Suchergebnisse

Environmental policy is one of the new policies in the corpus of public policies in Serbia. Although the beginning of environmental policy in Serbia, or organized directing of society towards the environment, can be noticed even at the beginning of the nineties, the real development and intensification of this policy occurs only in the last five years. The slowness of the acceptance of the political idea that society and the state must change their attitude towards the environment is one of the causes of inefficiency of environmental policy in Serbia. This is also supported by the fact that in the process of conception and implementation of environmental policy in Serbia an essential element is missing that is reflected in the lack of sufficient democratic and political capacity. Environmental policy in Serbia is still defined and viewed as a strictly national policy, as a right and obligation of public authorities to protect the environment, while completely neglecting the role of other social institutions and especially the citizens. The lack of democracy in decision-making on environmental image of Serbia is also visible in the non-use of different models of direct democracy, and lack of objective and timely information of citizens about environmental problems in the country. In that way, the combination of impairment of democracy in decision-making, lack of information, as well as slowness of solving environmental problems and so-called 'black spots' in Serbia leads to the conclusion that the environmental policy of the Republic of Serbia, led by the state authorities, shows signs of a specific 'eco-monopolism' that is inappropriate in the democratic spirit of environmental policy. ; Ekološka politika je jedna od novijih politika u korpusu javnih politika u Srbiji. Iako početak ekološke politike u Srbiji, odnosno organizovanog usmeravanja društva prema životnoj sredini, možemo da uočimo još početkom devedesetih godina prošlog veka, pravi razvoj i intenziviranje ove politike nastaje tek u poslednjih pet godina. Sporost prihvatanja političke ideje da društvo i država moraju da menjaju svoj odnos prema životnoj sredini je jedan od uzroka neefikasnosti ekološke politike u Srbiji. Tome u prilog ide i činjenica da u procesu koncipiranja i ostvarivanja ekološke politike u Srbiji nedostaje bitan momenat koji se ogleda u nedostatku dovoljnog demokratskog i političkog kapaciteta. Ekološka politika se u Srbiji i dalje definiše i posmatra kao striktno državna politika, kao pravo i obaveza državnih organa da štite životnu sredinu, dok se u potpunosti zanemaruje uloga drugih društvenih institucija i pogotovo građana. Nedostatak demokratičnosti u odlučivanju o ekološkoj slici Srbije je takođe vidljiv u neprimenjivanju različitih modela neposredne demokratije, kao i nedostatku objektivne i pravovremene informisanosti građana o ekološkim problemima u zemlji. Na taj način, kombinacija nedemokratičnosti u odlučivanju, neinformisanosti, kao i sporosti u rešavanju ekoloških problema i takozvanih 'crnih tačaka' u Srbiji upućuju na zaključak da ekološka politika Republike Srbije, vođena od strane državnih organa, pokazuje znake specifičnog 'ekomonopolizma' neprimerenog demokratskom duhu ekološke politike.

The paper analyzes the basic concepts, approaches, objectives and individual tasks of the National strategy for sustainable development in Serbia. These goals and objectives are viewed in the context of the lack of adequate political, administrative capacity and democratic deficit. These restrictions are the result of ignoring environmental problems and sustainable development as a political problem and issues of survival and social development. Therefore, the question of achieving sustainable development strategy in this paper and presented as a problem of formalization one of the possible conditions for the admission of Serbia into the European Union. This process of formalization is just visible through the slow process of realizing this strategy, lack of interest subjects of political life for the process and inadequate media coverage. High goals, thereby fully harmonized with the existing economic capacities, and general social awareness of the urgency and importance of sustainable development define this strategy not as a political vision but as a kind of political utopia. ; U radu se analiziraju osnovne koncepcije, pristupi, ciljevi i pojedinačni zadaci Nacionalne strategije održivog razvoja u Republici Srbiji. Ovi ciljevi i zadaci se posmatraju u kontekstu nedostatka adekvatnog političkog, administrativnog kapaciteta i demokratskog deficita. Ova ograničenja su rezultat ignorisanja ekoloških problema i održivog razvoja kao političkog problema i pitanja opstanka ekonomskog i socijalnog razvoja. Zato je pitanje ostvarivanja strategije održivog razvoja u ovom radu i postavljeno kao problem formalizovanja jednog od mogućih uslova za prijem Srbije u Evropsku uniju. Taj proces formalizacije je vidljiv upravo kroz proces sporog ostvarivanja ove strategije, nezainteresovanosti subjekata političkog života za taj proces i neadekvatne medijske podrške. Visoko postavljeni ciljevi, pri tome potpuno neusklađeni sa postojećim ekonomskim kapacitetima i opšte društvenom svešću o urgentnosti i značaju održivog razvoja, definišu ovu strategiju ne kao političku viziju već kao svojevrsnu političku utopiju.

