Suchergebnisse

Examines the viability of global restructuring theory for explaining the effects of immigration on employment in southern CA from 1970 to 1990. Key elements of global restructuring theory are reviewed, along with claims by its critics that it overemphasizes global structure at the expense of local agency, & tries to explain immigration that is actually produced by other related but distinct causes. Special attention is given to Los Angeles, where the mass migration of Latinos & Asians caused significant restructuring by 1990. Although global restructuring explains many features of southern CA's economic trajectory, including white flight, declining wages in the manufacturing sector, & increases in self-employment, it fails to explain the acceleration of immigration in light of a decline in both real wages & self-employment incomes. It is argued that network migration better explains the strong immigrant influx in a time of declining incomes because immigration in southern CA outstripped globalizing demand & became a network-driven process. 1 Table, 1 Figure. J. Lindroth

When foreign companies acquire German firms as part of an acquisition or merger, government representatives and unions often fear production relocation as well as a loss of influence and rising unemployment. The discussion concerning the planned acquisition of the Hochtief Group by a Spanish corporation provides a powerful example of these concerns. Approximately three percent of German firms are in foreign ownership. These companies employ nearly seven percent of all employees in Germany. They are not only larger but also more productive and export orientated than the average domestic firms. Some of these represent newly established firms, but in many cases existing companies were acquired by foreign companies. Preferred targets of foreign takeovers are both highly productive firms as well as relatively unproductive companies. Domestic enterprises with an average productivity level are less frequently targeted. An analysis of the effects of foreign acquisitions indicates that - at least in the short run - no significant effects on employment or productivity can be observed. Consequently neither claims of globalization critics that foreign investors act as "locusts" nor hopes of considerable boosts in productivity are justified. Hence, existing formal and informal restrictions of foreign takeovers are dispensable and even potentially damaging.

Disruptive technological advances will have profound impacts on the employment landscape over the years to come. As in the past, new technologies will change the way humans live and work. Some occupations will become obsolete, while new occupations will emerge. Consequently, people will be displaced from some occupations, be forced to require new skills so that they can work in new occu- pations. Although the introduction of new technologies –robotization– has many dimensions, its effe- cts will range from structural unemployment to distribution of labor income. The first question would be what will be the impact of new technologies on labor demand? Given that new technologies expectedly increase productivity, hence income, the second question would be how the raise be distributed between low and high skilled labor. Hence, this study focuses on the effects of robotization on the structural unemployment, its implications on labor demand and its income distribution effects. I review the current situation of robotization, and make recommendations to policy makers and corporate managers to get prepared for accelerating robotization and not only to mitigate its potential adverse effects on employment and income distribution, but also to take this as an opportunity to increase the quality of life for all. ; Önümüzdeki yıllarda yıkıcı teknolojik ilerlemelerin istihdam üzerinde büyük etkileri olacaktır. Geçmişte olduğu gibi, yeni teknolojiler insanların nasıl yaşadıklarını ve çalıştıklarını değiştirecektir. Bazı meslekler modası geçip yok olacak, buna karşılık yeni meslekler ortaya çıkacaktır. Sonuç olarak, insanlar bazı meslekleri bırakacak; yeni mesleklerde çalışabilmek için ise yeni beceriler edinmek zorunda kalacaklardır. Her ne kadar robotizasyon gibi yeni teknolojilerin yaygınlaşmasının birçok boyutu olsa da, yapısal işsizlikten gelir dağılımına kadar da muhtemel etkileri olacaktır. Akla gelen ilk soru, yeni teknolojilerin işgücü talebi üzerindeki etkisinin ne olacağıdır? Yeni teknolojilerin üretkenliği, dolayısıyla toplam geliri artırdığı düşünüldüğünde, akla gelen ikinci soru ise gelirdeki artışın çalışanların farklı beceri düzeyleri özellikle de düşük ve yüksek kalifiye işgücü arasında nasıl dağılacağı olmaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada robotizasyonun yapısal işsizlik, işgücü talebi ve gelir dağılımına etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. Robotizasyonun mevcut durumu gözden geçirilerek, gitgide yaygınla- şan robotizasyonun işsizlik ve gelir dağılımı üzerindeki potansiyel olumsuz etkilerinin azaltılmasın yanında robotizasyonun genel yaşam kalitesini yükseltmek için bir fırsat olarak görülmesine yönelik politika yapıcılara ve şirket yöneticilerine tavsiyelerde bulunulmaktadır.

