Suchergebnisse

The article reveals the question of international economic relations of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The policy of Uzbekistan on the development of international trade and economic cooperation. And also, the economic relations of Uzbekistan and Russia. Economic relations with the countries Iran and Azerbaijan.

Cracks in the System: World Economy Under Stress"" explores the rapidly changing institutional and policymaking landscape around a financial crisis that now threatens a deep and prolonged global recession. The lead article looks at how the world got into the mess and what to do about it, both now and over the medium term. Other articles review options for changing the rules of world finance, examine the case for modernizing the way countries coordinate their policies, and try to draw some lessons from past financial crises. The ""other crisis"" of high food and fuel prices is also assessed, as

""Africa's Middle-Class Motor"" finds growing evidence that a recent resurgence in the continent's economic well-being has staying power. In his overview article, Harvard professor Calestous Juma says the emphasis for too long has been on eradicating poverty through aid rather than promoting prosperity through improved infrastructure, education, entrepreneurship, and trade. That is now changing: there is a growing emphasis on policies that produce a middle class. The new African middle class may not have the buying power of a Western middle class but it demands enough goods and services to sup

'Wising Up to the Costs of Aging' looks at how falling fertility and rising life expectancy have combined to threaten the ability of many countries to provide a decent standard of living for the old without imposing a crushing burden on the young. In our lead article, Ronald Lee and Andrew Mason say that while population aging in rich industrial countries as well as in some middle- and lower-income countries will challenge public and private budgets in many ways, a combination of reduced consumption, postponed retirement, increased asset holdings, and greater investment in human capital should

Прослеживается история возникновения и развития социологии международных отношений как самостоятельной науки. Особое внимание уделено вкладу русских ученых в становление социологии международных отношений. Отмечается, что предыстория русской школы данного научного направления берет начало еще в XIX в. в работах Н. И. Кареева, Л. И. Мечникова, а термин «социология международных отношений» введен в научный оборот русским исследователем В. Ю. Ключниковым в 1922 г. Рассматриваются различные точки зрения на социологию международных отношений. Авторская позиция заключается в том, что отрицать изучение мирополитических реалий с позиций социологии невозможно, поскольку общество может быть как международным, так и национальным. Проведен сравнительный анализ основных положений национальных (российской, китайской и западной) школ социологии международных отношений. Охарактеризованы три основные русские традиции в изучении международных отношений: западничество, державничество и третьеримство. Делается вывод о том, что в условиях кризиса вестфальской системы, а также нарастающей хаотизации и выхода на международную арену новых негосударственных акторов международные отношения все более социологизируются. = The article describes the history of the emergence and development of the sociology of international relations (SIR) as an independent science from the moment of its appearance to the present day. Special attention is paid to the contribution of Russian scientists to the development of the sociology of international relations. It is shown that the prehistory of the Russian school of sociology of international relations dates back to the 19th century in the works of N. Kareev, L. Mechnikov, and the term «sociology of international relations» was first introduced into scientific circulation by the Russian researcher V. Klyuchnikov in 1922. Different points of view on the sociology of international relations are considered. The author's position is that it is impossible to deny the study of world political realities from the standpoint of sociology, since society can be international in the same way as the national one. A comparative analysis of the main provisions of national (Russian, Chinese and Western) schools of international relations was conducted. Special attention is paid to the domestic school of sociology of international relations. Three major Russian tradition in the study of international relations – Westernism, Great power nationalism and Treterimstvo are characterized. It is concluded that under the crisis of the Westphalian system, increasing chaos and enter of new non-state actors on the international arena, international relations are increasingly sociological.

At the turn of the century, the rogue state concept has become an integral part of the theory of international relations. However, even contemporary approaches lack the appropriate academic tools to reach a comprehensive understanding of the international community's role in determining the normative frameworks of the proper behavior of the states as the main actors of international system, leaving the relations between global community and the rogues almost an uncharted territory on the international stage. The article considers the category of rogue states as "excluded" members of the international community through the sociological lens of "stigma" (E. Goffman) and "labelling theory" (H. Becker and E. Lemert). Engaging an empirical case of Iraqi foreign policy during and after the Gulf War 1991, the author demonstrates two thresholds of the labelling state as the rogue: public initiation of the offender and self-fulfilling prophecy. It is possible to define some specific features of the outsider's behavior on the international stage: the high level of cooperation among the representatives of the same category, "unsustainable bravado" as the set of fluid and inconsistent actions of the rogue state in foreign policy, finally, the tendency toward obtaining the "secondary gains". Contrariwise, global community tends to pay greater attention to rogue states and exercise some discrimination practices on the ground of their outcast position in the world normative structure with the category of "wise" actors, for example China, being an exception from the common mainstream and maintaining close cooperation ties with rogues.

