Suchergebnisse

Nous vivons dans un monde dont la pierre angulaire est l'économie ! Bien que le développement durable et efficace de la diplomatie énergétique sera possible après avoir compris les tendances mondiales, les fondamentaux économiques, l'analyse et la maîtrise des stratégies commerciales, dans la situation actuelle, des cadres et des stratégies spécifiques peuvent être envisagés pour être mis en œuvre à des niveaux spécifiques et conçus à des niveaux plus larges pour être à l'ordre du jour.Le cadre envisagé pour le développement de la coopération comprend trois sections : en amont (exploration et développement), intermédiaire (commerce, transmission et stockage) et en aval (raffinage et industries chimiques, de la production à la vente au détail). Chaque section nécessite une analyse commerciale adaptée à ses exigences, dont certaines sont décrites ci-dessous:La diplomatie énergétique est une forme de diplomatie et un sous-domaine des relations internationales. Elle est étroitement liée à son principal domaine, la politique étrangère, et à la sécurité nationale en général, notamment la sécurité énergétique. La diplomatie énergétique a vu le jour dans la première moitié du vingtième siècle et est apparue comme un terme lors de la deuxième crise pétrolière pour décrire les actions de l'OPEP.

From the first energy crisis during Nixon's presidency, to the search for "energy dominance" during Trump's term, this thesis aims to decipher the complex and paradoxical relationship of the Americans to energy. Energy, as a national political issue,was born from the question of America's dependence on fossi lfuels. At the same time, a national environmental consciousness was emerging. Energy and the environment are intimately linked to the American identity. The end of the political consensus on environmental issues and the United States' race for fossil fuels, ina context of energy dependence and with the risk of peak oil, fueled by ideological polarization, has gradually excluded environmentaland climate issues from federal energy policies. While the international community is demanding Americans to lead by example in the fight against global warming and while the American public opinion has remained committed to managing this issue, federal institutions are paradoxically paralyzed by partisan divisions.The duality between economic, energy and climatic issues,although they are intertwined, has certainly led to a paralysis ofthe federal energy policies. However, federalism has led to a different response. The action of sub-national levels of governance in managing climate and energy issues simultaneously is illustrating the existence of multiple dynamics around these issues. This is the central hypothesis of this thesis.The rise of shale hydrocarbons, which led the United States towards energy independence, has been a catalyst for the divide between federal and sub-national policies. It has also led to a newform of climate activism. The private sector, local communities,cities and states are redesigning U.S. energy policy, or rather,U.S. energy policies from within by integrating both climate and economic issues. ; De la première crise énergétique durant la présidence de Nixon, à la recherche de la «dominance énergétique » durant le mandat de Trump, cette thèse vise à décrypter la relation complexe et ...

From the first energy crisis during Nixon's presidency, to the search for "energy dominance" during Trump's term, this thesis aims to decipher the complex and paradoxical relationship of the Americans to energy. Energy, as a national political issue,was born from the question of America's dependence on fossi lfuels. At the same time, a national environmental consciousness was emerging. Energy and the environment are intimately linked to the American identity. The end of the political consensus on environmental issues and the United States' race for fossil fuels, ina context of energy dependence and with the risk of peak oil, fueled by ideological polarization, has gradually excluded environmentaland climate issues from federal energy policies. While the international community is demanding Americans to lead by example in the fight against global warming and while the American public opinion has remained committed to managing this issue, federal institutions are paradoxically paralyzed by partisan divisions.The duality between economic, energy and climatic issues,although they are intertwined, has certainly led to a paralysis ofthe federal energy policies. However, federalism has led to a different response. The action of sub-national levels of governance in managing climate and energy issues simultaneously is illustrating the existence of multiple dynamics around these issues. This is the central hypothesis of this thesis.The rise of shale hydrocarbons, which led the United States towards energy independence, has been a catalyst for the divide between federal and sub-national policies. It has also led to a newform of climate activism. The private sector, local communities,cities and states are redesigning U.S. energy policy, or rather,U.S. energy policies from within by integrating both climate and economic issues. ; De la première crise énergétique durant la présidence de Nixon, à la recherche de la «dominance énergétique » durant le mandat de Trump, cette thèse vise à décrypter la relation complexe et ...

Essentiellement utilisé comme combustible, le "bois énergie" en France est aujourd'hui une source d'énergie renouvelable en développement. Les progrès technologiques ont permis d'améliorer fortement les rendements des appareils de chauffe dont les résultats soutiennent aujourd'hui la comparaison avec ceux utilisés pour le gaz ou le fuel. Le programme bois-énergie 2000-2006 est présenté et l'attention est particulièrement portée sur les possibilités que pourraient offrir les plaquettes forestières dans le développement futur de l'utilisation du bois comme source d'énergie.

