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Argues that if college faculty do not impose serious penalties on students who plagiarize, cheating becomes a rational choice; theoretical analysis of student decision-making behavior; US.

The measures taken by the direction of a prison in respect of a detainee as a result of a disciplinary offence are generally of two different kinds: either they constitute disciplinary measures, governed by the disciplinary procedure set out in the general law, or they constitute internal measures which are not subject to the disciplinary proceedings and to the guarantees which they entail. These two measures are cumulative. In the view of the Conseil d'État, however, measures of order may constitute covert disciplinary sanctions, because 'dictated exclusively or principally by an intention to punish the detainee for disciplinary misconduct.' They are sometimes not mere measures of order, if they are 'taken on the basis of the conduct of the detainee which substantially alters his rights or legal position'. In both cases, they became open to challenge before the Council of State, when it was still competent in this area. The precise practices of penitentiary institutions in this area have long been poorly known. However, the entry into force of the right of complaint, while terminating the direct jurisdiction of the Conseil d'État (Council of State), has led to the development of a major dispute and, with it, to highlight these practices. An analysis of about 50 decisions by the French-speaking complaints and appeals committees on this subject enables us to propose an overview of these practices and to question their validity, effectiveness and efficiency. ; Les mesures prises par la direction d'une prison à l'égard d'un détenu à la suite d'un fait disciplinaire sont généralement de deux natures différentes : soit elles constituent des sanctions disciplinaires, encadrées par la procédure disciplinaire figurant dans la loi de principes, soit elles constituent des mesures d'ordre intérieur, non sujettes à la procédure disciplinaire et aux garanties qu'elle implique. Ces deux mesures sont cumulables. Pour le Conseil d'État, les mesures d'ordre peuvent toutefois constituer des sanctions disciplinaires déguisées, car ...

Disciplinary codes are designed to govern the behavior of millions of students attending U.S. public schools. As currently implemented, a great majority of these codes afford school personnel expansive, if not full, discretion to impose any sanction they deem appropriate in response to a student's alleged misconduct. Suspension and expulsion are two frequently used exclusionary sanctions that result in a large group of students who are pushed out of their learning environments around the nation on a daily basis. These detrimental exclusionary punishments have been increasingly used to address minor misbehavior rather than be reserved solely for serious offenses. This Note will describe the harmful implications currently associated with suspending and expelling children as a means to address misbehavior in school. This Note will then propose that all states amend their current education laws to limit infractions that may be punishable by suspension and/or expulsion exclusively to felonies as well as discuss practical alternatives schools should consider as a response to student misconduct. Implementation of this proposal would minimize the high rate of children being removed from their classrooms and would ultimately heighten the opportunity for children to learn.

Дан обзор изменений уголовного и уголовно-исполнительного законодательства, касающегося уголовного наказания в виде лишения свободы в отношении несовершеннолетних. Проанализировано реформирование воспитательных колоний за последние 20 лет. Выявлены проблемы отбывания наказания и причины повторной преступности несовершеннолетних. Обоснованы основные обстоятельства, влияющие на эффективность лишения свободы в отношении несовершеннолетних. ; The article gives an overview of changes in criminal and criminal-executive legislation concerning the criminal sanction through deprivation of liberty of the minors. The reform of the educational colonies for the last 20 years was analyzed. The problems of serving punishment and the reasons for repeated juvenile delinquency were identified. The main circumstances influencing the efficiency of liberty deprivation of the minors were substantiated.

SMU Associate Professor of Law and Nominated Member of Parliament Eugene Tan highlighted the importance of emphasising values in public service, especially in light of the recent series of high-profile and sensational cases involving public servants. He noted that the emphatic assurances given by political and Public Service leaders after each case - that such misconduct is the exception rather than the norm - may lack convincing power, with the public believing that they are but the tip of the iceberg, with lesser misdemeanours not publicised because they were subjected to internal disciplinary sanctions. Associate Prof Tan questioned whether there was something flawed in the way public servants are recruited, assessed, promoted and regulated, while noting that corrective measures could never cover every possibility of misconduct. He thus concluded by saying that a culture of ethics may well be the missing link in the furtherance of good governance.