The article is devoted to the changing role of culture in international relations, which is analysed through the concept of "soft power". The investigated transformations of the concept of culture were examined on the basis of an analysis of documents and activities of the European Union. The main priorities of the EU in the development of international cultural relations are highlighted. Further, proceeding from world political trends and the general geopolitical situation, the author analyzes the relatively new structural elements of the concept of culture, namely: cultural security, cultural conflict, cultural war. It is concluded that culture becomes a hybrid construct; and "soft power" becomes not only an instrument of external influence and "advancement" of the state in the international arena, but also acquires "defensive" functions.Key words: cultural security, cultural conflict, "soft power", public diplomacy, EU. ; Статья посвящена рассмотрению изменения роли культуры на современном этапе развития международных отношений сквозь призму понятия «мягкая сила». Исследуемые трансформации концепта культуры были рассмотрены на основе анализа документов и деятельности Европейского союза. Выделяются основные приоритеты ЕС в развитии международных культурных отношений. Далее, исходя из мировых политических тенденций и общей геополитической ситуации, автор анализирует относительно новые структурные элементы концепта культуры, а именно: культурная безопасность, культурный конфликт, культурная война. Делается вывод о том, что культура становится гибридным конструктом, а «мягкая сила» становится не только инструментом внешнего воздействия и «продвижения» государства на международной арене, но и приобретает «оборонительные» функции.Ключевые слова: культурная безопасность, культурный конфликт, «мягкая сила», публичная дипломатия, ЕС.

Статья представляет собой философское осмысление международных отношений. В частности, идёт речь о постсоветском пространстве – новом в политической практике явлением с особыми характеристиками. Автор приходит к выводу о том, что изучение структурирования международных отношений на постсоветском пространстве требует особого комплексного подхода. ; The article is a philosophical understanding of internatio-nal relations. Specifically, it deals with the post-Soviet space as a new, for political practice, phenomenon with special characteristics. The author comes to the conclusion that the study of the structuring of international relations in the post-Soviet space requires special integrated approach.

Belarusians, Ukrainians and Russians are Slavic peoples, whose historical past is illustrative of their greater closeness as compared to other peoples and countries that were included into USSR. With the disintegration of Union, and to the present day, political situation changed repeatedly and in diversified and multi-way, gradually and rapidly as, probably, mutual perception of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarussian. To prove this thesis the sociological research was conducted from December of 2014 to January 2015, with a purpose of exposing and comparing the structure of social perceptions of citizens of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus - students of Peoples` friendship university - about the modern world, about each other and other countries that have proved themselves most brightly on the global stage lately (such as the USA, China, Germany, France, Great Britain) as about their respective population. Using the methods of semantic differential and project questions, author has managed to clarify mutual perception of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, and their attitude toward their native and neighbor Slavic and other countries, as well as to the Russian language. With resulting main conclusions: Slavic peoples are still close to each other, however mutual perception of Russians and Belarusians is better, than their attitude toward Ukrainians; their attitude toward countries and respecting nationalities may vary, and Russian language is still of relevance among Slavic peoples.

