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Four of the seven words of this title are controversial. The image of "America" has become blurred both toward itself and in the eyes of the outside world. Education on all levels is a barometer of this uncertainty. The term "intellectual" often suffers from superficial equation of "quality" in terms of burgeoning quantity. This is exemplified by heavy stress upon physical science and technology at the cost of the arts and human sciences; by high-pressure promotions of educational computerization; by recent American philosophy (for example, logical empiricism); and by comparative weakening of alternative philosophies especially as they bear upon education (for example, the classical and holistic-organismic). "Discipline," in turn, is more frequently judged by rigorous standards of measurable mastery than by alternative meanings—meanings that include both Eastern philosophies of inner discipline and Western conceptions of social discipline. The latter, in turn, points to modern processes of co-operative learning-teaching as well as to movements of student activism which, democratically understood, afford abundant resources for educational experience. Yet, granting certain advances, the grimmest of all problems remains unsolved: whether any such modes of "intellectual" and "discipline" are able to generate a "quality" of moral ends sufficient not only for troubled "America," but for a whole world of unprecedented peril.

This paper builds a three part argument in favour of a more transcendentally focused form of 'postphenomenology' than is currently practised in philosophy of technology. It does so by problematising two key terms, 'constitution' and 'postphenomenology', then by arguing in favour of a 'transcendental empiricist' approach that draws on the work of Foucault, Derrida, and, in particular, Deleuze. Part one examines 'constitution', as it moves from the context of Husserl's phenomenology to Ihde and Verbeek's 'postphenomenology'. I argue that the term tends towards different senses in these contexts, and that this renders its sense more problematic than the work of Ihde and Verbeek makes it appear. Part two examines 'postphenomenology'. I argue that putatively 'poststructuralist' thinkers such as Derrida, Foucault and Deleuze may be better characterised as 'postphenomenologists', and that approaching them in this way may allow better access to their work from a philosophy of technology perspective. Part three argues for a 'transcendental empiricist' approach to philosophy of technology. In doing so, it argues for a rewriting of contemporary philosophy of technology's political constitution: since an 'empirical turn' in the 1990s, I argue, philosophy of technology has been too narrowly focused on 'empirical' issues of fact, and not focused enough on 'transcendental' issues concerning conditions for these facts.

This book presents selected papers of the Euro-Asian Symposium on Economic Theory, held by the Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ekaterinburg, Russia) on June 29-30, 2022. The conference aims to promote research and develop effective solutions to urgent challenges in economic theory in the context of stability and uncertainty. The main theme of the 2022 Conference is the "Viability of Economic Theories". The chaos of the modern world forces us to rethink many theoretical positions. Researchers are trying to overcome the contradictions between theory and empiricism through new models, mechanisms and approaches. The challenges of recent social change have led to an adjustment in the perception, interpretation, and use of many concepts, necessitating an updating of these terms. The problems and contradictions identified in the studies will help to reconcile theoretical approaches with practice. The volume covers topics such as sustainable development issues, economic shocks in the history of economic thought, modern economic concepts of identity, theory of organizations under uncertainty, review of economic theories with the "Corona crisis," models of consumer behavior, business cycles, theory of investment, issues of economic growth and market equilibrium, impact of social factors on the sustainability of the economy, etc. Moveover, the volume presents new solutions for the synthesis of mainstream and political economy ideas. These topics will be of great interest to academics, researchers and practitioners