The authors in the paper give a review and a description of legally proscribed disciplinary punishments for police officers in the legislations of the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Serbia. With certain institutes the authors give the point of view of legal doctrine and case law, and the statistical data. In the introduction the terms police officer and disciplinary responsibility are defined, and the purpose of disciplinary punishments is explained, as the authors point out that imposing punishments ensures proper functioning of the service, and the effect of the punishment has a special and general prevention. Following are legal provisions which regulate obligations of police officers and the rules for determining their responsibility for violations of official duty. In the chapter on disciplinary punishments the term disciplinary punishment is defined, and afterwards particular punishments for certain minor or severe violations of official duty are listed and described. The authors point out the punishment of conditional termination of civil service, which is imposed for particularly severe violations of official duty, when it makes sense to give the police officer one last chance to improve their behaviour and attitude towards the official duty. The following chapter describes the rules for determining disciplinary punishments, competent persons and deadlines for the execution of disciplinary measures, as well as the deadlines and reasons for deleting the executed disciplinary sanctions from the files of the police officers. After the analysis and comparison of the legal solutions in both countries, in the conclusion the authors give a critical review of the existing legislation and solutions for their improvement as refinements of existing and prescribing additional disciplinary sanctions for police officers, as well as proscribing disciplinary sanctions for the retired police officers. Thus the authors note that by proscribing two punishments for minor and six for severe violations of official duty in Croatia, and two punishments for minor and five for severe violations of official duty in Serbia, the legislators enabled individualization of sanctioning for particular violations and violators; however, they suggest also proscribing other disciplinary measures for the purpose of individualization of punishing. The authors propose proscribing the possibility of punishing retired police officers for violations committed while they were in the service, which would be modelled on the German Federal Disciplinary Law. Furthermore, they point out that it is not clear what purpose would be achieved in the Croatian law by imposing a punishment of relocating to another position with the same complexity of work, as well as suggest changing disciplinary punishment of prohibiting professional promotion and advancement in the service into the legal consequences of disciplinary punishments for police officers in Croatia, according to the Croatian Law on Civil Servants. ; Autori u radu daju prikaz i opis zakonom propisanih disciplinskih mera za policijske službenike u pravu Republike Hrvatske i Republike Srbije. Uz pojedine institute autori iznose stavove pravne doktrine, sudske prakse i statističke podatke. U uvodnom delu definišu se pojmovi policijskog službenika, disciplinske odgovornosti i obrazlaže svrha disciplinskog kažnjavanja. U poglavlju o disciplinskim merama određuje se pojam disciplinske mere, a zatim se navode i opisuju mere za lake i teške povrede službene dužnosti u hrvatskom i srpskom zakonodavstvu. U narednom poglavlju autori opisuju pravila za odmeravanje, izvršenje i brisanje disciplinskih mera. Nakon analize i upoređenja zakonodavnih rešenja u ovim državama, u zaključku autori daju kritički osvrt na postojeće zakonodavstvo i pojedine predloge za unapređenje u smislu preciziranja postojećih i propisivanja dodatnih disciplinskih mera za policijske službenike.

The article considers the purpose of disciplinary measures applied to the juveniles sentenced to imprisonment as a means of educational influence, stimulation of law-abiding behavior, correction and resocialization of such juveniles, enshrined in the criminal-executive legislation of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness, feasibility and validity of incentives and sanctions applied to such individuals, using appropriate methods. The author analyzes the state of study of the issue in the science of criminal executive law, as well as in the sciences of general psychology and pedagogy and penitentiary psychology and pedagogy. Consequently, the relevance of this topic is confirmed.The article presents the exhaustive list of incentives and sanctions defined in the Criminal Executive Code of Ukraine, which can be applied to the juveniles serving a sentence of imprisonment. In addition, the author describes incentives and sanctions as traditional means to influence motivation, as an incentive to the law-abiding behavior.To identify the effectiveness of disciplinary measures applied to the juvenile prisoners, the author conducted a survey of 55 young men aged 14–17 serving imprisonment in the Kremenchug correctional colony. For this purpose, a complex of methods was used: methods of diagnosing personality about the motivation to succeed as well as for the motivation to avoid the failures of T. Ehlers; ADOR parental attitude test questionnaire; five-factor personal questionnaire «Big Five» (R. McCray and P. Costa); as well as 2 questionnaires developed by the author: a questionnaire of development factors and personal data and also a questionnaire to study the attitude of the juvenile convicts to disciplinary measures.The data obtained as a result of the survey of the juvenile prisoners and their mathematical and statistical processing with the help of cluster, comparative, correlation and factor analyzes made it possible to investigate how juveniles themselves evaluate the existing measures of incentives and sanctions. Thus, the author finds a relationship between the different attitudes of the juvenile convicts to disciplinary measures and personal characteristics of the juveniles as well as the focus of their motivation to succeed or prevent failures, which determine the greater effectiveness of incentives for some and, instead, sanctions – for others.Therefore, the author proposes to conduct a similar assessment of the feasibility of disciplinary measures in each educational colony by the employees of its socio-psychological service periodically – to optimize and effective such measures for the purpose of proper differentiated educational influence. ; Розглянуто питання ефективності, доцільності й обґрунтованості заходів заохочення і стягнення, що застосовуються до неповнолітніх осіб, засуджених до позбавлення волі, на підставі проведення автором опитування 55 юнаків віком 14‒17 років, ув'язнених у Кременчуцькій виховній колонії. Для такого аналізу було використано комплекс методик: методики діагностики особистості на мотивацію до успіху та на мотивацію до уникнення невдач Т. Елерса; тест-опитувальник батьківського ставлення ADOR; п'ятифакторний особистісний опитувальник «Велика п'ятірка» (Р. МакКрає і П. Коста); а також розроблені автором 2 анкети: анкета факторів розвитку й особистих даних та анкета для вивчення ставлення неповнолітніх засуджених до заходів дисциплінарного впливу.На основі отриманих унаслідок опитування даних та їхньої математично-статистичної обробки за допомогою кластерного, порівняльного, кореляційного і факторного аналізів встановлено залежність між різним ставленням неповнолітніх засуджених до заходів дисциплінарного впливу та особистісними характеристиками неповнолітніх і спрямо-ваністю їхньої мотивації на успіх чи запобігання невдачам, що визначають більшу дієвість заохочень для одних і, натомість, стягнень – для інших.Відтак, автором запропоновано проводити схоже оцінювання доцільності заходів дисциплінарного впливу у кожній виховній колонії працівниками її соціально-психологічної служби періодично – для оптимізації та ефективізації таких заходів з метою стимулювання правослухняної поведінки та належного диференційованого виховного впливу.