Since the seventies the People's Republic of China has undergone an impressive and successful effort of industrialization and economic development. While millions of Chinese were getting rid of extreme poverty and while the country was becoming the world's second largest economic power, this development came at a cost: natural resources have been intensively overexploited, energy consumption has reached new heights and the natural environment has paid a steep price. Since the turn of the century, the Chinese government has started to acknowledge the need to tackle these negative impacts of rapid development. Sustainability has emerged as a major concept in terms of energy policy in the PRC and since 2007 Beijing has formally included it inside its growth objectives. In March 2011, the XIIth Five-Year Plan has stressed the need to build a sustainable and environmentally aware society. This commitment has been followed by several regulations aiming towards the evolution of the Chinese economic model energy system reducing its consumption of fossil fuels and depending more and more on renewable and green energy sources, while maintaining a high growth rate. This ambitious objective faces huge challenges such as the geopolitical impacts of China's energy policy and the current lack of innovation experienced by the country in terms of energy technologies. To address these issues, Beijing has developed an international cooperation strategy based of two concepts: « go global » et « bringing in », while being extremely firm in defending its interests at the international level. The Chinese green revolution seems quite real and huge progresses have been recorded in terms of developing renewable energies (such as solar, wind or hydropower). Water, air, and soil pollution are still major issues, "green energies" remain far from providing a reliable alternative to coal and oil, while the discordance between energy production and energy consumption sites inside China strongly diminishes the efficiency of the country's ...

International audience ; The emergence of territorial energy transition policies is an evolving phenomenon, explained by, on one hand, a growing role of local and regional authorities in the control of local energy resources and the fight against climate change; on the other hand, a growing desire on the part of local authorities, enterprises and households, to better control their energy and to become themselves local energy producers. In our paper, we hypothesize that the territorial nature of energy transition policies is not simply linked to the pre-existence of differential resources endowments, but rather to emerging organization and structuring of the resources by local actors. Our article is based on research, funded by the French Energy Council, with the cross analysis of three European cases: Grenoble (France), Bristol (United Kingdom) and Freiburg-Im-Breisgau (Germany).

International audience ; The emergence of territorial energy transition policies is an evolving phenomenon, explained by, on one hand, a growing role of local and regional authorities in the control of local energy resources and the fight against climate change; on the other hand, a growing desire on the part of local authorities, enterprises and households, to better control their energy and to become themselves local energy producers. In our paper, we hypothesize that the territorial nature of energy transition policies is not simply linked to the pre-existence of differential resources endowments, but rather to emerging organization and structuring of the resources by local actors. Our article is based on research, funded by the French Energy Council, with the cross analysis of three European cases: Grenoble (France), Bristol (United Kingdom) and Freiburg-Im-Breisgau (Germany).

International audience ; The emergence of territorial energy transition policies is an evolving phenomenon, explained by, on one hand, a growing role of local and regional authorities in the control of local energy resources and the fight against climate change; on the other hand, a growing desire on the part of local authorities, enterprises and households, to better control their energy and to become themselves local energy producers. In our paper, we hypothesize that the territorial nature of energy transition policies is not simply linked to the pre-existence of differential resources endowments, but rather to emerging organization and structuring of the resources by local actors. Our article is based on research, funded by the French Energy Council, with the cross analysis of three European cases: Grenoble (France), Bristol (United Kingdom) and Freiburg-Im-Breisgau (Germany).

Domestic practices related to energy consumption is not a common object of contemporary social sciences even though they have become a global issue, as a consequence of the scarcity and the rising cost of fossil fuels. This research proposes, using social sciences tools, to study energy consumption through social practices within the domestic space. It is also to identify practices that could be consistent with global and current concerns of conserving energy. This work tries to design these social practices as domestic practices that cannot be isolated from each other at the risk of rendering them meaningless. Research on first humans and fire domestication elaborate humans compared to animals, their forms of settlement, the relation that they maintain with the environment and its symbolic value. Construction practices, cooking, heating and lighting are all cultural productions that involve energy consumption and tell us about the relationship that Man has with his surrounding. Studying practices has also to be based on technical objects. Here, the process of technical spread is a contemporary data that had to be taken into account: times are no longer to make up effective tools, but to accumulate devices that operate independently. We conclude with the concept of "energy intelligence" as a behavioral data, apart from current political and media speeches. Understand ones living space, understand the organization of family life and its necessary adjustments are observation points that emphasize the need to consider the place of the body, as part of a mesological whole, within the approach of contemporary energy issues. ; Les pratiques domestiques liées à la consommation d'énergie ne sont pas un objet courant des sciences sociales contemporaines alors même qu'elles deviennent un enjeu mondial ; conséquence de la raréfaction et du renchérissement des ressources fossiles. La présente recherche propose, avec les outils des sciences sociales, de saisir la consommation d'énergie à travers l'étude des pratiques ...

