorunları dışındaki konularda Hükümetle anlaşmaları mümkün olmadı. Özellikle toprak meselesinde çözüm gerçekleşmediği için referandum bahane edilerek I. Millet Meclisi, solcuların inkılâp faaliyetleri bahane edilerek II. Millet Meclisi kapatıldı. Bundan sonraki siyasî hayatta, geriye dönüş başladı ve III. Millet Meclisinden itibaren sağ görüşlüler (Hükûmet yanlıları) siyasete hakim oldu. 1905-1907 sürecinde toprak ve göç konusunda başarı sağlanamamasına rağmen Rusya Müslümanları için en büyük kazanç, millî bir kimliğin kazanılması, yasal olarak vatandaş eşitliğine kavuşulması ve kısmen de olsa sosyo-kültürel avantajlara sahip olunmasıydı. At the end of the nineteenth century, the Muslims of Russia lived in various parts of Russia under different administrative status. Although they belonged to the same ethnic background and belief, they were aware of each other to a limited degree due to lack of effective means of communication and transportation. Their dialects differed from each other while in general they had a low degree of education. In such an environment, Ismail Gaspirali's newspaper Tercüman played a very important role in the awakening of the Muslims of Russia by taking primary steps in linguistic union and fundamental education although he confronted with the obstacles such as fanaticism and assimilation policies of the Czarist government. The results of Russo-Japanese War increased the existing dissatisfaction within the Russian Empire. Emperor Nicolas II felt to compromise with the requests in order to relieve the pressure of circumstances of the 1905 Revolution. He accepted to give some rights and freedoms while Constitution was introduced. In this process of change, the Muslims of Russia had a chance to know each other through three Congresses they organized. They also and began to express themselves in political platform by organizing the party called the Union of the Muslims of All-Russia. In the beginning, most of their requests for freedom of expression and equality found positive responses. The legal discrimination against the Muslims were removed to a certain degree and the Muslims of Russia continued to seek their rights further as equal citizens of Russia. In their meetings they organized the party of Muslim Fraction and collectively they pursued religious, economic, cultural and political rights. However, their requests were not accepted by the Czarist government, except the problems related with the equality, religion and education. Especially, the problems of territory remained unsolved, and therefore, the Czarist government closed the First National Assembly with the excuse of going to referendum and then cancelled the Second National Assembly because of the Leftist revolutionary activities. A reactionary movement was set in and pro-government Rightists dominated over politics in the Third National Assembly. Although Muslims of Russia did not gain much to solve the territorial and migration issues, they succeeded to form a national identity and equal status with Russians and, to a limited degree, gained socio-political advantages through their activities took place between 1905 and 1907.

Bireysel tercihlerden toplumsal tercihe geçişin bilinen en iyi aracı olan oylama yöntemi kendi içinde bazı sorunlar taşımaktadır. Bu sorunların belli başlıları; Arrow çözümsüzlüğü, bedavacılık, asıl-yekil sorunu, oylanacak adaylann hatalı tespiti, mali yanılma, çoğunluk tercihinin irrasyonel olabilmesi, azınlık zararlan-oylama maliyeti, politik miyopluk, rant kollama ve oy ticaretidir. Bu çalışmada uygun oylama yönteminin seçimi, özgürlük ve çoğulculuk, temsil, saydamlık, eğitim, piyasalaşma, yoğunlaşma, özendirme ve zorlama anılan sorunları çözmeye yönelik araçlar olarak sunulmuştur. Bu araçlar, anılan sorunları mutlak olarak çözemese bile, bu yönde önemli yararlar sağlamaktadır. Örneğin, özgürlük ve çoğulculuk sayesinde adaylar ve seçmenler kendilerini daha iyi ifade edebilmekte, çoğunluğun azınlığı ezmesi önlenmektedir. Temsil sistemi doğrudan demokrasinin adeta imkansız hale geldiği günümüzün kalabalık toplumlarında demokrasiyi uygulanır kılmakta ve oylama maliyetlerini hızla düşürmektedir. ; The method of voting, known as the best means for the transition from individual choices to social ones, includes some problems. The main problems are; Arrow imposibility, free-rider, principal-agent issue, misdetermination of the candidates for voting, fiscal illusion, irrationality of the majority choices, minority losses, voting costs, political myopia, rent seeking and logrolling. In this study, the choice of appropriate voting method, freedom and pluralism, representation, transperency, education, marketing, concentration, incentive and coercion have been presented as the means for solving such problems. Even though these means can not bring absolute solutions to these problems, they can provide important advantages in this process. For example, thanks to freedom and pluralism that candidates and voters can express themselves and the oppression of minority by majority could be prevented. In today's more populated societies' where direct democracy become impossible to perform representative system makes democracy applicable and decreases voting costs rapidly.