Abstrak: Penerapan disiplin kerja dalam suatu instansi merupakan salah satu cara yang dilakukan sebagai upaya pencegahan maupun pengendalian terhadap perilaku karyawan yang seringkali tidak displin ketika bekerja. Upaya tersebut dilakukan dengan cara membentuk sebuah peraturan yang mencakup segala perilaku yang dapat dijadikan sebagai tolak ukur kedisiplinan karyawan seperti peraturan jams masuk pegawai, absensi, seragam, sehingga disiplin kerja seorang pegawai dalam suatu instansi atau perusahaan akan mempengaruhi kualitas hasil dari suatu hal yang dikerjakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti penerapan dari pendisiplinan pegawai dalam suatu instansi pemerintahan. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Penerapan disiplin kerja pada instansi ini mengacu pada peraturan-peraturan yang ditetapkan oleh Kementrian Keuangan dan Peraturan Pemerintah. Indikator disiplin yang diutamakan dalam instansi ini adalah kesesuaian seragam dan absensi (jam kerja dan kehadiran. Sanksi pelanggaran disiplin dalam instansi ini adalah sanksi pelanggaran ringan, sedang, dan sanksi pelanggaran berat, serta bentuk penghargaan disiplin berupa penetapan Pegawai Teladan dan Satyalancana Karya satya. Berdasarkan penelitian ini dapat menyimpulkan bahwa penerapan disiplin yang terdapat dalam instansi terdapat indikator-indikator pengukuran serta bentuk penerapannya berupa sanksi pelanggaran disiplin dan penghargaan disiplin. Kata kunci: Displin kerja, pegawai, instansi, Sanksi. Abstract: Implementation of work discipline in an agency is one way that is done as an effort to prevent and control the behavior of employees who are often not disciplined when working. Efforts are made by forming a rule that includes any behavior that can be used as a benchmark of employee discipline such as employee entry jams regulation, attendance, uniform, so that the discipline of an employee in an agency or company will affect the quality of the results of a thing done. This study aims to examine the implementation of disciplinary personnel in a government agency. This study uses primary data. Data collection techniques used are observation, interview, and documentation. The application of work discipline in this agency refers to the regulations stipulated by the Ministry of Finance and Government Regulation. The preferred disciplinary indicators in this agency are uniform and absenteeism (hours of work and attendance) Disciplinary sanctions in this institution are sanctions for minor, moderate, and severe violations, and disciplinary awards in the form of appointment of Exemplary Employees and Satyalancana Karya satya. this study can conclude that the application of discipline contained in the institution there are measurement indicators and form of its implementation in the form of disciplinary sanctions and discipline reward. Keywords: Workplan, employee, agency, Sanction.