The precautionary principle is one of the most controversial principles of the contemporary environmental policy. Theoretical determination and practical use of this principle is stipulated by science which has to control and gives direction to the society to be less risky for present and future generations by its arguments. Domination of science in theoretical and practical determination of the precaution principle is at the same time limited by a current roles of politics and economy in modern societies. In practice the precaution principle shows the power ration among politics, science, society and environment. This work is dealing in analysis of political and economical controversis which arise from application or non application of this principle in solving environmental and social problems on national and international level. Accordingly, the subject of analysis is a conflict of standpoints and arguments of its supporters and opposers, their identification and real interests behind their beliefs. The work presents a case study of BSE or 'mad cow desease' as an example of applying the precaution principle. . ; Princip predostrožnosti je jedan od najkontroverznijih principa savremene ekološke politike. Teorijsko određenje i praktična primena ovog principa uslovljena je ulogom nauke koja treba da svojim dokazima kontroliše i usmerava društvo u pravcu koje će biti manje rizično za sadašnje i buduće generacije. Dominantnost koju nauka ima u teorijskom i praktičnom određenju principa predostrožnosti je ujedno i ograničena ulogom koju politika i ekonomija trenutno imaju u savremenim društvima. U praksi princip predostrožnosti pokazuje koji je odnos snaga između politike, nauke, društva i životne sredine. Rad se bavi analizom političkih i ekonomskih kontroverzi koje proizilaze iz primene ili neprimene ovog principa u rešavanju ekoloških i društvenih problema na nacionalnom i međunarodnom nivou. U tom smislu, predmet analize jeste sukob stavova i argumenata pristalica i protivnika ovog principa, njihova identifikacija i stvarni interesi koji iza njih stoje. U radu je kao primer primene principa predostrožnosti izložena studija slučaja BSE ili 'bolesti ludih krava'. .

The conditions under which people live in rural areas, the ways in which resources are utilized and the prospects for conservation in the future are all in part influenced by the fundamental characteristics of national governments, European Union policies for economic and sectoral development, as well as processes such as globalization. Using an ecological marginalization perspective, this paper illustrates the consequences of proliferating intensive agriculture 'alliances' among European Union policies, the Greek state, and Greek domestic producers. Since many natural resources – soil, water, biodiversity – are already entrenched in industrial agricultural production systems, the author extrapolates from the patterns of production that make use of these natural resources to bolster the argument that Greek state policies, the timing of the country's accession to the European Community in 1981, and local land use practices will particularly affect the potential consequences of future agricultural development. Even though the impacts of intensive agriculture vary by region and some rural areas have benefited from this development, the analysis suggests that rural people, communities and citizens of peri-urban territories all bear the costs of the industrial agriculture production system both in terms of social, health and environmental impacts. A core reason, this paper argues, is that the 'alliances' of intensive industrial agriculture are reinforcing processes and structures that increase pressure on the ecological integrity of rural areas leading to environmental degradation and the marginalization-abandonment of agriculture. ; Uvjeti pod kojima žive stanovnici ruralnih područja, načini na koje iskorištavaju prirodne resurse i izgledi koje imaju za održanje u budućnosti uvijek su barem dijelom odraz politika nacionalnih vlada, politika ekonomskog i sektorskog razvoja Europske unije, te različitih procesa poput globalizacijskih. U radu se kroz ideju ekološke marginalizacije žele prikazati posljedice jačanja sprege između politike Europske unije, grčke vlade i domaćih grčkih proizvođača kroz razvoj intenzivne poljoprivrede. S obzirom da su mnogi prirodni resursi – tlo, voda i bioraznolikost – već postali dio proizvodnih sustava industrijske poljoprivrede, u radu se ta proizvodnja analizira kako bi se pokazalo da politike grčke vlade, pristup Europskoj zajednici 1981. godine, te načini lokalnog iskorištavanja tla najviše doprinose mogućim posljedicama za budući poljoprivredni razvoj. Iako postoje varijacije u učincima intenzivne poljoprivrede s obzirom na regije, pa neke ruralne regije imaju koristi od njenog razvoja, analiza upućuje na zaključak da ruralno stanovništvo i ruralne zajednice te građani periurbanih područja nose najveći teret proizvodnog sustava industrijske poljoprivrede. Jedan od glavnih razloga pronalazimo u postojećim "spregama" unutar intenzivne industrijske poljoprivrede koje doprinose jačanju pritiska na ekološki integritet ruralnih područja, što pak dovodi do uništavanja okoliša i marginalizacije ili napuštanja poljoprivrede. Na kraju, u radu se analiziraju slučajevi Alternativnih agro-prehrambenih mreža (engl. Alternative Agro-Food Networks - AAFN) u Grčkoj kako bi se ukazalo na načine na koje je moguće razvijati socio-ekonomsku održivost i zdravlje lokalnih proizvođača i potrošača kao alternativu postojećem sustavu intenzivne agro-industrijske poljoprivrede koja dovodi do ekološke marginalizacije.