Bu çalışmada, Konya'da ve buna paralel olarak ülkemizde bilinçli yağ ve yakıt seçimi kullanılan yağların çevre açısından etkileri, alternatif yağ ve yakıt kaynaklarına taşıt kullanıcılarının bakış açısının belirlenmesi, atık yağların geri dönüşümü veya başka amaçlarla tekrar kullanım olanaklarının incelenmesi farklı bölge, yaş, eğitim ve meslek gruplarından oluşan bir örnek grup üzerinde uygulanan anket çalışması sonuçları irdelenerek sunulmuştur. Taşıtlarda bakımın kilometreye göre yapıldığım % 97'lik bir çoğunluk ifade etmiş, % 3'lük bir kesim ise saate göre olduğunu belirtmiştir. Taşıtlarda en önemli bakımın % 60'hk bir oranla yağlama sistemi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bunu % 19 ile rot-balans ayan, % 14 yakıt sistemi % 7 ile elektrik aksamı takip etmektedir. Ankete katılan tüm kişilerin taşıtlarda bakımlar hakkında bilgi sahibi olduğu görülmektedir. Yağlama yağının görevlerini % 76'sı genel olarak doğru yanıtlarken % 24'lük bir kesimin bilmemesi düşündürücüdür. Bir çok sürücü () taşıtlarında kullandıkları yağın tipini bilmemektedir. Taşıtlarında hangi tip yağ kullanıldığı bilenlerin oram düşüktür. Yağ seçiminde tercih nedeninde, çoğunluğun tercihinde bilinçli olmadıkları ortaya konmuştur. Yağı alırken tercihlerde, 'i servisin, 'si tamircinin önerdiği, 'i kendi tercih ettiği motor yağım kullanmaktadır. Motor yağını hangi kilometrelerde değiştirilmesi konusunda yağın özelliğine göre km sinaran kesin biten yoktur. Yağ değiştirme süresice çoğunluğun uymadığı belirlenmiştir. Yine yağlama sisteminin nasıl çalıştığı bilinmemektedir. Aracınızda hangi bakımlar yapılıyor biliyor musunuz sorusuna verilen cevaplarda, genel anlamda biliyorum cevabı alınmıştır. Sürücülerin çoğunluğunun bakımı özel servislerde, bunu takiben yetkili servis ve az bir kesimin de kendilerinin yaptığı görülmektedir. Özel servislerin tercih edilmesinde, özel servislerin tamdık olması, bakımın ucuz olması, yetkili servislerin bakımı, özel servislere göre pahalı yapması gibi nedenler sıralanmıştır. ; It is tha lubrications result which is improved in a high degree that the wear increases because of the rubbing of a engine transportation. While the oü which is developed has been increased the consumption of oil nowadays, the time interval of oil variation and the amount of power decreases. The temperature of work of lubrication increases more because of the engine isolation which is developed to lessen noise and speed. Also the capacity of oil thanks is increased in order to because small the front part of transportation. In conclusion, the less oil, the wok of oil in high tempratures and the time interval of oil variation use expected by modern transportations. The choice of oil which is used in transportations is very important m terms of both mix of fuel whke using and fugitives. In this study, in Konya and in our country, the conscious choice of mel and oil, the influence of environment to oil which is users to oil and fuels sources, the examination of opportunities of dirty oil are present by looking at the results of survery which was made in the sample from different ages, different education and jobs. The majority of the percent 97 tells that the care of transportation is made according to Hie kilometers. The part of the percent 3 telk that is made according to the time. It is determined that most important care in transportations is the system of lubrication. The accuracy of rot balance in the percent 7 follow it. It is seen that all people who are members of the survey have got information about the care at transportations. It is strange that while the percent 76 answer the duties of lubrication oil correctly, the part of the percent 24 don't know the answer. Many drivers (% 59) don't know style of the oil which they use in their transpoetations is low. It is seen easily that. The majority aren't conscious when they choice the oil. When they buy oil, the percent 38 use the oil which is suggested by the service, the percent 37 use the oil which is suggested by their repairmen and percent 25 use it which is