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Conclusion: The main objective of the present text is to present a synthetic analysis of selected issues concerned with the electricity market in Poland. Within the analysis of the changes in the period of 2008-2015 emphasis was laid on the trends in electricity generation and demand, while taking into account their relationship with the fluctuating level of the gross domestic product. Besides, the main processes taking place in the exchange trading in electricity were pointed to. Next, the demand for electricity up to 2030 was presented, whereby greater attention was drawn to the relationship between the increase in electricity consumption and the level of the gross domestic product and the value of sold production of industry. Another presented forecast was concerned with electricity prices; it included the main determinants of relevance for the drop or rise in prices in the future. The forecast was supplemented with a presentation of the results obtained with the aid of selected methods for analysing the dynamics of economic phenomena. Given the need to elaborate the research problem, the text features research questions related to the following conclusions: (1) Is it possible to point out any special characteristics of the structure and workings of the electricity market in Poland? The Polish energy market is closely connected with two carriers, that is black coal and lignite coal – the total installed capacity on the National Power Grids for commercial energy generation based on black and lignite coal is 71%. The structure of renewable energy sources is dominated by biomass burning. Poland's peculiar energy structure determines specific problems for economy. First and foremost, one should point to: (1) the costs of the transformation of the high-emission sector of electricity generation, (2) the costs of the transformation of the old coal-based technology, (3) the costs of the introduction of renewable energy sources. In the future, the aforesaid costs will affect electricity prices, which in turn will give rise to a decline of the competitiveness of the Polish economy. Furthermore, given the median wages of household consumers, a substantial increase in the costs of living is to be expected. A crucial factor that might prevent the rise in electricity prices is market liberalization and consolidation of transmission infrastructure, including cross-border infrastructure, but such changes might also have a negative effect on the Polish energy sector. (2) Is it possible to point out a characteristic trend in the changes in demand for electricity in Poland? All the presented forecasts of demand for electricity predict a rise up to 2030. The consequence will be a need to develop the installed capacity in the commercial energy industry and in the renewable energy industry. Also, the rise in consumption will necessitate a development of transmission and distribution infrastructure as well as larger outlays on their renovation, since currently around 16% of the transmission infrastructure is more than 30 years old, and 24% of it is more than 40 years old. Forecasts of the increase in the demand for electricity are connected with the forecasts of Poland's economic development. This connection can also be seen in the case of the analysis of the 2008-2015 data, which have been presented in the text. It must be pointed out that the demand for electricity will continue rising, and its dynamics will depend on the country's economic situation. (3) Is it possible to point out a characteristic trend in the changes in electricity prices in Poland? It should be assumed that electricity prices in Poland will continue rising, which is borne out by both the qualitative and quantitative analysis. The arguments for the rise in electricity prices have already been made in some parts of the conclusion – in general they can be related to the costs of the transformation of the Polish energy sector. The issue concerned with possible action that might be undertaken to avoid that trend is now debatable. As regards the conclusions drawn from own research into the application of selected methods for analysing the dynamics of economic phenomena, it must be stressed that electricity prices in Poland for medium-sized household consumers will rise by 59% by 2030, whereas electricity prices for industrial consumers will drop by 11% by 2030. The increase in electricity prices will be conditional upon the determinants mentioned in the conclusion; furthermore, there is another factor that will considerably affect the pricing trends, that is both the technical and legal scope of the construction of the homogeneous energy market in the European Union It is also worth mentioning that in connection with the conducted analysis it is to be assumed that considerable disproportions in electricity prices will continue in the European Union in 2030 as well. For household consumers in Poland the projected price is to be 0.22 euro/kWh, whereas the average price for the whole of the European Union is to be 0.4 euro/kWh, and for Germany – 0.65 euro/kWh. For medium-sized industrial consumers in Poland, the projected price is to be 0.073 euro/kWh, whereas the average price for the whole of the European Union is to be 0.094 euro/kWh, and for Germany – 0.059 euro/kWh. The text presents only a selection of issues concerned with: (1) the operation of the electricity market in Poland, (2) forecasts of the demand for electricity, and (3) forecasts of electricity prices. Hence, it must be emphasised that there is a need for further research, which would explore particular topic groups, and address other determinants affecting the presented forecasts of phenomena and/or employ more advanced forecasting methods. ; The subject of analysis in the present paper is a description of the workings of the electricity market in Poland. The years 2008-2015 came under closer scrutiny, whereby emphasis was laid on the trends in electricity generation and demand, while taking into account the country's economic development. Besides, the text mentions forecasts of the demand for electricity in 2030, as well as forecasts of electricity prices. As regards the forecast of electricity prices, both the qualitative and quantitative forecasts have been presented. In the latter case, the results of author's own forecast have been presented; these were obtained with the aid of the selected applied methods for the analysis of economic phenomena dynamics (the exponential model and the linear trend model). Given the necessity to elaborate the research problem, the text addresses the following research questions: (1) Is it possible to point out any special characteristics of the structure and workings of the electricity market in Poland?, (2) Is it possible to point out a characteristic trend in the changes in demand for electricity in Poland?, (3) Is it possible to point out a characteristic trend in the changes in electricity prices in Poland? ; 1 ; 141 ; 165 ; Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne

| openaire: EC/H2020/765515/EU//ENSYSTRA Funding Information: The authors thank Niclas Mattsson for providing the GIS data. The authors also thank Emil Nyholm, Hanna Ek Fälth and David Daniels for helpful discussions and suggestions. This work was conducted as part of the ENSYSTRA project, which was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No: 765515. L.R. and F.H. were partially funded by Chalmers Energy Area of Advance. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s) ; Energy system models for long-term planning are widely used to explore the future electricity system. Typically, to represent the future electricity demand in these models, historical demand profiles are used directly or scaled up linearly. Although the volume change for the electricity demand is considered, the potential change of the demand pattern is ignored. Meanwhile, the future electricity demand pattern is highly uncertain due to various factors, including climate change, e-mobility, electric heating, and electric cooling. We use a techno-economic cost optimization model to investigate a stylized case and assess the effects on system cost and electricity supply mix of assuming different demand patterns for the models. Our results show that differences in diurnal demand patterns affect the system cost by less than 3%. Similarly, demand profiles with a flat seasonal variation or a winter peak result in only minor changes in system cost, as compared to the present demand profile. Demand profiles with a summer peak may display a system cost increase of up to 8%, whereas the electricity supply mix may differ by a factor of two. A more detailed case study is conducted for Europe and the results are consistent with the findings from the stylized case. ; Peer reviewed

Electricity markets are designed to provide reliable electricity at least cost to consumers. This paper describes how the best designs satisfy the twin goals of short-run efficiency-making the best use of existing resources-and long-run efficiency-promoting efficient investment in new resources. The core elements are a day-ahead market for optimal scheduling of resources and a real-time market for security-constrained economic dispatch. Resources directly offer to produce per their underlying economics and then the system operator centrally optimizes all resources to maximize social welfare. Locational marginal prices, reflecting the marginal value of energy at each time and location, are used in settlement. This spot market provides the basis for forward contracting, which enables participants to manage risk and improves bidding incentives in the spot market. There are important differences in electricity markets around the world, reflecting different economic and political settings. Electricity markets are undergoing a transformation as the resource mix transitions from fossil fuels to renewables. The main renewables, wind and solar, are intermittent, have zero marginal cost, and lack inertia. These challenges can be met with battery storage and improved demand response. However, good governance is needed to assure the market rules adapt to meet new challenges.

Privatization of the electricity sector in Latin America in the 1990s and the outcomes for the access to the service.

Mode of access: Internet. ; Military Service Inst. ; Plate and one leave inserted after p. 358, and two leaves inserted after p. 363.

Creates the Electricity Authority whose main purpose is to promote and encourage the development and use of the resources of the Island for the generation of energy. It also seeks to: promote and encourage the use of electricity especially in agricultural, commercial, domestic, industrial and manufacturing purposes; conduct research into any matter related to electricity; keep under constant review the quality, reliability and availability of electricity services.

Published: 02 November 2017 Electricity markets are designed to provide reliable electricity at least cost to consumers. This paper describes how the best designs satisfy the twin goals of short-run efficiency-making the best use of existing resources-and long-run efficiency-promoting efficient investment in new resources. The core elements are a day-ahead market for optimal scheduling of resources and a real-time market for security-constrained economic dispatch. Resources directly offer to produce per their underlying economics and then the system operator centrally optimizes all resources to maximize social welfare. Locational marginal prices, reflecting the marginal value of energy at each time and location, are used in settlement. This spot market provides the basis for forward contracting, which enables participants to manage risk and improves bidding incentives in the spot market. There are important differences in electricity markets around the world, reflecting different economic and political settings. Electricity markets are undergoing a transformation as the resource mix transitions from fossil fuels to renewables. The main renewables, wind and solar, are intermittent, have zero marginal cost, and lack inertia. These challenges can be met with battery storage and improved demand response. However, good governance is needed to assure the market rules adapt to meet new challenges.

Published: 02 November 2017 ; Electricity markets are designed to provide reliable electricity at least cost to consumers. This paper describes how the best designs satisfy the twin goals of short-run efficiency-making the best use of existing resources-and long-run efficiency-promoting efficient investment in new resources. The core elements are a day-ahead market for optimal scheduling of resources and a real-time market for security-constrained economic dispatch. Resources directly offer to produce per their underlying economics and then the system operator centrally optimizes all resources to maximize social welfare. Locational marginal prices, reflecting the marginal value of energy at each time and location, are used in settlement. This spot market provides the basis for forward contracting, which enables participants to manage risk and improves bidding incentives in the spot market. There are important differences in electricity markets around the world, reflecting different economic and political settings. Electricity markets are undergoing a transformation as the resource mix transitions from fossil fuels to renewables. The main renewables, wind and solar, are intermittent, have zero marginal cost, and lack inertia. These challenges can be met with battery storage and improved demand response. However, good governance is needed to assure the market rules adapt to meet new challenges.