Domestic practices related to energy consumption is not a common object of contemporary social sciences even though they have become a global issue, as a consequence of the scarcity and the rising cost of fossil fuels. This research proposes, using social sciences tools, to study energy consumption through social practices within the domestic space. It is also to identify practices that could be consistent with global and current concerns of conserving energy. This work tries to design these social practices as domestic practices that cannot be isolated from each other at the risk of rendering them meaningless. Research on first humans and fire domestication elaborate humans compared to animals, their forms of settlement, the relation that they maintain with the environment and its symbolic value. Construction practices, cooking, heating and lighting are all cultural productions that involve energy consumption and tell us about the relationship that Man has with his surrounding. Studying practices has also to be based on technical objects. Here, the process of technical spread is a contemporary data that had to be taken into account: times are no longer to make up effective tools, but to accumulate devices that operate independently. We conclude with the concept of "energy intelligence" as a behavioral data, apart from current political and media speeches. Understand ones living space, understand the organization of family life and its necessary adjustments are observation points that emphasize the need to consider the place of the body, as part of a mesological whole, within the approach of contemporary energy issues. ; Les pratiques domestiques liées à la consommation d'énergie ne sont pas un objet courant des sciences sociales contemporaines alors même qu'elles deviennent un enjeu mondial ; conséquence de la raréfaction et du renchérissement des ressources fossiles. La présente recherche propose, avec les outils des sciences sociales, de saisir la consommation d'énergie à travers l'étude des pratiques ...

Domestic practices related to energy consumption is not a common object of contemporary social sciences even though they have become a global issue, as a consequence of the scarcity and the rising cost of fossil fuels. This research proposes, using social sciences tools, to study energy consumption through social practices within the domestic space. It is also to identify practices that could be consistent with global and current concerns of conserving energy. This work tries to design these social practices as domestic practices that cannot be isolated from each other at the risk of rendering them meaningless. Research on first humans and fire domestication elaborate humans compared to animals, their forms of settlement, the relation that they maintain with the environment and its symbolic value. Construction practices, cooking, heating and lighting are all cultural productions that involve energy consumption and tell us about the relationship that Man has with his surrounding. Studying practices has also to be based on technical objects. Here, the process of technical spread is a contemporary data that had to be taken into account: times are no longer to make up effective tools, but to accumulate devices that operate independently. We conclude with the concept of "energy intelligence" as a behavioral data, apart from current political and media speeches. Understand ones living space, understand the organization of family life and its necessary adjustments are observation points that emphasize the need to consider the place of the body, as part of a mesological whole, within the approach of contemporary energy issues. ; Les pratiques domestiques liées à la consommation d'énergie ne sont pas un objet courant des sciences sociales contemporaines alors même qu'elles deviennent un enjeu mondial ; conséquence de la raréfaction et du renchérissement des ressources fossiles. La présente recherche propose, avec les outils des sciences sociales, de saisir la consommation d'énergie à travers l'étude des pratiques ...

Domestic practices related to energy consumption is not a common object of contemporary social sciences even though they have become a global issue, as a consequence of the scarcity and the rising cost of fossil fuels. This research proposes, using social sciences tools, to study energy consumption through social practices within the domestic space. It is also to identify practices that could be consistent with global and current concerns of conserving energy. This work tries to design these social practices as domestic practices that cannot be isolated from each other at the risk of rendering them meaningless. Research on first humans and fire domestication elaborate humans compared to animals, their forms of settlement, the relation that they maintain with the environment and its symbolic value. Construction practices, cooking, heating and lighting are all cultural productions that involve energy consumption and tell us about the relationship that Man has with his surrounding. Studying practices has also to be based on technical objects. Here, the process of technical spread is a contemporary data that had to be taken into account: times are no longer to make up effective tools, but to accumulate devices that operate independently. We conclude with the concept of "energy intelligence" as a behavioral data, apart from current political and media speeches. Understand ones living space, understand the organization of family life and its necessary adjustments are observation points that emphasize the need to consider the place of the body, as part of a mesological whole, within the approach of contemporary energy issues. ; Les pratiques domestiques liées à la consommation d'énergie ne sont pas un objet courant des sciences sociales contemporaines alors même qu'elles deviennent un enjeu mondial ; conséquence de la raréfaction et du renchérissement des ressources fossiles. La présente recherche propose, avec les outils des sciences sociales, de saisir la consommation d'énergie à travers l'étude des pratiques ...