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 The Most Pregnant of All the Dilemmas of Philosophy -- Some Characteristics of Monism -- Some Characteristics of Pluralism -- Understanding Singularity -- Understanding the Drive toward Pluralism -- The Way Forward -- Notes -- Chapter 2 William James and the Tensions between the One and the Many -- Family Background -- Quest for a Career -- James the Academic -- Who Was William James? -- Experience -- Reality -- Time -- Individualism -- Pragmatism -- Radical Empiricism -- The Man -- Notes -- Chapter 3 Moral Monism and Pluralism -- Abortion -- Birth Control -- Death with Dignity -- A Culture of Life -- a Culture of Death -- Notes -- Chapter 4 Methodological Singularities -- Religious Singularities -- Critique of Religious Literalism as the Single Pathway to All Truth -- Science as the Singular Pathway to Genuine Knowledge -- Critique of Claims That Science Is the Singular Source of Truth -- Singular Methodologies in Political Systems -- Dangers of Singularities in Political Systems -- The Pluralistic Alternative -- Clash of Methodologies -- Notes -- Chapter 5 The Single Cause: God, Free Will, and the Reflex -- God Alone -- Critique of Theological Determinism -- Free Will -- Critique of Free Will as a Singular Explanation -- The Reflex -- Critique of Reflexology -- Critique of Monistic Theories of Causality -- Notes -- Chapter 6 Ontological Monism and Pluralism -- Materialism -- Mechanistic Materialism -- Emergent or Radical Materialism -- Gestalt Psychology -- Idealism -- James's Ontology -- Notes -- Chapter 7 James Quarrels with Monism as He Embraces Pluralism -- James's Temperamental Affinities with Pluralism -- Intellectualist Origins of Monism -- Absolutism -- Intimacy -- Rigid Orthodoxies and Untenable Combinations.

"Organized around five basic areas of inquiry-political philosophy, moral philosophy, logic, epistemology, and aesthetics-this book examines critical issues in social work such as ethics, the allocation of limited resources, and the role of government in social welfare. In this theory-heavy monograph targeted at DSW students and researchers, the social work scholar Rick Reamer surveys the most central, compelling, and enduring philosophical issues in the profession. This second edition will contain thorough overhauls and updates to the original material. To the political philosophy section, he will add material on post-modern and feminist perspectives and the relevance of political philosophy concepts to contemporary challenges of growing income inequality, the role of police in society, and mass incarceration. To the moral philosophy section, he will add material on the philosophical literature of virtue theory, the "ethics of care," feminist ethics, and non-Western approaches, and extend the application to ethical challenges that did not exist in 1993: social workers' use of technology to communicate with and serve clients remotely, the allocation of scarce resources during a pandemic, and social workers' involvement in end-of-life. He will substantially revise the examples in the Logic and Aesthetics section to illustrate contemporary challenges in social work. And to the Epistemology section, he will add material on the role of empiricism in social work and the dramatic evolution of the evidence-based and evidence-informed models in social work"--

This book is a radical reappraisal of positivism as a major movement in philosophy, science and culture. In examining positivist movement and its contemporary impact, I had the following goals. First, to provide a more precise and systematic definition of the notion of positivism. Second, to describe positivism as a trend of thought concerned not only with the theory of knowledge and philosophy of science, but also with problems of ethics, social, and political philosophy, and show that its representatives usually thought that the problems of the latter cannot be solved without solving the former first. Third, to examine the development of positivism as a movement which preserves a certain tradition and hence possesses some coherence, although the forms of this movement changed in different historical circumstances: it was born in the eighteenth century during the Enlightenment, took the form of social positivism in the nineteenth century, was transformed at the turn of the twentieth century with the emergence of empirio-criticism, and became logical positivism (or logical empiricism) in the twentieth century. Fourth, to reveal the external and internal factors of this evolution. Fifth, to disclose the relation of positivism to other trends of philosophy. Sixth, to determine the influence the positive mind had not only upon philosophy, but upon other cultural phenomena, such as the natural and social sciences, law, politics, arts, religion, and everyday life