This research has objectives to explore the effect of electricity subsidy to the financial performance of The State Electricity Company (PT PLN) and to describe the proportion of electricity subsidy compared to the total government expenditure and total central government expenditure. The method of this research is literature review with qualitative approach by exploring information through secondary data collection. This research used a descriptive analysis to interpret the collected data. The result showed that on average 40 percent revenue of PT PLN was derived from government subsidy with the total more than Rp50 trillion on average each year for electricity subsidy. Based on this fact, this research recommends government to decrease the electricity subsidy and allocate them to increase people's welfare.

This thesis assesses challenges and opportunities for the Kingdom of Tonga to improve the sustainability of electricity services delivery. It applies the 3A energy objectives and assessment framework of energy accessibility, availability and acceptability championed by the World Energy Council, and the Capacity Building frameworks applied by the United Nations Development and Environment Programs. A modified capacity barriers and capacity building goals framework is established that has a particular focus on the often neglected perspectives of energy users. Existing literature on sustainable energy for Tonga and the PIFDS was extended through 1) field interviews of stakeholders including relevant government agencies and foreign aid donors; 2) data collection and analysis of the Tongan electricity industry; and 3) extensive surveys of residential and commercial energy users on the major island centres with diesel grids, and residential energy users in remote island communities with stand-alone Solar Home Systems (SHS). Findings highlight the importance of end-user perspectives for capacity building. For the on-grid electricity services accessibility to electricity services is hampered by relatively small electricity industries and hence significant diseconomies of scale. The availability of electricity services is affected by poor reserve margins and relatively low reliability in generation and networks - in large part due to inadequate investment and continuing demand growth. The acceptability of electricity services is challenged by the present lack of environmentally sound technologies but also, importantly, social acceptance of electricity bills, safety and regulatory arrangements. What certainly appears to be lacking is greater information and insight into energy user perspectives on the accessibility, availability and acceptability of energy service provision in order to guide sustainable development.

We analyse retailer and household behaviour on the Norwegian electricity market, based on detailed information on prices and other market characteristics. We find that there exists a competitive market segment where a number of retailers compete fiercely for customers, with small margins on all products. However, we also find evidence of monopolistic behaviour, whereby retailers exploit the passivity of some of their customers. We discuss explanations for these results, as well as means to improve market performance.

A fact sheet overview of the activities of the Office of Energy Efficiency.

Sustainable electricity power planning involves trade-offs between multiple goals. The different attributes of each technology or generation portfolio in terms of the attainment of society goals must be assessed and included in the planning models. Optimization models always played an important role for supporting complex planning decision making, from which the particular case of the electricity industry stands out. This study addresses energy policy and strategic central decisions, presenting a long-term model for electricity planning. A MILP problem is described, which addresses a mixed hydro-thermal-wind power system close to the Portuguese electricity case. Through scenario analysis, the expected impacts in terms of costs, CO2 emissions and external energy dependence are evaluated for a 10 years planning period. Based on the assumed cost information and on the imposed technical restrictions, the obtained results put in evidence the importance of coal power plants combined with new hydro power investments for minimum cost scenarios. ; This work was financed by: the QREN – Operational Programme for Competitiveness Factors, the European Union – European Regional Development Fund and National Funds- Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, under Project FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-011377 and Project ...

Non-technical loss of electricity (comprising theft, fraud, non-payment and billing irregularities) is a significant issue, particularly in developing countries, and represents a large financial burden on utility companies, governments and society as a whole. This paper takes a wholistic and global view of the challenge and provides a broad perspective of the interrelated issues. Media reports and public perception of non-technical losses tend to focus on residential consumers, particularly those with limited financial resources, whereas review of more robust literature indicates that the largest proportion of non-technical losses is often due to industry, state-owned enterprises and relatively well-off residential consumers. Measures to reduce non-technical losses focusing on average residential consumers, such as pre-paid metering, therefore have limited effect on overall losses. Strengthening of legal and regulatory frameworks, particularly with regard to those larger users, and installing high security tamper-resistant metering systems for commercial consumers may have more effect. The reasons for non-technical losses, especially theft, are complex, but the customer–utility relationship is a key determinant. Improvement of this relationship through local participation in development of renewable energy schemes, such as rooftop solar photovoltaics, could bring benefit if challenges such as financing, design of the distribution system, utility company codes and standards and competence in post installation maintenance can be overcome.

Other written product issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "The August 14, 2003, electricity blackout--the largest in the nation's history--affected millions of people across eight northeastern and midwestern states as well as areas in Canada. The blackout intensified concerns about the overall status and security of the electricity industry at a time when the industry is undergoing major changes and Americans have a heightened awareness of threats to security. Because of these widespread concerns and the broad institutional interest of the Congress, we (1) highlighted information about the known causes and effects of the blackout, (2) summarized themes from prior GAO reports on electricity and security matters that provide a context for understanding the blackout, and (3) identified some of the potential options for resolving problems associated with these electricity and security matters."