Participation of the church organizations in political process is considered. The Church as an institution takes an active part in international relations. Activity of the religious organizations on the international scene has ambiguous character. They, in a historical retrospective, used policy of interference in internal and in foreign affairs of the states. It is shown that religious institutes are capable to exert impact on policy of the state. Religious organizations have shown and have a contradictory impact on interstate relations. The church organizations tried to be active participants in political life. With the strengthening of secular power, religious organizations have not ceased to use political technologies of pressure on the policies of the ruling class. They changed them and adapted them to new political realities. As a rule, the church as an institution enjoys authority among the population in most countries. The world view of many social groups is still formed under the influence of religious doctrines and concepts. The church, as well as the state, can mobilize the supporters. Many of them are ready to advocate the interests of church in political process. The fate of many political regimes, directly depended on interaction with the leadership of the church. In turn modern political actors try to strengthen own political power by means of religious institute. The ruling class is interested in participation of church in policy. Their cooperation is mutually advantageous. Activization of the church organizations in political process depends on activity of the state. In Russia, the Russian Orthodox Church enjoys popularity. She actively advances interests of the Russian political elite which in turn give to ROC various support. Along with this, the church strives to counteract the spread of Western ideals in the country. Priests actively preach traditional Christian values in the socio-political process. Their influence increases every year. ; Рассмотрено участие церковных организаций в политическом процессе. Церковь как институт принимает активное участие в международных отношениях. Деятельность религиозных организаций на международной арене носит неоднозначный характер. Показано, что религиозные институты способны оказывать влияние на политику государства. Они, в исторической ретроспективе, использовали политику вмешательства во внутренние и во внешние дела государств. Религиозные организации проявляли и проявляют противоречивое воздействие на межгосударственные отношения. Церковные организации пытались быть деятельными участниками в политической жизни. При усилении светской власти, религиозные организации не перестали использовать политические технологии давления на политику правящего класса. Они их изменяли и адаптировали к новым политическим реалиям. Церковь как институт, как правило, пользуется авторитетом среди населения в большинстве стран. Мировоззрение многих социальных групп по-прежнему формируется под влиянием религиозных доктрин и концепций. Церковь, как и государство, может мобилизовать своих сторонников. Многие из них готовы отстаивать интересы церкви в политическом процессе. Участь многих политических режимов, непосредственным образом зависела от взаимодействия с руководством церкви. В свою очередь современные политические акторы пытаются усилить с помощью религиозного института собственную политическую власть. Правящий класс заинтересован в участии церкви в политике. Их сотрудничество является взаимовыгодным. Активизация церковных организаций в политическом процессе зависит от деятельности государства. В России популярностью пользуется Русская православная церковь. Она активно продвигает интересы российской политической элиты, которые в свою очередь оказывают РПЦ различную поддержку. Наряду с этим церковь стремиться противодействовать распространению в стране западных идеалов. Священнослужители активно проповедуют традиционные христианские ценности в общественно-политическом процессе. Их влияние с каждым годом увеличивается.

The emergence, diffusion and internalization of international norms face underestimated challenges in the sphere of arms control, which attempts to regulate and restrict the development and use of weapons. We explore the concept of uncertainty and reveal how it sets arms control apart from some other spheres that have experienced a rapid development and consolidation of international norms. The dynamic nature of technological change creates expectations of revolutionary novelty and perceptions of radical uncertainty, which run against some of the main mechanisms supporting international norms including grafting, strategic bargaining and moral consciousness raising. An original qualitative case study on norms related to the prohibition of biological weapons confirms that overcoming uncertainty is particularly difficult in arms control and that norms regulating weapons remain fragile after their institutionalization, due to ever-evolving technological change.

Раздел "Международные отношения и внешняя политика" ; В статье рассматриваются подходы к определению значения и роли мультилатерализма как теоретического подхода, так и формы реализации внешней политики государства (международного многостороннего сотрудничества) в современной системе международных отношений. В наибольшей степени глобализация мировой политики и экономики способствует многостороннему разноуровневому разноскоростному социально-экономическому, политическому сотрудничеству государств в рамках международных организаций. В связи с этим поиск подходов к формулированию предложений по эффективной модернизации механизма международного многостороннего сотрудничества Республики Беларусь приобретает особую актуальность.= The article deals with the approaches to determination of the value and role of multilateralism as both a theoretical approach and a form of realization of a state's foreign policy (international multilateral cooperation) in the modern system of international relations. The globalization of the world politics and economy promotes to the greatest extent multilateral multilevel multispeed social, economic and political cooperation of countries within the framework of international organizations. Due to this the search of the approaches to formulate proposals for effective modernization of international multilateral cooperation mechanism of the Republic of Belarus is particularly relevant.