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- About the Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Editor's Introduction: Alan Watts in the Twenty-first Century -- Ubiquity and Salience -- Problematics -- New Perspectives -- Part I: Humanistic Psychology -- Part II: Comparative Religion and Philosophy -- Part III: Arts and Humanities -- Dead Reckoning -- References -- Part I: Humanistic Psychology -- Chapter 1: Jung Watts: Notes on C. G. Jung's Formative Influence on Alan Watts -- "Difficulties Encountered by a European in Trying to Understand the East" -- "Modern Psychology Offers a Possibility of Understanding" -- The Shadow Side of Alan Watts -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 2: Alan Watts and the Re-Visioning of Psychotherapy -- Articulating the Ineffable -- The Bateson Communication Project -- Rollo May, Erich Fromm, and Sociocultural Critique -- Social Construction and Eastern Philosophical Influences -- Simplicity and a Not-Knowing Perspective -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 3: Psychotherapy East and West: A Retrospective Review -- Part I: 1961-1970 -- Criticism and Commentary -- Part II: Subsequent Analyses -- Academic and Literary Reviews: 1970s - 1980s -- Orientalism and Postmodernism -- Conclusion: Psychotherapy East and West in the 21 st Century -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 4: Alan Watts and Neurophenomenology -- Alan Watts and Humanistic Psychology -- Francisco Varela and Neurophenomenology -- Watts, Varela, and Radical Empiricism -- Embodied Cognition -- The Specious Present -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 5: Alan Watts and the Infinite Game: Playing Everything -- Watts as a Game: A Critique of Everything -- Unfortunate Marriages in the Gameful World -- Simulation, Games and the Turn of a Friendly Card.

Intro -- BRIEF CONTENTS -- CONTENTS -- LIST OF FIGURES -- LIST OF TABLES -- LIST OF FEATURES -- ABOUT THE AUTHOR -- TOUR OF THE BOOK -- DIGITAL RESOURCES -- PREFACE -- TO THE STUDENT -- How to use this book -- How this book is organised -- TO THE INSTRUCTOR -- Pedagogical approaches -- Critical thinking and applications -- The fact versus fiction approach -- Real-world examples -- Content support -- Why is a new approach to forensic psychology needed? -- AUTHOR'S ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- PART I WHAT IS FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY? -- CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY? -- Chapter Introduction -- Learning Outcomes -- WHAT IS FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY? -- Why do we need forensic psychology? -- Defining forensic psychology -- APPLY IT -- Criminology -- Crime scene investigation -- Forensic science -- The origins of forensic psychology -- Psychology in the laboratory -- Psychology in the courtroom -- IN SUMMARY -- THE ROOTS OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY -- Psychological perspectives -- GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES -- Applying psychological perspectives -- CASE STUDY -- IN SUMMARY -- THINKING LIKE A SCIENTIST -- CASE STUDY -- The need for scientific reasoning -- Characteristics of scientific thinking -- Scepticism -- Open-mindedness -- Objectivity -- Why do we believe in 'lunacy'? -- Empiricism -- Apophenia -- Becoming better consumers of research -- IN SUMMARY -- ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGIST -- The roles of the forensic psychologist -- Clinical role -- Comparing clinical and forensic evaluation -- Fitness to stand trial assessments -- Risk assessment -- Victimology and victim services -- Sexual offenders -- Child custody evaluations -- Criminal profiling -- Experimental role -- Scientific jury selection -- Eyewitness research -- Detecting deception -- Actuarial role -- Offender assessment -- GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES -- Crime analysis -- Advisory role.