Domestic practices related to energy consumption is not a common object of contemporary social sciences even though they have become a global issue, as a consequence of the scarcity and the rising cost of fossil fuels. This research proposes, using social sciences tools, to study energy consumption through social practices within the domestic space. It is also to identify practices that could be consistent with global and current concerns of conserving energy. This work tries to design these social practices as domestic practices that cannot be isolated from each other at the risk of rendering them meaningless. Research on first humans and fire domestication elaborate humans compared to animals, their forms of settlement, the relation that they maintain with the environment and its symbolic value. Construction practices, cooking, heating and lighting are all cultural productions that involve energy consumption and tell us about the relationship that Man has with his surrounding. Studying practices has also to be based on technical objects. Here, the process of technical spread is a contemporary data that had to be taken into account: times are no longer to make up effective tools, but to accumulate devices that operate independently. We conclude with the concept of "energy intelligence" as a behavioral data, apart from current political and media speeches. Understand ones living space, understand the organization of family life and its necessary adjustments are observation points that emphasize the need to consider the place of the body, as part of a mesological whole, within the approach of contemporary energy issues. ; Les pratiques domestiques liées à la consommation d'énergie ne sont pas un objet courant des sciences sociales contemporaines alors même qu'elles deviennent un enjeu mondial ; conséquence de la raréfaction et du renchérissement des ressources fossiles. La présente recherche propose, avec les outils des sciences sociales, de saisir la consommation d'énergie à travers l'étude des pratiques ...

The European Union and its Member States shall continue to evolve towards a sustainable, intelligent, inclusive and low-carbon society. Energy efficiency would be the basis for the socio-economic redesign of Europe and would lay the groundwork for new, necessarily transverse socio-economic paradigms. The multi-sector domain of energy efficiency need to be fully implemented in a harmonized, transparent and evolving regulatory and normative framework. We therefore carried out an analysis of the implementation of energy efficiency at two levels: regional level (European law) and nation level (French law). Firstly, we have noted the legal singularity of energy efficiency, which lies in its genesis and its multiform relationships. Secondly, we have demonstrated the multidisciplinary nature of energy efficiency. Indeed, we have seen that energy efficiency is recognized in both public and private law. In sum, the concept of energy efficiency materializes the emergence of a new legal reading grid. The approach is transverse to account more accurately for the interactions and synergies between the various contemporary socio-economic phenomena, which go hand in hand with technological progress and innovation. ; L'Union européenne et les États membres doivent progresser de manière continue vers une société durable, intelligente, inclusive et à faible intensité de carbone. Vue sous le prisme de l'Union de l'énergie, l'efficacité énergétique serait à la base de la refonte socio-économique de l'Europe et poserait les jalons des nouveaux paradigmes socio-économiques, nécessairement transversaux. Encore faut-il que le domaine plurisectoriel de l'efficacité énergétique soit mis en œuvre dans un cadre réglementaire et normatif harmonisé, transparent et évolutif. Nous avons donc effectué une analyse sur la mise en œuvre de l'efficacité énergétique au niveau du droit européen et niveau du droit national français. Dans une première partie, nous avons constaté la singularité juridique de la notion d'efficacité énergétique qui réside ...

The European Union and its Member States shall continue to evolve towards a sustainable, intelligent, inclusive and low-carbon society. Energy efficiency would be the basis for the socio-economic redesign of Europe and would lay the groundwork for new, necessarily transverse socio-economic paradigms. The multi-sector domain of energy efficiency need to be fully implemented in a harmonized, transparent and evolving regulatory and normative framework. We therefore carried out an analysis of the implementation of energy efficiency at two levels: regional level (European law) and nation level (French law). Firstly, we have noted the legal singularity of energy efficiency, which lies in its genesis and its multiform relationships. Secondly, we have demonstrated the multidisciplinary nature of energy efficiency. Indeed, we have seen that energy efficiency is recognized in both public and private law. In sum, the concept of energy efficiency materializes the emergence of a new legal reading grid. The approach is transverse to account more accurately for the interactions and synergies between the various contemporary socio-economic phenomena, which go hand in hand with technological progress and innovation. ; L'Union européenne et les États membres doivent progresser de manière continue vers une société durable, intelligente, inclusive et à faible intensité de carbone. Vue sous le prisme de l'Union de l'énergie, l'efficacité énergétique serait à la base de la refonte socio-économique de l'Europe et poserait les jalons des nouveaux paradigmes socio-économiques, nécessairement transversaux. Encore faut-il que le domaine plurisectoriel de l'efficacité énergétique soit mis en œuvre dans un cadre réglementaire et normatif harmonisé, transparent et évolutif. Nous avons donc effectué une analyse sur la mise en œuvre de l'efficacité énergétique au niveau du droit européen et niveau du droit national français. Dans une première partie, nous avons constaté la singularité juridique de la notion d'efficacité énergétique qui réside ...