choosen by themselves. There is no person who knows the topic that which kilometers has to change the engine oil and kilometers limit according to the oil feature. It is determined that the of people don't fit the time of oil change. Also majorty people don't know low the lubrication system works. Generally, the question "Do you know which care are used in your trasportations isn't answered. The majorty of drivers make their tranportations care in the private services, in the authoty services. Some drivers make their transportations care by themselves. The drivers choose private services because they are relatives, they are cheap in trems of care and authoty services core is more expensive then private services. Causes are set up in order like these.

Ö Z E TYakın tarihimizin önemli noktalarından sayılan, "Musul Meselesi" çözümünün adil olmadığı, günümüzde daha açıklık kazanmıştır.Yapılan haksızlıklardan en büyük huzursuzluğu da,bölgedeki toplumlar arasında, Irak Türklerinin yaşadığı söylenebilir. Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Osmanlı Devleti ve müttefiklerinin yenilmesi ile Anadolu ile Arap yarımadası arasında bulunan Mezopotamya bölgesinde İngiliz İmparatorluğu'nun petrol çıkarları doğrultusunda,yapay sınırlarla Irak Devleti kurulmuştur. Musul ve Kerkük bölgesi Misak-ı Milli kapsamında olmasına ve burada yaşayan Türklerin de nüfusun çoğunluğunu teşkil etmesine rağmen, bölge, İngilizlerin çeşitli hile ve entrikalarıyla Türkiye'den kopartılmıştır. Lozan ve Haliç konferansları sonuçsuz kalınca, bölgenin kaderi Milletler Cemiyeti'nin vereceği karara bağlanmak istendi. Milletler Cemiyeti'nin kararını Türkiye kabul etmedi ise de, sonunda 05 Haziran 1926 Ankara Antlaşması'nı imzalayarak, bugünkü Musul, Kerkük, Erbil ve Süleymaniye illerini kapsayan o dönemin Musul vilayetini İngiliz mandası altında Irak'a bıraktı.Ancak 1932 yılında, manda rejiminden sonra, Irak Türklerinin hakları tanınmış, kendi dilleriyle eğitim hakkı, Türk bölgelerinde Türkçe'nin de resmi dil olması, görev yapacak memurların imkan nispetinde aynı bölgelerden seçilmeleri garanti altına alınmıştı.Fakat,Irak, Milletler Cemiyeti garantisi altında taahhüt ettiği bu hakları Türklere hiç uygulamamıştır.Saddam diktatörlüğü döneminde ise, Türk toplumuna yapılan haksızlıklar artmış,siyasi ve kültürel hakları çiğnenmiş,vatandaşlık hakları Türklerden esirgenmiştir. Her iki savaştan sonra Irak'taki durum,Türkmen toplumunun endişelerini arttırmıştır.Türkmenler,hem yeni Irak yönetiminin,hem de Kürt liderlerin yanlış politikalarına maruz kalmıştır.Irak'ın önümüzdeki günlerde alacağı şekil Türkmenler ve dolayısı ile Türkiye için çok önemlidir. 2004 Haziran ayında oluşturulan ve Temmuz ayı başından itibaren yönetimi üstlenen hükümet içerisinde sadece bir Türkmen bakan yer alabilmiştir.O'na da bilim ve teknolojik gelişmelerle ilgili sorumluluklar,yani Irak'ta etkisi ve uygulaması hiç bulunmayan hususlar bağlanmıştır.Yeni kurulacak Irak Devleti'nde Türkmenler açısından en tercih edilen yönetim,yeni devlet otoritesinin bütün ülke sınırları içerisinde sağlanmasını müteakip,toplumların nüfuslarına göre temsil edildikleri demokratik bir yapıya kavuşulması olacaktır.Eğer Irak Devleti üniter değil, federasyon olacaksa,bunun da etnik veya dini esaslara göre değil,coğrafi esaslara göre yapılması gerekir,Irak Türkleri ve bölgenin geleceği için en faydalı olan yapılanma düşünülüyorsa,bu yönetim şekillerinden birisi uygulanmalıdır. SUMMARY Today it is more obviously understood that the implemented solution for "Mousul Conflict", which is accepted as one of the milestone events of our recent history, is not fair. It can be easily uttered that of all the injustice made among the local communities, Turks in Iraq faced the worst.With the defeat of Ottoman Empire and its Allies in the First World War, Iraq is established with artificial borders in the region of Mesopotamia ,which is placed between Anatolia and Arabian Peninsulas, through the petroleum benefits of the Great Britain Empire. Although the Mousul and Kirkuk is within the borders defined in the National