Ecological modernization theory has been developing for more than two decades so that today, it has became one of the leading social - ecological theories of industrial environment and environment transformation. One of the characteristics of the ecological modernization theory is an effort to explain institutional transformation in the modern society and environment. Those transformations are related to the internalization of the new systems of economic, political, social and ethics values and interests of the civilization to preserve the environment under the conditions of globalization. The ecological modernization theory proposes that the politics of economic development and environmental politics can have the same or similar goals, which are manifested in strict implementation of environmental politics that would, as such, have positive influence on economic development and processes of technological innovation. ; Teorija ekološke modernizacije se razvija više od dve decenije da bi danas postala jedna od vodećih socio-ekoloških teorija transformacije industrijske i životne sredine. Jedna od karakteristika teorija ekološke modernizacije nalazi se u pokušaju da se objasne institucionalne promene u savremenom društvu i životnoj sredini. Te promene su povezane sa internacionalizacijom novih sistema ekonomskih, političkih, socijalnih i etičkih vrednosti i interesima civilizacije za očuvanjem životne sredine u uslovima globalizacije. Teorija ekološke modernizacije sugeriše da politika ekonomskog razvoja i ekološka politika mogu da imaju iste ili slične ciljeve, koji se manifestuju strogom primenom ekološke politike koja bi kao takva imala pozitivan uticaj na ekonomski razvoj i procese tehnoloških inovacija.

Ecological modernization theory has been developing for more than two decades so that today, it has became one of the leading social - ecological theories of industrial environment and environment transformation. One of the characteristics of the ecological modernization theory is an effort to explain institutional transformation in the modern society and environment. Those transformations are related to the internalization of the new systems of economic, political, social and ethics values and interests of the civilization to preserve the environment under the conditions of globalization. The ecological modernization theory proposes that the politics of economic development and environmental politics can have the same or similar goals, which are manifested in strict implementation of environmental politics that would, as such, have positive influence on economic development and processes of technological innovation. At the same time, this theory which is synchronized with the process of the globalization shows tendencies of antiglobalization by localizing environmental movements. . ; Teorija ekološke modernizacije se razvija više od jedne decenije da bi danas postala jedna od vodećih socio-ekoloških teorija transformacije industrijske sredine i životne sredine. Jedna od karakteristika teorija ekološke modernizacije nalazi se u pokušaju da se objasne institucionalne promene u savremenom društvu i životnoj sredini. Te promene su povezane sa internacionalizacijom novih sistema ekonomskih, političkih, socijalnih i etičkih vrednosti i interesima civilizacije za očuvanjem životne sredine u uslovima globalizacije. Teorija ekološke modernizacije sugeriše da politika ekonomskog razvoja i ekološka politika mogu da imaju iste ili slične ciljeve, koji se manifestuju strogom primenom ekološke politike koja bi kao takva imala pozitivan uticaj na ekonomski razvoj i procese tehnoloških inovacija. U isto vreme, ova teorija koja je usklađena sa procesima globalizacije, pokazuje i tendencije anti-globalizacije koji se manifestuju ...

