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There's always been two histories to tell about International Relations. One that explains structures and processes and another that understands individual and collective actions. But the first one has always been predominant in our discipline, forgetting what International Relations truly means for the states and for global political actors. ; Siempre habrá dos historias que contar de las relaciones internacionales. Una que explique estructuras y procesos, y otra que comprenda las acciones de los individuos y de los agregados sociales. Pero siempre ha sido la primera de estas historias la que ha dominado la disciplina, olvidando los significados que las relaciones internacionales tienen para los Estados y para otros actores de la política mundial.

Siempre habrá dos historias que contar de las relaciones internacionales. Una que explique estructuras y procesos, y otra que comprenda las acciones de los individuos y de los agregados sociales. Pero siempre ha sido la primera de estas historias la que ha dominado la disciplina, olvidando los significados que las relaciones internacionales tienen para los Estados y para otros actores de la política mundial ; There's always been two histories to tell about International Relations. One that explains structures and processes and another that understands individual and collective actions. But the first one has always been predominant in our discipline, forgetting what International Relations truly means for the states and for global political actors

The basic aspects of the theory of argumentation, the relations of argumentation with the concept of logical inference and a description of argumentation in the analysis of compared international politics are presented in this article. Argumentation will be here understood as part of a deliberative process of pro or against reasoning around certain opinion that might be defended by means of a confrontation of ideas. Therefore, the one who argues proposes, refuses, beats or justifies any understanding of the world. With this in view, a brief description of deductive argumentative systems is undertaken. Some degree of formality, arising from the logics to structure the general argumentative basis, is introduced. Then, an exemplification based on a highly recognized case in international relations is presented: the conditions of public debate that gave birth to the invasion and war in Iraq. ; En este artículo se presentan aspectos básicos de la teoría de la argumentación, las relaciones de la argumentación con el concepto de inferencia lógica y una ilustración sobre argumentación en análisis de política comparada internacional. La argumentación se comprenderá como parte de un proceso deliberativo de razones en favor o en contra de un punto de vista que puede defenderse mediante una confrontación de ideas. Por lo cual quien argumenta: propone, refuta, derrota o justifica una determinada concepción del mundo. Con este propósito, se aborda preliminarmente una breve descripción de sistemas deductivos de argumentación (SDA). Se introduce cierto grado de formalización proveniente de la lógica para estructurar los cimientos de la argumentación en general, y luego se ofrece una ilustración con base en un caso reconocido ampliamente en política internacional: las condiciones del debate público que dieron lugar a la invasión y la guerra en Irak.

This article examines the sources, structures and the possible meaning of Clausewitz's theory. The paper suggests an interpretation of Vom Kriege and provides a comparison with Goethe and Fichte. It points out that Clausewitz set the rationale of an integral politics theory, reintroducing human nature as opposed to culture and creating a classical conceptual order prevailing over Romanticism, as well as forging essential concepts for a critical view of liberalism. ; El presente artículo analiza las fuentes, la estructura y los significados posibles del pensamiento de Clausewitz. Propone una interpretación de Vom Kriege en sintonía con el pensamiento de Goethe y Fichte. Señala que Clausewitz construyó los cimientos de una teoría de la política integral, reintroduciendo la naturaleza humana frente a las convenciones. Configurando un orden conceptual clásico dominante sobre ciertos aspectos románticos, Clausewitz forjó conceptos fundamentales para la crítica de la visión liberal de la política.

The objective of the article was to reveal the international imbalances caused by the COVID-19 pandemic through the coordinates of chaos theory. Methodologically it is a critical essay based on documentary observation. To understand the current state of world politics and the balance of power in international relations, it is appropriate to use chaos theory. At the beginning of the article, the origins of chaos theory are an interdisciplinary study, and its basic concepts are introduced. The value of using chaos theory and its great potential for analysis and applications in the study of international relations is shown in the example of the 2019-2020 events in Wuhan is the capital of Hubei Province in the People's Republic of China (PRC). associated with the onset of a COVID-19 viral infection that has spread around the world. At the end of the article, conclusions are drawn and the strengths and weaknesses of the use of chaos theory in dialectical relation to international relations are revealed, both as a field of study and at the same time as geopolitical reality.

The paper examines Raymond Aron's International relations as a process of development along three decades, where politics, war and technology are analyzed and reinterpreted in three different manners. The first depends on Spengler`s thought, while the second and third are based in a deep and original interpretation of Clausewitz. ; En el presente trabajo se examina la obra International relations de Raymond Aron como un proceso de desarrollo a lo largo de tres decenios, en que política, guerra y tecnología se analizan y reinterpretan de tres diferentes maneras. La primera depende del pensamiento de Spengler, mientras que la segunda y la tercera se basan en una interpretación detenida y original de Clausewitz.

In the nineteenth century, one of the essential conditions for obtaining recognition of the sovereignty of a state by the international community was the ability to maintain internal order and guarantee the lives and property of foreign nationals. Justice then becomes a major political element and the case of Spanish-Mexican relations is particularly significant. For Mexico, the aim is to preserve national independence, avoid military intervention and integrate into the international system. For Spain, it seeks to assert its status as a major power with the capacity to intervene in defence of its citizens and to obtain the necessary reparations. This work is then structured around three issues: the debt and financial claims of the Spaniards, the punishment of those guilty of the murders of Spaniards and the negotiation of an extradition treaty for offenders and deserters. ; International audience In the nineteenth century one of the key conditions for recognition of sovereignity of a state by the international community was the ability to maintain order and ensure the lives and properties of nationals abroad. Justice, then, becomes a political element of the first order and the case of Spanish-Mexican relations is particularly significant. For Mexico, it is to preserve national independence, to avoid a military intervention and to integrate into the international system. For Spain, it is asserting its status as a great power with the ability to speak in defense of its citizens and to obtain the necessary repairs. This work is structured so on three issues: debt and financial claims of the Spaniards, the punishment of those guilty of the murders of Spaniards and the negotiation of a treaty on extradition of criminals and deserters. ; In the nineteenth century, one of the essential conditions for obtaining recognition of the sovereignty of a state by the international community was the ability to maintain internal order and guarantee the lives and property of foreign nationals. Justice then becomes a major ...