Pact and the majority of the population who lives there were Turks, this region was segregated from Turkey by the various ruses and intrigues of the Great Britain Empire.Since the Lousanne and Golden Horn Conferences did not come to a solution, the faith of the region was depended on the Nations Association's decision. Although turkey did not agree with the Nations Association's decision, in the end in 05 July 1926 signed the Ankara Treaty and left the Mousul City, which includes today's cities of Kırkuk, Mousul, Erbil, Süleymaniye , to Iraq under the mandatory of Great Britain Empire.However, after the mandatory regime in 1932, rights of the Turks in Irak including education rights in native language were given formally, and to accept Turkish as formal language in Turkish regions and to select the employees from the same regions were relatively guaranteed. But, Iraq has never implemented these rights of Turks accepted under the guarantee of Nations Association by them. As for the Saddam dictatorship, injustices acted to Turks had been increased, political and cultural rights were violated, citizen rights of Turks were not given. After both fights, situation in Iraq increased the anxieties of Turkmen. Turkmen were subjected to wrong politics of both Iraq government and Kurdish leaders. Act of Iraq government in following days is essential for Turkmen and so Turkey. There was only one Turkman minister within the government that was formed in June 2004 and took on the administration from the start of July. He was responsible for science and technologic developments, that is to say, the points which do not have any effect or application. The most preferable regime in the new form of Iraq amongst the Turkmen is a democratic structure that is represented according to the societies' population percentages after providing government authority within the whole country. If Iraq Government will be a federation but not unitary, this also must be done depending upon geographical foundations but not ethnic or religious foundations. If the most profitable reform for the Turks in Iraq and future of region is considered, one of these regimes must be implemented.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE INTEREST RATE IN TURKEY AND MEASURES THAT ARE TO BE MET IN ORDER TO DECREASE THE INTEREST RATESNotwithstanding the fact that the Turkish economy has realized certain steps, it can be told that it has not yet gained a sound and healthy structure and that it will be highly dependent on the outer world in the 21st century. Foreign capital is of great importance in terms of the added value it creates, especially for countries making efforts to develop economically. As stated above, due to the high acceleration of data flow speed, the whole world can always obtain the same information at the same time, thus the rational investors can monitor the investment possibilities in all economies. At this point, the interest rates are determinant for investment decisions. Therefore, estimation of changes in interest rates in the most appropriate manner in the future has become one of main targets of economic researches. After presentation of Turkey's economic overview in the introductory section, we can discuss the working method of our thesis. In Part One of our study, after definition of the interest concept and the brief history of its development, relevant theoretical approaches, the principal economic theories, namely the Classical, Neo-Classical, Keynesian Portfolio, and the monetarist economic theories have been dealt with in the subsections in chronological order, and the determination of interest has been discussed under light of such theories. After relevant theoretical approach in Section Two, factors determining the structure of interest rates have been considered in detail.Principally, we have tried to reveal in our thesis, to what extend the freed and raised interest rates as an instrument of an anti-inflationary policy prevent inflation; further, to what extend the credit and stability policies are secured. In