Intro -- Praise for Territorial Politics and Secession -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Part I: Territoriality and Territorial Politics in Constitutional and International Law -- Chapter 2: Territory, Territoriality and Territorial Politics as Public Law Concepts -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Territory and Territoriality as Fundamental Concepts with Paradigmatic Importance for Constitutional and International Law -- 3 Models of Territoriality Stretched Between Westphalian, Post-Westphalian and Neo-Westphalian Constitutionalism -- 4 Crisis of Territoriality or New Territorial Entrapment? The Constitutional Importance of Territorial Politics in the Age of Globalisation and Digitalisation -- 5 The Concept of Territorial Politics -- 6 Typology of Territorial Politics -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Secession in Law: A Revolutionary or a Conservative Concept? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Secession and Territorial Integrity -- 3 Secession and Peoples' Right to Self-Determination -- 4 Secession and Democracy -- References -- Chapter 4: Revolution and Devolution in Contemporary European Territoriality: Political Orders and Moral Borders in Exit-ing -- 1 Introduction -- 2 About Some Theorizing -- The European Integration Process as a Symptomatic Transmission of Benefits and Non-Benefits. Why Flatten the Curve? -- The Contagious Effect of the Devolution of Orders -- Empiricism: Case Study of Exiting. The Brexit "Popular Coup"-The False Moral Dilemmas and Pragmatic Implications of Populist "Distancing" -- 3 The Reversalism of a Conclusion? -- References -- Part II: Territorial Politics and Sovereignty -- Chapter 5: Territorial Disputes and State Sovereignty Reconciled -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sovereignty -- Concept and Conceptions -- Absolute Sovereignty and Limitations -- Vertical and Horizontal Views.

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1: Setting the Stage -- Environmental Communication -- The Public Sphere and Social Discourse -- Mass Media, Interpretive Packages and Framing -- Examining Environmental Messages in Discourse -- Synopsis -- Chapter 2: The Arc of the Book -- Hegemony -- Examining Power -- Metaphysics: Indigenous Ontology and Epistemology -- Morality, Respect and Resilience -- What Is Meant by Respect? -- Synopsis -- Chapter 3: Buckshot for Brains: Cultivating the American Indian Mind -- Progress in the 1800s -- Philadelphia: A Hub for Science and Pseudoscience -- The Skull as a Virtual Personality Map -- Phrenological Characteristics of Humans -- The Appeal of Sciencing -- The Quantification of Race -- How Phrenology Cultivated the Native American Mind -- Synopsis -- Chapter 4: Black Hawk's Skull -- Final -- Black Hawk's Skull -- Phrenological Characteristics of Black Hawk: Combative and Animal Qualities -- Skull as Synecdoche -- Black Hawk's Skull Stolen -- Synopsis -- Chapter 5: The Kennewick Man Story -- Introduction -- The Skeleton's Doppelgänger -- DNA Studies Cement Authenticity -- Synopsis -- Chapter 6: Discourse and Resistance in the Kennewick Man Story -- Introduction -- The Current Study -- The Investigation -- The Findings -- Conflict Frame -- Authority Frame -- Ideological Frames -- Native American Knowledges, Traditions and Beliefs -- Knowledge and Tradition Frame -- Beliefs Frame -- Scientific Empiricism -- Evidence Frame -- Methods Frame -- Personification of Science -- Race Frame -- Intertextuality Frame -- Modern Actor Portrays Kennewick Man -- Skeleton as Treasure and Antiquity -- Pop Culture and Bitter History -- The Noble Savage -- Synopsis -- Chapter 7: How Sioux-Settler Relations Underscore the Dakota Access Pipeline -- The Black Snake -- Progress and Morality.

Intro -- DEDICATION -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- PART ONE - FINDING THE METAPHOR -- CHAPTER I - The Nature of Metaphor -- 1. Using Metaphor -- 2. Being Used by Metaphor -- CHAPTER II - Analysis and Synthesis -- 1. Foreword -- 2. Analysis and Synthesis -- 3. Descartes -- 4. Newton -- 5. "The Sciences now have Masks on them" -- 6. "If the Masks were taken off..." -- 7. Replacing the Masks -- CHAPTER III - New Metaphors for Old -- 1. Retrospect -- 2. Recognizing Hidden Metaphor -- 3. Presenting the Literal Truth -- 4. The Geometrical Model -- 5. The Linguistic Model -- PART TWO - THE METAPHOR DESCRIBED AND APPLIED -- CHAPTER IV - Ordinary Language -- 1 Signs -- 2. How Different Things Get the Same Names -- 3. Definitions -- 4. Necessary Connection -- 5. Understanding Words -- 6. Functions of language -- 7. Errors in Language -- CHAPTER V - Visual Language -- I. The Problem of Vision -- 2. The Linguistic Solution -- 3. The Visual and Tactual Square -- 4. Learning to See Situation, Size, and Distance -- 5. Conclusion: Visual Data and Mind-Facta -- PART THREE - TESTING THE METAPHOR -- CHAPTER VI - The History of Vision -- 1. Seventeenth-Century Theories -- 2. Classical Optics -- CHAPTER VII - The Geometrical Model -- 1. Features of Geometrical Theories of Vision -- 2. Nativism and Empiricism -- 3. Ronchi's Theory -- CHAPTER VIII - Test Cases -- 1. The Barrovian Case -- 2. Ronchi's Criticisms -- 3. The Horizontal Moon -- 4. The Inverted Retinal Image -- Conclusion -- 1. Language or the Camera -- 2. Language or the Machine.

