Suchergebnisse

This paper aims to identify common ground on end-of-life issues between the Islamic and Christian cultures. Since these two cultures are more and more coming to live in the same countries, it is important to acknowledge common ground since the laws of countries apply to all. The paper will deal with several issues, including the stopping of futile treatment, the administration of ordinary and extraordinary care, defining the difference between death and allowing one to die, and accepting death as sometimes being an inevitable and acceptable outcome. The paper will also discuss palliative care including pain relief and sedation. From here one delves into the case of Persistent Vegetative States and the morality of over-enthusiastic treatment which pushes people into this state. It will also focus on the differences, such as passive euthanasia and analyze whether this is merely a difference in the interpretation of terms. There is also a phenomenon in some countries on querying the removal futile treatment and on lacking a legal framework in general on end-of-life. At least one study shows concern on religious moral grounds. The conclusion attempts to identify the common grounds on the end-of-life and whether morality and laws in this regard are guided by religious positions. It is important that laws respect the moral normative values of populations, especially with pressure coming from more liberal positions. Even if practices such as euthanasia (the discussion of which is not the scope of this paper) are introduced in countries, it is important that health care (and legislation) recognizes the common moral ground, the lack of which may lead to more suffering.

This executive summary will explain the remit of the evaluation undertaken and its associated methods; review some of the key findings and recommendations that emerged; and explain what the reader will find in the report's subsequent chapters. There has been significant expansion in palliative care services in Ireland over the last 25 years, although gaps in provision remain (Irish Hospice Foundation, 2006). The Atlantic Philanthropies entered the field of hospice and palliative care in Ireland in 2004. The first project supported by The Atlantic Philanthropies was a baseline study of actual specialist palliative care (SPC) provision, as compared to that detailed by official government policy (Irish Hospice Foundation, 2006). The Atlantic Philanthropies issued a further 14 grants, totalling approximately €25 million, in an initiative called the 'End of Life' programme (Appendix 1). The earliest 'End of Life' project began in 2004 and the latest is scheduled to continue until at least 2014. The programme encompasses both specialist and generalist palliative care service development, and sought to reach patients and their families across care settings and irrespective of diagnosis. This report presents the findings of a five-phased evaluation of the programme, which assessed the progress and impact of the programme to date, and the strategic learning for the field. This assessment considered both the context of historical and contemporary development of hospice and palliative care across Ireland, and a changing economic and policy landscape. Note that, throughout the report, the terms 'End of Life' programme and Hospice and Palliative Care programme are used interchangeably.

This paper examines the organization of death. Through an ethnographic study, we examine how a geriatrics department guides the end of life. Drawing on Agamben, we show that organizations that are dedicated to life, but regularly confronted with death, develop dispositifs (mechanisms, technologies, practices and relationships) to turn biopolitics (power over life) into thanatopolitics (a regime of death). We also show how the inherently political meaning of life disrupts such government of death. The inclusion of political life in a regime of death disrupts organizational practices that find themselves facing fundamental questions of what makes a life worth living, who can decide not to prolong life, and based on which criteria.

In the summer of 1996, Ruth Ray, a gerontologist in her forties, befriended an eighty-two-year-old man suffering from Parkinson's. The two remained close until the end of his life, sharing stories and memories while building a deep relationship. Part memoir, part biography, Endnotes explores how people construct meaning through their interactions with others. With grace and wit, Ray situates her friend's past experiences and present relationships within the theories and literature of gerontology, providing a deeper understanding of autonomy at the end of life. She also delves into the complexi

Of Europe's approximately 6 million boats almost half are found inthe Nordic countries. In spite of the long durability of plastic boats, the problem of End of Life Boats (ELB) now starts to arise. However,the responsibilities are unclear and there is no regulation on how the dismantling and disposal is to be conducted. Investigations havebeen going on in the various Nordic countries on how to perform scrapping of plastic boats, but there is yet no consensus on how to handle the problem.The aim of this study was to provide information on statistics on boats in the Nordic countries and relate to the future need for scrapping plastic boats (ELB). More specific, the project dealt withthe magnitude of dumping of boats, contents of contaminants in ELBs as well as possibilities for reuse and recycling of materials. Part of the project was to organize a Nordic Workshop with essential stakeholders and their views on ELB is compiled in this report. The project provides a good background to the problem of disposing of boats and highlights the various issues that must be addressed. Since the scrapping of boats is a future waste problem which need to be solved, this project is relevant to many different stakeholders from boaters, boat organizations, shipyards, waste companies and government institutions at various levels.