The demographic change is posing many challenges for government budgets. In the face of a shrinking work force, keeping the number of workers and thus pension contributors at the highest possible level is a key economic policy goal. This could be achieved if people retire from the work force later in life. Partial retirement, the option to work part-time while drawing a pension before reaching the normal retirement age, could create the necessary conditions for reaching this goal. The impact of partial retirement on employment will be simulated below. The results show that unrestricted access to partial retirement can lead to an increase in employment volume and generate positive fiscal effects. The effects on employment are especially positive when the entry age for partial retirement coincides with the early retirement age of 63. Flexible retirement, which came into effect in 2017, allows people to receive a partial pension payout before the normal retirement age while still working. However, the computation behind the amount of pension payouts during flexible retirement is very complex. In addition, the limit to pension payouts in flexible retirement could be considered too strict. This negatively affects the attractiveness of the flexible retirement option. Furthermore, work hours can only be reduced in the case of flexible retirement if the employer agrees. If an evaluation of flexible retirement shows that few people make use of it, policymakers would have to simplify the rules regarding additional income and consider a statutory right to partial retirement before the normal retirement age, with possible exceptions for small businesses.

New firm formation is often highly prioritized by local governments, particularly for regions that are declining. Entrepreneurship can play an important role in keeping declining regions vital through job creation. Yet, the way in which new firm formation exerts its influence on employment growth is not yet evident. Are start-ups in those areas equally productive in influencing employment change as they are in growing regions? Although there is a large and growing body of research on new firm formation and employment, there is still a knowledge gap concerning the impact of the context on the effect of new firm formation. Previously the focus has been on growth. New firm formation can contribute direct and indirectly to regional employment. The indirect effects are thought to have a larger impact on the long term, and indirect effects are not per sé positively related to employment growth. Focusing on the regional context, we investigate whether the relationship differs depending decline or growth, and by the degree of urbanization, to determine both long and short term employment effects. In order to establish the impact of new firm formation on employment rates, the paper examines panel data of firm dynamics and employment growth retrieved from the LISA database covering the whole of the Netherlands on a municipality level (418 regions) between 1996-2010. This data is complemented with data on population density, size, growth and decline from the Statistic Netherlands.

The paper discusses possible directions and magnitudes of the relationship between the social security driven tax wedge, employment and shadow employment in Russia and Ukraine. The first section presents a summary of the economic and institutional background for development of the current size and structure of the socially driven tax wedge in both countries. The second section presents some theoretical considerations on the relationship between the social protection system, tax wedge, non-employment and finally, shadow employment. The third section contains an attempt to econometrically estimate the magnitude of the possible relationship between the tax wedge and total employment rates in both countries. In the fourth section, the authors try to discover the mechanism of influence of the last reform of the Ukrainian payroll tax system on the structure and size of shadow employment in the country. The last analytical section closes the circle leading the reader back from shadow employment to wages and finally to the issue of access to social security institutions. The last section concludes.

Support of training has been one of the most important instruments of active labor market policy in East Germany. This paper attempts an evaluation of the effects of training on future employment and future wages of trainees. The analysis distinguishes between measures within and outside of the firm of the employee and whether the trainee receives public income maintenance. After describing the labor market developments in East Germany, we illustrate the evaluation problem. Then, we estimate a simultaneous model for participation in training, employment, and wages. Taking account of selection effects before participation, our findings mostly suggest positive effects of training on employment or wages. In this respect, public income support is only successful when training takes place in external institutions but not in the firm where the person is employed.

This paper presents the results of two experimental evaluations of transitional jobs programs for recently released former prisoners: the Evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) and the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration (TJRD). The analysis assesses the effects of these programs on employment and recidivism. We find that the programs in both studies led to a large increase in employment driven by the transitional jobs themselves. However, the programs did not increase employment in non-program jobs. In addition, the CEO transitional jobs program reduced recidivism, but the TJRD programs did not. These results have implications for policy and research.