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The Idea of Community in Western Philosophy from Aristotle to the Present -- 1.2 Previous Research on Community -- 1.3 Past and Present Community Practice -- 1.4 Chapter Survey -- 1.5 Towards Transdisciplinary Critical Community Research -- 1.6 Limitations and Outlook -- References -- Part I What Is Community? -- Chapter 2 Rethinking Sociological Perspectives on Community and Commonality: Contours of Micro-Sociological Community Research -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nature and Constitutive Characteristics of Community -- 2.3 Matrix of Analysis -- 2.4 Empiricism of a Yoga Group -- 2.5 Outlook: Rethinking Community? -- References -- Chapter 3 Rethinking Anthropological Perspectives on Community: Watchful Indifference and Joint Commitment -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 'Joint Commitment' -- 3.3 Coordination -- 3.4 Visiting a Montreal Park -- 3.5 Watchfulness -- 3.6 Indifference -- 3.7 Staying Apart Together -- References -- Chapter 4 Diversity in Community: Rethinking Psychological Perspectives on Bridging Differences -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Challenge #1: Problematise the Assignment of People to Discrete Diversity-Related Categories -- 4.3 Challenge #2: Foreground the Social Arrangements that Shape How We Each Inhabit Social Identities and the Meanings We Attach to Group Memberships -- 4.4 Challenge #3: Articulate Specific Practices within Settings that Co-Create the Expression and Meaning of Differences -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Rethinking Philosophical Perspectives on Community: Prepositional Community -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Prepositional -- 5.3 Prepositional Community -- 5.4 What Is to Be Done? -- References -- Part II The Digital Age and Communities in Flux.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- 1: Introduction: Putting Wacquant to Work -- Introduction -- Theory, Empiricism, Reflexivity: Wacquant as "Post-philosophical" Sociologist -- Wacquant in the Polarized Metropolis: Key Concepts -- Outline of the Book -- References -- 2: Class, Ethnicity and State in the Making of Urban Marginality -- References -- Part I: Class: Gender, Families and Surveillance -- 3: 'We live like prisoners in a camp': Surveillance, Governance and Agency in a US Housing Project -- Introduction -- How a 'Forgotten Neighbourhood' Became a Ghetto -- Surveillance: Management of 'the Projects' -- Control: Management of Poor Black Mothers -- Hidden Transcripts and Practices With(in) Punitive Containment -- Conclusions -- References -- 4: Maternal Outcasts: Governing Vulnerable Mothers in Advanced Marginality -- Introduction -- Mothers as Targets of the Centaur State -- Women in the 'Carceral-Assistantial Net' -- Feminist-Informed Research: Listening to Marginalised Voices -- Social Profile of Mothers in Advanced Marginality -- Motherhood Vignettes: Amy, Carly, Sylvia -- Amy -- Carly -- Sylvia -- Bad Starts and the Myth of Social Mobility -- Maternal Outcasts and Precious Cargo -- Child Removal: A Life Sentence -- Conclusion -- References -- 5: Exploring Family-Based Intervention Mechanisms as a Form of Statecraft -- Introduction -- Policy and Research Context -- Urban Marginality and Policy Programme Rationalities -- Application of Wacquant's Work -- Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Ethnicity: Invisibilization, Informality and (Dis)identifications -- 6: Fluid Identifications in the Age of Advanced Marginality -- In the 'Hood: Identifications and Social Scenes -- Out of the 'Hood: Identifications and Territorial Circulations -- Identifications and Temporality.