Developing a sustainable and environmentally friendly product has become the primary concern in the car manufacturing industry. The new legislation "End of Life Vehicle" increased design complexities of car modules, subsystems, and components in a way that achieves the goals of reducing, reusing and recycling materials. The car bumper system is a complicated exterior module designed to prevent physical damage, reduce aerodynamic drag force, and be aesthetically pleasing to the consumer in addition to End of Life vehicle processing, which employs dismantling, shredding and land-filling. Design for dismantling is the first step in ELV's implementation to optimize, the separating of the components and recycling of the materials of the bumper system. This study focused on the analysis of the ELV's value in redesigned solutions of a new car bumper system in comparison to the current bumper one (case study). It provided a guideline to address the critical considerations in selecting materials, dismantling bumpers' components and joining bracket to facilitate dismantling, separating, and recycling. ; Peer reviewed ; Final article published. ; bumper system ; end of life vehicle ; the three Rs ; recycle

Developing a sustainable and environmentally friendly product has become the primary concern in the car man- ufacturing industry. The new legislation "End of Life Vehicle" increased design complexities of car modules, subsystems, and components in a way that achieves the goals of reducing, reusing and recycling materials. The car bumper system is a complicated exterior module designed to prevent physical damage, reduce aerodynamic drag force, and be aesthetically pleasing to the consumer in addition to End of Life vehicle processing, which employs dismantling, shredding and landfilling. Design for dismantling is the first step in ELV's implementa- tion to optimize, the separating of the components and recycling of the materials of the bumper system. This study focused on the analysis of the ELV's value in redesigned solutions of a new car bumper system in com- parison to the current bumper one (case study). It provided a guideline to address the critical considerations in selecting materials, dismantling bumpers' components and joining bracket to facilitate dismantling, separating, and recycling. ; Peer reviewed ; Final article published. ; Bumper system ; End of Life Vehicle ; The three Rs ; Recycle

How do we prepare our patients for decisions that will need to be made for end-of-life care? End-of-life care discussions should occur early on in the patient's disease process and often requires a great deal of coordination between multiple caregivers. There are also ethical, cultural, social, and spiritual considerations during this very important time in the disease process. Research suggests that we are not doing an adequate job of addressing end-of-life care with our patients and that a great deal of money and resources are being spent in the last days of life when there may be no clinical indication to do so. Registered nurse case managers have a unique knowledge base to serve in the role of coordinating care and leading the multidisciplinary care team in an effort to use resources responsibly while providing patients and families with options for end-of-life care.

Research suggests that communication near the end of life is problematic. A literature review was conducted to identify barriers to optimal communication near the end of life and strategies to overcome them. Barriers include clinician beliefs, patient characteristics, American popular and medical cultures, and the health care system. Clinician and patient barriers can be addressed through education, advance planning, the inclusion of patients' family members, and individualizing care. Cultural and systems problems can be addressed through public as well as professional education, alternative models of care, and coalition building. Combined, these approaches can help improve communication near the end of life and ultimately improve care for the dying.

ch. 1. Death through the ages : a brief overview -- ch. 2. Redefining death -- ch. 3. The end of life : ethical considerations -- ch. 4. The end of life : medical considerations -- ch. 5. Older adults -- ch. 6. Infant and child death -- ch. 7. Suicide, euthanasia, and assisted suicide -- ch. 8. Advance care planning -- ch. 9. Courts and the end of life -- ch. 10. The cost of health care.