doing so, the issue has been dealt with by a theoretical approach and in Section Three of our thesis, we have dealt with The Factors Determining Interest Rates, The Monetary Transfer Mechanisms Required by Monetary Policy Transfer Process with Different Approaches, and the Turkish Practice.After the general assessment of the Interest Policy in developing countries and Turkey in the Turkish Practice relating to our thesis, we have reviewed the development of interest policies implemented since 1980 and 1989 up to today.In Section Five, the interest rate concept is explained in detail and the development of the regulatory and institutional structure for interest rates in Turkey are considered and changes in interest rates in Turkey are revealed. After review of our interest regime, as guided and free interest regime in Section Six, we have tried to analyze the Domestic Savings Rate and Interest Rate, Nominal and Real Interest Rates and the relations between Inflation and Treasury Interest Rates.In Section Eight, the structure, development and determinants of deposits and credits in interest regime periods distinguished as the guided and free interest regimes have been considered. Data for the period discussed in this section relates to the years after 1980 as much as possible. However, data relating to distribution of bank credits by economic sectors, which has been discussed in connection with credits in our thesis, begins from 1870.In the Section of Conclusions, under the light of all theoretical and empirical knowledge, we have tried also to present various proposals after a general arrangement of the Turkish Practice, we have stated our thoughts and prospects, the reason of this is our wish that Turkey has its position in the global world fully, appears as a country that has solved its economic issued in the eve of the European Union and as a universal country holding the capacity of a producing country, not a consumer one. In a globalizing world, as a person passionately fond of Great Turkey, I am in favour of development of strategic policies, not policies despite everything. Because certain processes have been wrongly interpreted by practitioners in Turkey, concession in nature of capitulations have been granted continuously and the present change process has been reached. I would like to quote a sentence of Machiavelli: "Don't think that the light at the end of the tunnel is brightness, it might be the headlamp of the train coming onto you." Up to date, we have followed this logic, like firefly flying to light, we have gone to artificial model lights that have almost prepared our fate and lost time continuously. In spite of everything, we are powerful, dynamic, because we are too young so that we can overcome the difficulties. Now it is the right time to change, for a sparkling Turkey in the new millennium: quality in every respect, justice and honesty in every matter, to bring practitioners on power who monitor the technology, treat in justice, develop policies making all individuals constructive and productive, catch with the information era, specialize and work in departments, target to position Turkey at the top of a new world order, and do not target only to save the day.Change is necessary to bring all such positive sentiments into practice. In depends on total democracy, change of major part of political parties code and constitution, realization of economic and social reforms, challenge to bring our education to the level of really developed countries. The noble blood flowing in our vessels will absolutely bring us to our target.In fact, this introductory part was to be included in the section of Conclusions; however, I wanted to point in advance at the economical difficulties in Turkish economy, so that sound evaluations can be made until reaching the Section of Conclusions. I believe you better understand the concept that, the person who has not thought of the fate in advance, returns to the beginning, at the end of the thesis. I think that we do not have time to return to the starting point.