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1. Science and Technology: Public Image and Public Policy -- The 1930s Reevaluation of Science -- Policy and a Philosophy of Science and Technology -- Logical Empiricism: The Philosophical Ideal -- The Philosophical Ideal: Policy Implications -- Science and Technology: The New Synthesis -- Historical Approach to Science and Technology -- The New Synthesis: Policy Implications -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Selected Readings -- 2. A Double Wedding: Science and Government, Knowledge and Power -- World War II and the Politics of Science -- Postwar Honeymoon -- Science and Policy from 1945 to 1968: NSF -- Science Policy After Apollo -- Reviving Science: Ford, Carter, and Reagan -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Selected Readings -- 3. Energy: Problems of Social Choice -- Energy, Ethics, and Politics -- DOE and an Equitable Policy for Energy -- Energy Policy, Leadership, and the Public -- Notes -- Selected Readings -- 4. Nuclear Power and Social Justice -- Nuclear Power in Midland -- Development of U.S. Nuclear Policy -- Ethics and Politics in Nuclear Policy -- Notes -- Selected Readings -- 5. Hazardous Waste: Assessing Risk -- Radwaste in New Mexico -- Radwaste in the United States -- Radioactive Waste Policy Since 1977 -- Risk and Responsibility in Policy Making -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Selected Readings -- 6. Communications Technology: Policy for a Wired Nation -- Development of Cable Communications -- Cable and the Law -- The Franchise Wars -- Cable and Constitutional Conundrums -- Cable and the Future -- Notes -- Selected Readings -- 7. Recombining Genes: Scientific Liberty and Public Safety -- Regulatory Tangle: NIH and Cambridge -- Courts and Corporations: DNA Policy After Cambridge -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Selected Readings.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1 Introduction: Particularizing Positivism -- The Promise and Perils of Global Intellectual History -- The Fabrication of Positivism: Auguste Comte and John Stuart Mill in Context -- Rival Universalisms -- Brokerage -- Five Key Themes -- Scope of the Volume -- Part I Empires of Positivism -- Chapter 2 Striking a Chord: The Reception of Comte's Positivism in Colonial India -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3 Positivism, Revolution, and History in Brazil -- Reappraising the National Past -- Between Evolution and Revolution -- The "Cataclysmic" View of History -- The "Epic" View of Brazilian History -- Epilogue -- Chapter 4 Positivism in the Late Ottoman Empire: The "Young Turks" as Mediators and Multipliers -- Positivism as a Method: The Implementation of a New Political System -- The Durkheimian Moment in Turkish Positivism -- From Pluricultural Ottomanism to Turkish Nationalism -- The Fortunes of Positivism Among the Ottoman Elites -- Positivism Contested -- Conclusion -- Part II Positive Knowledge and the Making of Positivism -- Chapter 5 An Enlightened Path to Positivism? Reflections on the Institutionalization of Science in Bourbon Spain -- Spanish Novatores: Anti-Dogmatic Empiricism -- Empirical Desengaño and "Enlightened Catholicism" -- Anti-Encyclopédisme and the Caroline Enlightenment -- Krausopositivism and the Anti-Materialistic Imperative -- Chapter 6 Trading Epistemological Insults: "Positive Knowledge" and Natural Science in Germany, 1800–1850 -- Positive Knowledge and the Study of Nature -- Bildung, the Schools, and Positive Knowledge -- Conclusion -- Chapter 7 The French Philosophical Crisis of the 1860s and the Invention of the "Positivist School" -- Introduction