The positions of scholars in regard to the category of "disciplinary action" have been studied. The national legislation, which stipulates the types of disciplinary sanctions, has been analyzed. The author has provided own definition of the term of "disciplinary sanction applied to a police officer". This definition has been offered to understand as a measure of legal punishment of a police officer for the violation of official discipline in order to stimulate his effective activity and to educate him in a conscious attitude to the quality of official duties and compliance with official discipline. The author has substantiated the position, according to which the employer should have the maximum tools for disciplinary influence on the employee in the arsenal, who does not perform at all or performs his duties not in good faith, in order to differentiate the assessment of each individual disciplinary offense. As the national law prohibits the employer from imposing additional disciplinary sanctions, then the laws should constitute the maximum lists of disciplinary sanctions. The author has proved the expediency of providing the possibility to apply verbal warnings as a form of disciplinary action for minor violations of official discipline of police officers. This step will contribute to the unification of national legislation regulating the activities of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. Suggestions and recommendations for improving the list of the types of disciplinary sanctions applied to police officers and other provisions of regulations in the relevant field have been provided. It has been offered: 1) to supplement Part 3 of the Art. 13 of the Law of Ukraine "On the Disciplinary Statute of the National Police of Ukraine" with another disciplinary sanction – an verbal warning; 2) to set out Part 1 of the Art. 20 of the Law of Ukraine "On the Disciplinary Statute of the National Police of Ukraine" as follows: "1. Disciplinary sanctions are applied by the chief, who has the right to hire (appoint) a police officer"; 3) to exclude Parts 4, 5 and 9 from the Art. 20 of the Law of Ukraine "On the Disciplinary Statute of the National Police of Ukraine". ; Исследованы позиции ученых по поводу категории «дисциплинарное взыскание». Проанализировано национальное законодательство, закрепляющее виды дисциплинарных взысканий. Предоставлено собственное определение понятия «дисциплинарное взыскание, применяемое к полицейскому», под которым предложено понимать меру правового наказания полицейского за нарушение им служебной дисциплины с целью стимулирования его эффективной деятельности и воспитания у него сознательного отношения к качественному выполнению служебных обязанностей и соблюдения служебной дисциплины. Обоснованы предложения и рекомендации по усовершенствованию перечня видов дисциплинарных взысканий, применяемых к полицейским, и других положений нормативно-правовых актов в соответствующей сфере. ; Досліджено позиції науковців щодо категорії «дисциплінарне стягнення». Проаналізовано національне законодавство, яке закріплює види дисциплінарних стягнень. Надано власне визначення поняття «дисциплінарне стягнення, що застосовується до поліцейського», під яким запропоновано розуміти захід правового покарання поліцейського за порушення ним службової дисципліни з метою стимулювання його ефективної діяльності та виховання в нього свідомого ставлення до якісного виконання службових обов'язків і дотримання службової дисципліни. Обґрунтовано пропозиції та рекомендації з удосконалення переліку видів дисциплінарних стягнень, що застосовуються до поліцейських, та інших положень нормативно-правових актів у відповідній сфері.

Обосновывается необходимость использования криминологической характеристики личности преступника для определения наиболее эффективных видов наказаний для лиц, совершающих преступления того или иного вида. Предлагается алгоритм построения уголовноправовой санкции. Исходя из криминологической характеристики личности преступника определяется наличие или отсутствие в санкции лишения свободы, а также минимальный и максимальный срок данного вида наказания. Тем самым предопределяется категория преступления в соответствии со статьей 15 Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации. В зависимость от категории преступления ставится вид санкции. Преступлениям небольшой тяжести соответствует альтернативная санкция без лишения свободы или санкция, предусматривающая лишение свободы, с понижающей альтернативой. Преступлениям средней тяжести соответствует санкция, предусматривающая лишение свободы, с понижающей альтернативой. Тяжким преступлениям соответствует единичная санкция, предусматривающая лишение свободы. Особо тяжким преступлениям соответствует санкция, предусматривающая лишение свободы, с повышающей альтернативой. Обращается внимание на научные подходы к определению оптимальной длины (количества основных видов наказаний) альтернативной санкции. Анализируется вариативность основных видов наказаний для санкций статей Особенной части Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации. Оптимальная длина альтернативной санкции составляет 2-3 вида наказаний. Законотворческий выбор конкретных видов наказаний должен базироваться на криминологической характеристике личности преступника, а также может быть скорректирован на основе анализа судебной практики применения определенных видов наказаний. Предлагаемые меры по оптимизации конструирования санкций призваны устранить в перспективе имеющиеся в настоящее время диспропорции в системе санкционного обеспечения, упорядочив деятельность законодателя. ; The necessity of using criminological characteristics of criminal's personality to determine the most effective types of punishment for particular type of crime is substantiated. An algorithm for the construction of criminal law sanction is proposed. The presence or absence of imprisonment in the sanction, as well as its minimum and maximum term is determined. Thus the crime category in accordance with article 15 of the RF Criminal Code is predetermined. The type of sanction depends on the category of crime. Minor offences correspond to alternative sanction without imprisonment or sanction involving the deprivation of liberty with reducing the length of imprisonment. Medium-gravity crimes correspond to a sanction involving the deprivation of liberty with reducing the length of imprisonment. Serious crimes correspond to a sanction involving the deprivation of liberty. Particularly serious crimes correspond to a sanction involving the deprivation of liberty with increasing the length of imprisonment. Scientific approaches to determining the optimal length (number of basic types of punishment) of alternative sanction are discussed. The variability of the main types of penalties for sanctions of the articles of the special part of the RF Criminal Code is analyzed. The optimal length of alternative sanction is 2 or 3 types of punishment. The legislative choice of a particular form of punishment should be based on the criminological characteristics of offender's personality. It can be adjusted basing on the analysis of the judicial practice of applying certain types of punishment. The proposed measures to optimize the construction of sanctions are aimed at improving the legislation in this sphere.