Environmental movements are continuing to demonstrate their relevance and innovative tendencies in the 21st century. Environmental problems are as yet unresolved in this century, the global environmental crisis exists, but the policies of green parties, which arose from environmental movements, have not yielded adequate results. The paper presents the origins of environmental movements as well as their separation from new social movements. In the context of this separation, the paper explores the stages of development of environmental movements from their inception to the present day and compares the activities of these movements, from protest to pacification and marginalization, through "corporate" eco-movements, to the creation of so-called communal eco communities which could figure as environmental movements in the future. Based on the development of environmental movements so far, their future in this century is considered, as well as new tendencies and trends. In this sense, the subject of analysis are movements such as the "Economy for the Common Good", which aims at not only environmental but also complete social transformation, and current and ad hoc movements such as "Extinction Rebellion" and "Fridays for Future". Special emphasis is placed on offshoots, such as "influencer ecologism", "celebrity ecologism" and "tabloid ecologism", that are presented as initiatives that could possibly create environmental movements in the future. ; Ekološki pokreti pokazuju svoju aktuelnost i inovativnost i u XXI veku, jer ekološki problemi i dalje postoje, kao i globalna ekološka kriza, a politika zelenih stranaka koje su nastale iz ekoloških pokreta nije dala odgovarajuće rezultate. U radu se izlažu uzroci nastanka ekoloških pokreta i njihovog izdvajanja iz novih društvenih pokreta. U kontekstu tog izdvajanja, rad se bavi istraživanjem faza razvoja ekoloških pokreta od nastanka do današnjih dana i upoređivanjem njihovih aktivnosti, od protesta do pacifikacije i marginalizacije, od "korporacijskih" eko-pokreta, do stvaranja takozvanih komunalnih ekoloških zajednica, koje u budućnosti mogu da figurišu kao ekološki pokreti. Na osnovu zakonitosti u dosadašnjem razvoju ekoloških pokreta promišlja se i njihova budućnost u ovom veku, kao i nove tendencije i trendovi. U tom smislu, predmet analize su pokreti poput Ekonomije opšte dobrobiti, čiji cilj nije samo ekološka već i potpuna društvena transformacija, ali i trenutno aktuelni i ad hoc pokreti poput Extinction Rebellion i Fridays for Future. Posebno su naglašene nuspojave, "influenserski ekologizam", "selebriti ekologizam" i "tabloidni ekologizam", koje se predstavljaju kao inicijativa koja može da rezultuje stvaranjem ekoloških pokreta u budućnosti.

RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAOve godine hrvatska šumarska struka obilježit će dvije značajne obljetnice – 175 godina Hrvatskoga šumarskog društva i 145 godina njegovog znanstveno-stručnog i staleškog glasila Šumarski list. Glavni ciljevi ove, jedne od najstarijih strukovnih udruga u Europi, ostvareni su u cijelosti. Zaslugom ove udruge, šumarska nastava započela je kod nas 1860. godine osnivanjem Gospodarsko šumarskoga učilišta u Križevcima, a ona visokoškolska 1898. godine osnivanjem Šumarske akademije kao četvrte visokoškolske ustanove Zagrebačkog sveučilišta. Drugi cilj, pokretanje tiskanja znanstveno-stručnog i staleškog glasila, ostvaren je 1877. godine tiskanjem Šumarskoga lista koji izlazi neprekidno, unatoč ratovima, tako da je ovo prvi dvobroj 145-og volumena. Razlog otvaranja Šumarske akademije (danas Šumarskog fakulteta) bila je spoznaja tadašnjih vlasti da za vođenje šumskog gospodarstva nije dovoljna viša, nego je potrebna visokoškolska sprema. Već tada je shvaćeno kako je šuma najsloženiji ekosustav, zbog čega njime trebaju gospodariti visokostručni kadrovi po načelu potrajnog gospodarenja. To znači da se poštivala struka, a rezultat toga je očuvanost naših šuma. Hrvatsko šumarsko društvo dalo je svoj obol tome izravno, ali i kroz stranice Šumarskoga lista, što vidimo i u tekstovima ovoga dvobroja, posebice u rubrici Aktualno.Kakva je situacija danas sa strukom? Nikakva – ne poštuje se – svi, bez obzira na stručnu kvalifikaciju "znaju sve o šumi", a politika ne nalazi vremena da o njoj stručno raspravlja. Ona odobrava netržišno gospodarenje šumskim resursima, a podupire drvoprerađivače, od kojih se većina bavi primarnom preradom drva s malom dodanom vrijednošću, dok je vrlo mali broj onih koji se bave finalnom obradom drva. Time, osim izvoza drvne sirovine, "izvozimo" i radna mjesta, što očito nekima nije jasno. Prerađujući drvnu sirovinu uglavnom primarnom preradom, poništavamo trud prosječno tri generacije šumarskih stručnjaka, koji su uzgojnim postupcima osigurali njenu visoku kvalitetu i potrajnost.