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Initially proposed as a tool to unify different groups, electricity was used to silence and further marginalize the Hazara, a Shia minority in Afghanistan. This piece tracks and analyzes this ongoing problem, centering on the "Enlightenment Movement," Hazara protestation of the state in response to rerouting electricity. Discussing the governmental, ethnic, and geographic features at play in the issue of electricity, this paper argues that the Enlightenment Movement is not just fueled by a desire for electricity, but a demand for a wider discussion of Hazara civil rights.

Enlightenment can be considered a form of punishment. In particular, the form of enlightenment that facilitates freedom & that is based on common ethical considerations, though not incompatible with Kant, is outside the boundaries of Kant's common sense. In describing the process by which individuals rectify & censure the actions of others & themselves, enlightenment as a form of punishment becomes evident. This line of thinking, when properly explored, could lead to new thoughts regarding the politics of punishment. When the deplorable condition of not only our prison system, but also our public morality is examined, it becomes obvious that drastic measures, & extreme rethinking, are desperately needed. Unless radical steps are taken to reform the prison system, society as it currently is defined is in danger. 25 References. K. A. Larsen

Historicising thinking has three properties: a) it takes the past to be
different from the present, b) it takes the past to have been contingent, c)
it holds that the past is relevant to the present. Genealogy, as practiced by
Nietzsche and Foucault, shows itself to be a useful tool for mounting a
historicising critique of certain aspects of our contemporary world. As such
it can contribute to a non-dogmatic form of Enlightenment.

A founding editor of Modern Intellectual History (MIH), an acclaimed biographer of Adam Smith and a prolific essayist on all aspects of the Scottish Enlightenment, from its origins to its aftermath, Nicholas Phillipson needs little introduction to the readers of this journal. However, Phillipson's recent retirement from his editorial duties on MIH provides a suitable moment to celebrate one of the pioneers in our field. When the current editors set out to commission a historiographical overview of Phillipson's oeuvre and career, I was honoured to be asked and delighted to accept.

The co-existence of Enlightenment and ideology has long vexed Jews in modernity. They have both loved and been leary of Enlightenment reason and its attending scientific and political institutions. Jews have also held a complex relationship to ideological forms that exist alongside Enlightenment reason and which have both lured and victimized them alike. Still, what accounts for this historical proximity between Enlightenment and ideology? and how does this relationship factor into the emergence of modern anti-Semitism? Can Jewish communities participate in contemporary societies committed to scientific developments and deliberative democracies and neither be targeted by totalizing systems of thought that eliminate Judaism's difference nor fall prey to the power and seduction of ideological forces that compete with the Jewish life-world? This article argues that Hegel's discussion of the Enlightenment in the Phenomenology of Spirit as a social practice of critical common sensism provides an immanent critique of Max Horkheimer's and Theodore Adorno's analysis of the absolutism of the Enlightenment that can bolster Jewish communal and philosophical hope in the commensurability between Judaism and the contemporary expressions of Enlightenment reason, even if it does not fully eradicate the challenges presented by ideology for Jewish communities and thinkers.

1. Huem and the Enlightenment / Stephen Buckle -- 2. Will the real Enlightenment historian please stand up? Catharine Macaulay versus David Hume / Karen Green -- 3. Philosophy, historiography and the Enlightenment : a response to Green / Stephen Buckle -- 4. Hume's Enlightenment aesthetics and philosophy of mathematics / Dale Jacquette -- 5. Part 9 of Hume's Dialogues and 'the accurate philosophical turn of Cleanthes' / Stanley Tweyman -- 6. 'Strange lengths' : Hume and satire in the Dialogues concerning natural religion / Robert Phiddian -- 7. A modern malignant demon? Hume's scepticism with regard to reason (partly) vindicated / George Couvalis -- 8. Hume on sympathy and cruelty / Craig Taylor -- 9. Hume's natural history of justice / Mark Collier -- 10. Hume and Rawls on the stability of a society's system of justice / Ian Hunt -- 11. Can Hume's impressions of reflection represent? / Anna Stoklosa -- 12. Mechanism and thought formation : Hume's emancipatory scepticism / Anik Waldow.

The authors propose an original classifi cation of the enlightenment phenomenon on the basis of the results of a largescale all-Russia study, which was carried out by the asset of the All-Russia Public and State Enlightenment Organisation he Russian «Knowledge» Society» (in 2017), as well as on the basis of the data of investigations of the Russian Public Opinion Research Centre (2016-2018), in terms of the concept of marketing and the prevalent 7P (marketing mix model) marketing instruments in the present article. The identifi cation of the nature and level of awareness of nlightenment projects among different target audiences, the identifi cation of interest in the subject matter and format of enlightenment activities, the motivation for periodic training, and the determination of the capacity of the population to pay for enlightenment products
were among the tasks of the above-mentioned investigations. In addition, the most successful management practices in the fi eld of promotion of cultural, mass and socially signifi cant projects in both towns and megacities were summarised on
the basis of expert interviews, carried out within the framework of the study. The reduced classifi cation of the enlightenment product, the simplifi cation of which is related to the factors of digitalisation of modern society and information space, taking
into account the factors of complication of the social communication process and the permanently increasing requirements for personal and professional qualities of the person (especially with regard to skills and competences of the future), is given.
Diverse social technologies for promoting enlightenment activities are proposed on the basis of the formulated provisions of the mix-marketing enlightenment complex, and also the conditions for their successful implementation are revealed. According to the authors of the article, many means and techniques of forming the internal and the external environment of enlightenment organisations, which have long been widely used in practice, are not actually described in both pedagogic and marketing scientifi c literature. The more complete scientifi c detailed and systemic analysis, comparison with traditional marketing concepts will make their practical application more focused and effective.