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"A revision and enlargement of Bulletin 226.was.issued in 1923 as Bulletin 689. The present bulletin is a revision and enlargement of the 1923 edition"--Foreword, p. vii. ; "Reprinted with minor corrections, 1932--p. 11." ; At head of title: United States Department of the interior. Ray Lyman Wilbur, secretary. Geological survey. George Otis Smith, director. ; Bibliographical foot-notes. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Considers (77) S. 2426, (77) H.R. 6999. ; Also considers legislation to authorize Intracoastal Waterway enlargement and extension to Mexican border and additional pipeline construction from Yazoo, Miss., to Charleston, S.C., or Savannah, Ga. ; Record is based on bibliographic data in CIS US Congressional Committee Hearings Index. Reuse except for individual research requires license from Congressional Information Service, Inc. ; Indexed in CIS US Congressional Committee Hearings Index Part IV ; Considers (77) S. 2426, (77) H.R. 6999. ; Also considers legislation to authorize Intracoastal Waterway enlargement and extension to Mexican border and additional pipeline construction from Yazoo, Miss., to Charleston, S.C., or Savannah, Ga. ; Mode of access: Internet.

As was pointed out a year ago in this Review, the Supreme Court was able to deal with the cases involving the New Deal which came before it during its 1934 term without any striking enlargement of judicial power and without the announcement of any novel constitutional doctrine. The N.R.A., the Gold Clauses, the Farm Bankruptcy Act, were dealt with by the familiar processes of deciding whether Congress had actually exercised a power not granted to it by the Constitution, or had exercised a granted power in a forbidden way. The New Deal issues which came to the Court during the 1935 term were quite as far-reaching in significance and were certainly not of a routine variety. They involved, in some cases, constitutional clauses never before interpreted by the Court. Some of the federal laws under attack were obviously exercises of delegated powers, but at the same time, they exercised delegated powers for purposes which were novel and which had been commonly supposed not to be within the reach of federal authority. In dealing with laws of this type, the Court brought forward and established as a working implement of constitutional construction the so-called doctrine of "dual federalism."

The 1936 term of the Supreme Court will probably be rated a notable one. This is due both to the Court's own work, and to certain extraneous occurrences which could hardly fail to have some impact upon it. In any attempt to evaluate the work of this term, one should bear in mind the following facts: First, a month after the Court convened President Roosevelt was reëlected by one of the most impressive popular and electoral majorities in our political history. Second, in February the President submitted to Congress his proposal for the reorganization of the Supreme Court, including the enlargement of its membership by the addition, up to fifteen, of a new justice for every one remaining on the Court beyond the age of seventy. This proposal aroused violent opposition, the debates on it continued for many months, and ultimately the plan was defeated largely through the efforts of the President's own party. The discussions on this proposal were going on during much of the time in which the Court was sitting. Third, in every case in which New Deal laws were attacked, they were held valid. These results were accomplished in many instances by five-to-four margins, and in the Minimum Wage Case by a five-to-four reversal of a previous five-to-three decision.

Photocopy of declassified documents include Marine Corps questionnaire for applicants for enlistment, a proposed plan for recruiting Indian Signal Corps personnel on the Navajo Indian Reservation, a recruiting brochure "My Friends the Navajos," and several correspondence between Johnston and military personnel concerning the implementation of communication duty [Navajo Code Talkers Project]. Topics include discussion of the project's feasibility and an assessment of the success rate, recruitment efforts, and training objectives; enlargement of the Navajo training dictionary and instructions at the Navajo Communication School regarding the use of alternative letters and tempo changes to conceal important messages from the Japanese; and the allocation of code talkers to combat units. Correspondents include Philip Johnston, J.E. Jones, Wethered Woodworth, and Frank L. Shannon. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE: The Navajo Code Talkers Collection (1919-1976, with bulk dates of 1942-1945) documents the development and implementation of the highly successful Navajo Code Talkers program used in the Pacific Theater during World War II. The collection also records Philip Johnston involvement in the development and implementation of this crucial program. Philip Johnston is credited with having conceived the idea of using Native Americans speaking their native language as the foundation for a cryptographic code that could be used to quickly and confidently transmit confidential and sensitive information. The code was never broken by the Japanese and has been attributed with being an integral part of the Allies success in the South Pacific.

The following pages represent an experiment. They are devoted to an initial attempt to summarize the most important events in the field of public administration in the United States for a calendar year. A series of such summaries, if they could be made reasonably complete, would presumably be of substantial value, at least to the academic world; the present survey, incomplete and unsatisfactory from many points of view, may at least serve as a point of departure for later enlargements and improvements. I am indebted to many correspondents for assistance in gathering the materials on which it is based; and I acknowledge my gratitude to them, without implicating them in the result.Administrative Reorganization. Although the movement for reorganization of public administration has slowed down, significant steps were taken in 1927. Two large-scale state reorganizations were effected, in California and Virginia, the latter following a careful survey by the National Institute of Public Administration.In California the bulk of the state work is consolidated in nine departments, the directors of which comprise the governor's council. This is an interesting legal reconstruction of the governor's council inherited from the eighteenth century in Massachusetts, Maine, and New Hampshire. The department of finance (Chap. 251) is given general powers of supervision over all matters concerning financial and business policies of the state, including specifically authority to audit, to visit and inspect institutions, and with the governor to authorize expenditures in excess of appropriations.

This paper has a twofold intention.The first is to discuss the problem of political parties, — their justification and status, — in a society which requires political democracy as the set of political institutions appropriate for the government of men living under modern social and economic conditions. (By these modern conditions I mean such things as the economic forms of production and distribution in the industrial era; the organization of labor in relation to economic enterprise; the intensity and extensity of communication among men living in geographical separation and, consequently, the physical enlargement of the civic association; the approximation to universal education; the spread of literacy, etc.) There are two points to be noted here:(1) That modern society is or tends toward a democracy in its physical and economic conditions, whether in a given instance its political forms are outwardly democratic, as in France, England and the United States, or anti-democratic, as in Italy, Germany and Russia.(a) Not only does Russia publicize its claim to being democratic and make constitutional efforts in that direction which are, of course, at once vitiated by the persistence of its totalitarian regime; but even Germany and Italy give an appearance of democracy, — though they abominate the thought and word, — an appearance which is a reverse and distorted image. Thus, by the pressure of propaganda and the exercise of brutal force, the rulers of Germany and Italy try to make it appear that they have a mandate from the people for their policies.