Šume kao resurs od posebnog interesa za Republiku Hrvatsku, unatoč činjenici da pokrivaju okvirno gotovo 50 % kopnene površine, već u mandatu tri Vlade "nisu zaslužile" biti spomenute u nazivu resornog Ministarstva. Mediji, kada i govore nešto o šumi, to su uglavnom senzacionalistički negativni napisi koji podržavaju kritike nekih ekoloških udruga bez stručne podloge. Naravno, nisu mediji krivi, jer i oni ne posjeduju minimalnu edukaciju o šumi. Svojevremeno, osjećajući potrebu da se mediji educiraju kako bi imali stručnu podlogu za ono o čemu pišu ili govore, tadašnja urednica Hrvatske radio-televizije Lidija Firšt, potakla je uz stručnu potporu Hrvatskoga šumarskog društva pri Hrvatskom novinarskom društvu osnivanje Zbora novinara za okoliš. Taj rad je djelomično nastavila Tanja Devčić, urednica Drugog programa hrvatskog radija, čije se jutarnje emisije "Ekološka minuta" svi sjećamo. Iz toga zaključujemo, kako bi mogla neposredno komunicirati s javnošću, šumarska struka trebala bi imati javnu tribinu. Svake nedjelje gledamo emisije Plodovi zemlje i More, a zašto ne i Šume, makar jednom mjesečno, a imalo bi se o čemu govoriti, primjerice o spomenutoj prodaji i preradi drvnih sortimenata, općekorisnim funkcijama šume, privatnim šumama ili pitanju rješenja sukcesija, jer smo recimo u Gorskom kotaru prije 30-tak godina govorili od oko 70 % šumovitosti, a ona se danas procjenjuje na 82 %. Dakle šuma je obrasla pašnjake i spustila se do vrtova, što bi se moglo riješiti primjerice Zelenom tranzicijom. Da se ne ponavljamo, treba "prolistati" tekstove ove rubrike, gdje se mogu pronaći vrlo interesantne teme za raspravu.Uredništvo ; EDITORIALThis year the Croatian forestry profession marks two important anniversaries – the 175th anniversary of the Croatian Forestry Association and the 145th anniversary of its scientific-specialist and professional periodical – the Forestry Journal. The goals of the Croatian Forestry Association as one of the oldest professional associations in Europe have been achieved in full. It is owing to this association that the forestry education in Croatia started in 1860 with the establishment of the Agricultural Forestry School in Križevci, while higher education began in 1898 when the Forestry Academy was established as the fourth institution of higher education at the University of Zagreb. The second goal, the launching of a scientific-specialist and professional magazine, was achieved in 1877 when the Forestry Journal was published. The Forestry Journal has been coming out continuously, even during war time, so that this edition is the first double issue of the 145th volume. The reason behind the establishment of the Forestry Academy (today the Faculty of Forestry) was the realisation by the then authorities that the management of forestry required not secondary but higher education. It was understood early enough that the forest as the most complex ecosystem needed to be managed by highly qualified personnel according to the principle of sustainable management. Accordingly, the dictates of the profession were meticulously followed, resulting in the current well-preserved state of Croatian forests. The Croatian Forestry Association has given its contribution to this directly but also through the pages of the Forestry Journal, as evidenced by the articles in this double issue, particularly in the column Current Affairs. What is the status of the forestry profession today? Sadly, very poor: it is not respected – everybody, regardless of their professional qualifications "knows all there is to know about forests", while politics does not find time to organize professional debates about the issue. Moreover, it turns a blind eye to non-market management of forest resources and supports those wood processing companies which mostly deal with primary wood processing with low additional value, and only a very small number of them engages in final wood processing. In doing so, not only do we export wood raw material, but we also "export" work places, something that those concerned obviously cannot see. By primary processing of raw wood material, we annul the work of an average of three generations of forestry experts, who have applied silvicultural treatments to ensure its present high quality and sustainability.Despite the fact that forests as a resource of special interests for the Republic of Croatia cover almost 50 per cent of Croatian land area, they have not even "deserved" to be mentioned in the name of the relevant Ministry in the mandates of the last three governments. When forests are treated in the media at all, then the articles mostly echo scientifically groundless but sensationalist and negative criticisms of some environmental associations. Of course, the media cannot be blamed, because they do not possess even the minimal education about forests. Some time ago, aware of the need for the media to be educated in order to have an expert background for what they write or talk about, Lidija Firšt, the then editor of the Croatian Radio Television, initiated the establishment of the Association of Environmental Journalists at the Croatian Journalist Association with expert support of the Croatian Forestry Association. Her work was partly continued by Tanja Devčić, editor of the Croatian Radio Second Channel, whose morning show "Environmental Minute" we all remember. From this we conclude that, in order to communicate directly with the public, the forestry profession should have a public forum. Every Sunday we watch TV shows Fruits of the Earth and The Sea: why not Forests, even if it be once a month. There would certainly be a wealth of topics to discuss, such as the sale and processing of wood assortments, non-market forest functions, private forests or the issue of succession, to name but a few. For example, about 30 years ago the forest cover of Gorski Kotar amounted to 70 per cent, whereas presently it is estimated at 82 per cent. The problem of forests colonizing pastures and approaching gardens can be solved by the Green Transition. Not to repeat ourselves, let us browse through the articles already published in this column and find highly interesting topics for discussion.Editorial Board