Scholars have long argued that inmate behaviors stem in part from cultural belief systems that they "import" with them into incarcerative settings. Even so, few empirical assessments have tested this argument directly. Drawing on theoretical accounts of one such set of beliefs—the code of the street—and on importation theory, we hypothesize that individuals who adhere more strongly to the street code will be more likely, once incarcerated, to engage in violent behavior and that this effect will be amplified by such incarceration experiences as disciplinary sanctions and gang involvement, as well as the lack of educational programming, religious programming, and family support. We test these hypotheses using unique data that include measures of the street code belief system and incarceration experiences. The results support the argument that the code of the street belief system affects inmate violence and that the effect is more pronounced among inmates who lack family support, experience disciplinary sanctions, and are gang involved. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Media reports suggest that students in many schools, especially rural schools, display arrogance, violence, rudeness, truancy and other types of misconduct. In the light of above and with the implications of the implementation of the Schools Act in mind, it was investigated whether the South African government s decision to abolish physical punishment was viable and whether it had any impact on student conduct. A sample was drawn of 400 learners and 100 teachers from 10 high schools in an educational region of the North West Province of South Africa. The main objective of the study was to investigate the effects of the abolition of physical punishment on discipline. In contrast to the thrust of the theoretical investigation that revealed that the abolition of corporal punishment would probably lead to an increase in poor behavior, the empirical investigation, particularly the application of the Chi–square test, indicated no positive relationship between the abolition of corporal punishment and increase in misconduct. The study recommends that alternative forms of disciplinary measures are necessary to replace corporal punishment in order to improve the teaching/learning situation.

Test-based accountability systems that attach high stakes to standardized test results in the form of rewards and sanctions have raised a number of issues for those responsible for educational assessment and accountability. Do these high-stakes tests measure student achievement accurately? How can policymakers and educators attach the right consequences to the results of these tests? What kinds of educational tradeoffs do these testing policies introduce? This book was written in response to school policymaking's growing emphasis on high-stakes testing. It addresses several key areas, including how the tests are used within these systems, how to evaluate the technical quality and trustworthiness of the tests, how test-based accountability affects the practices of teachers and schools, and what effect political considerations have on the policy debate. The authors also provide some recommendations for developing more-effective test-based accountability systems

La importante cuestión de la responsabilidad de los menores siempre ha sido objeto de una especial controversia. Tomando como base los conceptos de imputabilidad y minoría de edad, el trabajo pretende mostrar la idoneidad o no de las distintas medidas aplicables a los menores de 18 años en la legislación penal española. Se analiza el catálogo de medidas, como las denomina la Ley española de res- ponsabilidad penal de los menores (LO 5/2000, de 12 de enero), cuya naturaleza jurídica es controvertida. Son sanciones de carácter penal, que, en ocasiones se asemejan a verdaderas penas y, en otras, a medidas de seguridad. Se constituye así un sistema mixto, pues, en ocasiones, su imposición obedece al reproche merecido por su conducta y a la valoración jurídica del hecho cometido, y, en otras, están claramente orientadas a la prevención especial. ; The relevant question of juvenile responsibility has always been a very controversial matter. Based on the concepts of imputability and minor, this paper assesses the suitability of the different measu- res that currently apply to youths under the age of 18 in Spanish legislation. It is analyzed the catalogue of measures, as they are mentioned in Spanish law for minor criminal liability (LO 5/2000), January 12th). This law is distinguished for its controversial juridical nature. There are criminal penalties, which sometimes look like really punishments and others that are more like security measures. So it has set up a mixed system, where occasionally penalties are impose as a deserved sanction for misconduct and the legal assessment of the facts, and in others, are clearly focuses on special prevention.