Suchergebnisse

The aim of this study is trying to interpret the crisis of legitimacy which faced the political system in Libya after the events of 2011, including the multiple legislative and executive bodies, based on specified theoretical perception is Crisis Theory for Jürgen Habermas, which he is trying to linking between the political system has legitimacy and its ability to overcome the different crises and challenges that faced, is a reliable perception in the case of Libya, in particular, every political party in the Libyan scene is consider himself the legal and legitimate representatives of the Libyan community, in light of political division and multiple parliamentary bodies and executive Governments in the country,the researcher adopted in this trying to analytical reading emphasize on specific points in many official and non-official studies and reports on the Libyan situation, study found that all successive political parties that topped the Libyan political scene form 2011, had failed to counter the various challenges whether security or constitutional, and were unable to manage the different crisis suffered by the Libyan citizen, specially economic, living and service, this place it in a real crisis of legitimacy at the level of society as a whole, in light of decrease what they have done in the past and what they can do in the future under the current situation, which contributed in create a case of distrust among the citizens in their programs and plans and lost motivation to participate in the various activities that they supervise on the one hand, and in increasing cases of disrespect for laws and decisions that represent their authority on the other hand,this leads us to say that the political system in Libya after the events of 2011, is faces a national crisis of legitimacy, accompanied by crises in motivation and non-normality, according to Habermas societal crisis theory, this is reflected in our reading of studies and reports that have been exposed to the Libyan crisis.

يقوم نشاط الإدارة على أسلوبين مهمين، أحدهما انفرادي يتمثل في القرارات الإدارية، والآخر اتفاقي يتمثل في العقود الإدارية، وتتميز العقود الإدارية عن العقود التي يبرمها الأفراد في ما بينهم بأن الغاية من إبرامها تنظيم المرافق العامة وتسييرها وتحقيق النفع العام، وهذا يستتبع بالنتيجة امتداد آثار هذه العقود إلى غير أطرافها، سواءٌ أمِنَ المنتفعين بخدمات المرافق العامة كانوا أم غيرهم، ومن ثَمَّ تمتعهم ببعض الامتيازات والحقوق، وتحمّلهم بعض الأعباء والالتزامات. وأيًا كان السند القانوني الذي قدّمه الفقه الإداري لتبرير امتداد آثار العقد الإداري إلى الغير، سواء أنظرية الاشتراط لمصلحة الغير كان أم نظرية الطبيعة الذاتية للعقود الإدارية أم غيرها، فإن المتفق عليه أن الأعباء والالتزامات التي يتحمّلها الغير من العقود الإدارية ما هي إلا نتيجة طبيعية للامتيازات التي يتمتع بها المتعاقد مع الإدارة، التي مُنحت له لتمكينه من تنفيذ التزاماته على أكمل وجه، وبالآتي تحقيق المصلحة العامة. وقد تقرر تقسيم هذا البحث إلى ثلاثة مباحث رئيسة تناولنا في أولها الأساس القانوني لامتداد العقد الإداري إلى الغير، وتطرّقنا في ثانيها إلى الحقوق التي يستمدها الغير من العقد الإداري، أمّا ثالثها فكان عن الالتزامات التي يفرضها العقد الإداري تجاه الغي.، وفي خاتمة هذا البحث توصل الباحثون إلى عدة نتائج، من أهمها: عدم تطرق القوانين والتشريعات المنظمة لموضوع العقود الإدارية إلى إيراد نصوص تعالج بصورة واضحة وشاملة مسألة نسبية أثر العقد، ومدى سريانها على العقد الإداري، ومن أهم توصيات هذا البحث توسيع اختصاص القضاء الإداري في الأردن ليشمل النظر في جميع المنازعات الناشئة عن العقود الإدارية، وليس فقط البت في القرارات الإدارية القابلة للانفصال عن هذه العقود. ; The administration's activity is based on two important manners، one of which is the unilateral administrative decisions and the other is an agreement represent of administrative contracts. The administrative contracts are concluded by the individuals among themselves ; that the purpose of these agreements is to regulate the public utilities and to achieve public benefit which resulting extension of the effects of these contracts to third parties whether they are beneficiaries of the services of public utilities or others. Subsequently، they enjoy some privileges and rights as well as bearing some of the burdens and obligations. Whatever the legal basis provided by administrative jurisprudence to justify the extension of the effects of the administrative contract to third parties - whether the theory of the requirement for the benefit of third parties، or the theory of the self-nature of the administrative contracts، or else - it is agreed that the burdens and obligations borne by third parties due to the administrative contracts، which is only a natural outcome of the privileges enjoyed by the contractor with the administration، that granted to him to enable him to carry out his obligations to the fullest and thus، to achieve the public interest. This paper is divided into three main topics the first section dealt with the legal basis of extension of the effect of the administrative contract to third parties، the second section addressed the third parties` rights derived from the administrative contract، and the third section handled the obligations imposed by the administrative contract of third parties. In conclusion، the researchers reached to several findings، the most important of which is that the laws and regulations governing the subject of administrative contracts do not address with the inclusion of articles that clearly and comprehensively solve a matter of the relative effect of the contract and the extent of its validity on the administrative contract. In addition to the necessary recommendations، expand the jurisdiction of the administrative judiciary in Jordan to include consideration of all disputes arising out of administrative contracts، and not only to decide on the administrative decisions that are separate-able from these contracts.